面切变压电复合材料及其换能器

本文通过控制压电相在压复合材料中的分布工，把四块完全相同的等腰直角三角形２－２型压电复合拼材料拼接起来，四个直角顶点位于晶片的中心，     

对2-2型压电复合材料横波换能器产生的纵波特性的研究

在固体测量中，横波换能器所产生的波列中常伴随有纵波，认识纵波产生的原因可以解释横波测试中出现的现象，以及抑制纵波提供有效的方法，本文利用实验研究的方法，用一对纵波偶极子换能器的对比实验，分析了２－２型压电复合材料厚度切变换能器产生纵波的机理，发现这是一种伴随着晶片厚度切变振动而产生的“偶极子”纵波，并由此解释了这种纵波的伴随性，频率特性及其首波与横波首波位相相反等问题。     

压电复合材料宽带横波换能器的实验研究

本文用实验方法研究了２－２压电复合材料的厚度切变特性，定性地给出了２－２压电复合材料的性能与ＰＺＴ相体积百分比，以及与共振频率牟关系。并用这种材料作为换能元件，制作出高灵敏度窄脉冲横波换能器。     

同时发射和接收纵波和横波的压电复合材料换能器

通过控制压电复合材料中压电相的分布形式，本文具有在百度模振动的１－３型压电复合材料和具有扭转模振动的拼接２－２型压电复合材料组合在一起，构成一种混俣模式压电材料，并测试了这种压电材料晶片的性能参数，使用这种晶片作的换能器可以根据使用者的要求，单独产生纵波或横波，也可同时产生这两种波。     

1-3型压电复合材料

1－3型压电复合材料是目前研究和应用得比较广泛的一种压电材料．本文简述了这种压电复合材料的理论模型、制作方法和实验结果；指出除了圆形PZT压电材料所具有的径向模和厚度模以外，1－3型压电复合材料还具有横向结构模．本文介绍了这种压电复合材料的特点，如低声阻抗、低介电常数、高静水压压电常数以及PZT相分布的可控制性等．这些特点有利于改善压电复合材料换能器的时间响应和空间响应．     

扭转压电复合材料及其应用

本文描述了轴向－切向连通的圆柱２－２型压电复合材料。用ＰＺＴ／环氧树脂制作的普通２－２型压电复合材料可拼接成一种具有扭转振动的压电复合材料。这种压电复合材料和为圆柱２－２型压电复合材料的近似。本文还给出两组这种拼接型压电材料晶片的参数，用这种压电材料制作了产生扭转振动的换能器，测试了换能器的波形，频谱特性和偏振特性，指出了使用适当的高通滤波器可以抑制横波中的径向模，分析了接收波列中纵波抑制较强的原     

1-3型压电复合材料非均匀振动换能器的研究

通过调整1－3型压电复合材料换能器中压电相的分布，可以控制换能器辐射面上振动幅度和相位的分布，从而获得具有特殊性能的声场．作为辐射源表面振动速度等相位不等幅和等幅不等相位的两种典型情况，本文对边线高斯型换能器和Wesnel聚焦换能器进行了实验研究，讨论了其声场特性．     

铁电/铁磁1-3型结构复合材料磁电性能分析

磁致伸缩和压电复合材料通过机械力作用可获得较大的磁电效应，由Terfenol-D粉末与树脂黏接剂构成压磁相，和压电陶瓷PZT黏结在一起，形成1-3型柱状阵列结构，可获得很大的磁电转换系数.采用有限元方法，对此结构的复合材料进行静态分析.复合材料的介电常数和磁电系数的计算结果和实验数值一致，得到样品中应力、应变和电极化分布情况及其关系，并给出进一步提高磁电转换系数的途径，该种复合方式有望成为一种新型高性能的磁电结构. 关键词： 复合材料 磁电效应 有限元     

孔隙地层井壁上的声波首波及其诱导电磁场的原因

声波测井时孔隙地层中的声波首波平行于井轴沿井壁传播，它既有轴向位移分量，又有垂直于井壁的位移分量.这种以快纵波速度传播的波, 不仅含有由快、慢纵波势给出的梯度场,而且还含有由横波势给出的旋度场.慢纵波势的梯度是渗流位移首波的主要构成成分, 也是声电效应测井响应中存在伴随声波首波电场的主要原因.首波包含有旋度位移场，是存在伴随声波首波磁场的原因. 关键词： 孔隙介质 声波首波 诱导电磁场 测井     

0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3单晶/环氧树脂1-3型复合材料的压电性能研究

模拟了0.7Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.3PbTiO₃(PMN-0.3PT)单晶1-3型压电复合材料的性能与单晶体积分数的关系,得出性能最优时压电相的体积分数为64%, 在这一体积分数下,采用切割-填充法,并使用了不同类型的环氧树脂填充制备复合材料.系统地研究了聚合物相对复合材料性能的影响,研究表明,减小聚合物相的刚度系数c和密度ρ有利于提高复合材料的性能,且聚合物相与压电相的结合强度对性能的影响非常明显,制备的PMN-0.3 PT单晶1-3型复合材料的厚度伸缩机电耦合系数k_t高达90.1%,压电系数d₃₃大于1000pC/N,机械品质因数Q_m为10.39,声阻抗Z也大大降低,性能明显优于传统的Pb(Zr_xTi_1-x)O₃(PZT)陶瓷及其1-3复合材料,在压电换能器和传感器中显示出广阔的前景. 关键词： PMN-PT单晶 压电复合材料 压电相 聚合物相     

A mechanistic analysis of stone fracture in lithotripsy

In vitro experiments and an elastic wave model were used to analyze how stress is induced in kidney stones by lithotripsy and to test the roles of individual mechanisms-spallation, squeezing, and cavitation. Cylindrical U30 cement stones were treated in an HM-3-style lithotripter. Baffles were used to block specific waves responsible for spallation or squeezing. Stones with and without surface cracks added to simulate cavitation damage were tested in glycerol (a cavitation suppressive medium). Each case was simulated using the elasticity equations for an isotropic medium. The calculated location of maximum stress compared well with the experimental observations of where stones fractured in two pieces. Higher calculated maximum tensile stress correlated with fewer shock waves required for fracture. The highest calculated tensile stresses resulted from shear waves initiated at the proximal corners and strengthened along the side surfaces of the stone by the liquid-borne lithotripter shock wave. Peak tensile stress was in the distal end of the stone where fracture occurred. Reflection of the longitudinal wave from the distal face of the stone--spallation-produced lower stresses. Surface cracks accelerated fragmentation when created near the location where the maximum stress was predicted.     

Shear thinning and local melting of colloidal crystals

Phenomena such as shear thinning and thickening, occurring when complex materials are exposed to external forces, are generally believed to be closely connected to changes in the microstructure. Here, we establish a direct and quantitative relation between shear thinning in a colloidal crystal and the surface area of the locally melted region by dragging a probe particle through the crystal using optical tweezing. We show that shear thinning originates from the nonlinear dependence of the locally melted surface area on the drag velocity. Our observations provide unprecedented quantitative evidence for the intimate relation between mechanical properties and underlying changes in microscopic structure.     

Nucleation and crystal growth in sheared granular sphere packings

We investigate the nucleation of ordered phases, their symmetries, and distributions in dense frictional hard sphere packings as a function of particle volume fraction ?, by imposing cyclic shear and constant applied pressure conditions. We show, with internal imaging, that the nucleating crystallites in the bulk consist of 10-60 spheres with hexagonal close packed (hcp) order and nonspherical shape, that are oriented preferentially along the shear axis. Above ?=0.62±0.005, crystallites with face centered cubic (fcc) order are observed with increasing probability, and ordered domains grow rapidly. A polycrystalline phase with domains of fcc and hcp order is observed after hundreds of thousands of shear cycles.     

Hadron dilation,shear and spin as components of the intrinsic hypermomentum current and metric-affine theory of gravitation

The infinite unitary irreducible spinor representations of the SL(3, R) algebra of hadron excitations are embedded in a global GA(4, R) with intrinsic dilation, shear and spin pieces in its hypermomentum current (i.e. the affine generalization of angular momentum). When gauged over a spacetime with a local Minkowski metric, GA(4, R) reproduces the metric-affine theory of gravity, in which the hypermomentum is coupled to the connection and the energy-momentum to the tetrad.     

Radiation impedance of a finite circular piston on a viscoelastic half-space with application to medical diagnosis

In a recent study a new analytical solution was developed and validated experimentally for the problem of surface wave generation on a linear viscoelastic half-space by a rigid circular disk located on the surface and oscillating normal to it. The results of that study suggested that, for the low audible frequency range, some previously reported values of shear viscosity for soft biological tissues may be inaccurate. Those values were determined by matching radiation impedance measurements with theoretical calculations reported previously. In the current study, the sensitivity to shear viscoelastic material constants of theoretical solutions for radiation impedance and surface wave motion are compared. Theoretical solutions are also compared to experimental measurements and numerical results from finite-element analysis. It is found that, while prior theoretical solutions for radiation impedance are accurate, use of such measurements to estimate shear viscoelastic constants is not as precise as the use of surface wave measurements.     

剪切差对入射角不敏感的平行分束偏光镜的设计

就入射面为主截面的情况,分析了入射角对平行分束偏光镜剪切差的影响规律,从而得出一种当入射角在一定范围内变化时,剪切差对入射角不敏感的平行分束偏光镜的设计方法,并且这种设计是消色差的。     

Effects of mode coupling on the admittance of an AT-cut quartz thickness-shear resonator

We study the effects of couplings to flexure and face-shear modes on the admittance of an AT-cut quartz plate thickness-shear mode resonator. Mindlin’s two-dimensional equations for piezoelectric plates are employed. Electrically forced vibration solutions are obtained for three cases: pure thickness-shear mode alone; two coupled modes of thickness shear and flexure; and three coupled modes of thickness shear, flexure, and face shear. Admittance is calculated and its dependence on the driving frequency and the length/thickness ratio of the resonator is examined. Results show that near the thickness-shear resonance, admittance assumes maxima, and that for certain values of the length/thickness ratio, the coupling to flexure causes severe admittance drops, while the coupling to the face-shear mode causes additional admittance changes that were previously unknown and hence are not considered in current resonator design practice.     

金刚石膜厚度尺寸对热残余应力的影响

 采用有限元方法对钼基体上不同厚度（20~1 000 μm）金刚石膜的热残余应力进行了全面的模拟与分析，得出了它们在膜内分布的等值线图，研究了金刚石膜厚度尺寸对整个膜内的最大主拉应力和界面处每个应力分量最大值的影响。结果表明：在整个膜内，最大主拉应力的位置出现在膜的表面、界面或侧面，其值随膜厚度的增加而增大；在界面处，最大轴向应力随膜厚度的增加而增大，而最大径向压应力、最大周向压应力和最大剪应力则随膜厚度的增加而减小，其中最大剪应力减幅较小；膜厚度越大时，以上各量随厚度增（减）的速度越慢。其结论对于在金刚石膜的制备中合理地选择厚度、有效地进行应力控制有一定的参考价值。     

Statistics of particle velocities in dense granular flows

We present measurements of the particle velocity distribution in the slow flow of granular material through vertical channels. The velocities of particles adjacent to the smooth, transparent front face of the channel were determined by video imaging and particle tracking. We find that the mean velocity changes sharply in shear layers near the side walls, but remains constant in a substantial core. The velocity distribution is non-Gaussian, is anisotropic, and follows a power law at large velocities. Remarkably, the distribution is identical in the shear layer and the core. We show evidence of spatially correlated motion, and propose a mechanism for the generation of fluctuational motion in the absence of shear.