Progress in Precise Measurements of the Gravitational Constant

The Newtonian gravitational constant G, which is one of the earliest fundamental constants introduced by human beings, plays an important role in cosmology, astrophysics, geophysics, metrology, and so on. In spite of the measurement of G having a relative longer history and more than 200 measurement results having been obtained during the past 200 years, G still remains the least precisely known among all fundamental physical constants up to now. Over the past three decades, many experimental physicists devoted themselves to the G measurement with various methods and resulted in a dozen precise values of G. However, the determined results are still in poor agreement with each other. A brief overview of the significance of the gravitational constant G is given herein, followed by an introduction into the history of G measurement. A summary of the five latest precise measurements performed during the past few years is presented. Finally, an outlook of the future development of G measurement is provided.     

光学自由曲面面形检测方法进展与展望

光学自由曲面具有强大的矫正像差和优化系统结构的能力,被誉为现代光学系统的变革性元件。但是,自由曲面面形过于复杂,其高精度检测存在巨大的难度,这限制了自由曲面面形的制造水平,其大规模应用也受到限制。目前,光学自由曲面的检测技术主要是从非球面检测技术发展而来的。回顾了近年来光学自由曲面检测方法的发展历程,着重分析了几种典型的检测方法及其特点,并展望了自由曲面检测技术的未来发展趋势。     

Radio-frequency measurement in semiconductor quantum computation

Semiconductor quantum dots have attracted wide interest for the potential realization of quantum computation. To realize efficient quantum computation, fast manipulation and the corresponding readout are necessary. In the past few decades, considerable progress of quantum manipulation has been achieved experimentally. To meet the requirements of high-speed readout, radio-frequency (RF) measurement has been developed in recent years, such as RF-QPC (radio-frequency quantum point contact) and RF-DGS (radio-frequency dispersive gate sensor). Here we specifically demonstrate the principle of the radio-frequency reflectometry, then review the development and applications of RF measurement, which provides a feasible way to achieve high-bandwidth readout in quantum coherent control and also enriches the methods to study these artificial mesoscopic quantum systems. Finally, we prospect the future usage of radio-frequency reflectometry in scaling-up of the quantum computing models.     

可见-近红外光谱技术监测土壤石油烃污染研究进展

石油和石油产品的泄漏可造成严重的土壤污染,传统的土壤石油烃污染监测方法存在耗时长、便携性差等问题,难以满足大面积诊断土壤污染区域和数字化土壤制图的需求。可见-近红外光谱技术具有快速、便捷、低成本和无污染等优势,是土壤信息快速获取最有潜力的手段,也是未来研究发展的趋势。该技术目前在监测土壤性质领域已经取得了一定的成果,但在监测土壤石油烃污染方面,国内外的研究仍然处于起步阶段,石油烃含量反演模型的实际应用仍然是难点,而且针对现有的成果很少有人对其进行总结。文章探讨了可见-近红外光谱监测土壤石油烃污染的可行性,并归纳和总结了污染土壤的光谱敏感波段、预测模型和光谱数据库三个方面近几年最新的研究进展,分析了目前研究成果中存在的不足,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,指出今后应加强多种类型土壤石油烃混合物样本、通用的石油烃预测模型、野外光谱测量实验和成像光谱技术等四方面研究,以期为后续进行土壤石油烃污染的深入研究提供借鉴。     

发射率限定辐射测温原理

辐射测温技术随着辐射测量传感器技术的进步而不断进步,已经由单波长测温发展到多波长和多波段测温,由点温测量发展到二维甚至三维温度场测量。但是在辐射测温更精确反演方面,却很难克服因发射率未知性而引起的模型构建误差。发射率行为难以确定并极大地影响了测温精度,急需发展一种具有通用性,不受发射率具体行为限制,具有较高稳定性的辐射测温方法。双波长测温适用于发射率具有灰体行为的物体温度测量,一系列的发射率补偿算法和波长选择方法均未能很好地实现通用性测量,往往直接单色测量可能误差比比色法更小。多波长测温得到广泛应用,但并不是波长越多越好,发射率模型仍然具有较大局限性。提出了发射率直接限定算法和发射率松驰限定算法来反演温度。在发射率限定条件相同时,这两种方法是等价的。发射率松驰限定算法基于最小二乘算法和松驰因子进行真温求解。推导了松驰限定法的误差传递公式,发现在保证测量信号强度的前提下,λT越小温度误差越小;发射率行为对温度相对误差具有重要影响,在相同的λT条件下,发射率随波长变化越大,在限定区间上覆盖越均匀,测量误差越小。但从直接限定算法可以看出所测波长数越多,测量误差越小。两种方法均可以看出,减少限定区间长度也可以显著地提高测量精度。     

超声显微检测技术在电子封装中的应用与发展

超声显微检测技术应用于电子封装领域始于上世纪80年代,如今已是检测电子封装可靠性和完整性的重要手段,被广泛应用到了电子封装的缺陷检测和精密测量等方面。针对电子封装的超声显微检测存在回波重叠、信噪比低等问题,近年来,发展了许多时频分析方法,用于获得优于常规方法的纵向分辨率,即实现超分辨率。本文首先介绍了超声显微检测的发展历史,对其检测原理和分辨率理论进行了简述;其次,综述了超声显微检测技术在电子封装中的主要应用与发展现状;然后,对超声显微检测的超分辨率成像方法进行了综述,分别介绍了基于小波分析的反卷积、连续小波变换和稀疏表示在实现超分辨率时的原理及适用场景;最后,探讨归纳了电子封装超声显微检测的主要研究方向及难点。     

多时相遥感影像变化检测方法研究进展综述

近年来,随着遥感平台和传感器的发展,已经实现了对地球表面大部分区域的连续重复遥感观测,积累了海量的多源、多尺度、多分辨率遥感数据。这些数据详细记录了地表上各种地物的变化过程,使得基于遥感影像的中长期变化检测等全球变化研究成为可能,并极大地推动了遥感影像处理方法和应用的研究。但是,尽管许多学者已经开展了大量相关的研究工作,目前基于多时相遥感影像的变化检测仍然面临许多挑战,还没有形成相对完整、成熟的理论体系,对相关研究进展的系统性总结工作仍然相对缺乏。回顾了多时相遥感变化检测方法的发展现状,并根据输入数据类型和数量的不同将这些方法分成单时相分类比较法、双时相比较法和时序分析法三类,对其进展情况和特点分别进行总结分析,然后就多时相遥感影像变化检测方法研究中现存的问题加以分析,并尝试探讨了其发展趋势。     

三维测量中空间编码技术的研究

针对三维测量中的关键技术——空间编码技术，介绍了空间编码技术对测量的精度、速度和可靠性方面所起的重要作用。阐述了基于三角法结构光投影的测量原理。对空间编码技术在三维测量中的功能进行了研究，介绍了编码原理，总结了编码方案所应满足的条件。列举了当前典型的几种编码方案和一种新的条纹边界编码方案，并对它们进行了分析和比较，指出了它们各自的优缺点和发展趋势。在此研究基础上对空间编码技术作了进一步的总结，指出该领域未来的发展方向将是彩色编码与已有编码的结合。     

Determination of thermal wave reflection coefficient to better estimate defect depth using pulsed thermography

Thermography is a promising method for detecting subsurface defects, but accurate measurement of defect depth is still a big challenge because thermographic signals are typically corrupted by imaging noise and affected by 3D heat conduction. Existing methods based on numerical models are susceptible to signal noise and methods based on analytical models require rigorous assumptions that usually cannot be satisfied in practical applications. This paper presents a new method to improve the measurement accuracy of subsurface defect depth through determining the thermal wave reflection coefficient directly from observed data that is usually assumed to be pre-known. This target is achieved through introducing a new heat transfer model that includes multiple physical parameters to better describe the observed thermal behaviour in pulsed thermographic inspection. Numerical simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method against four selected state-of-the-art methods. Results show that the accuracy of depth measurement has been improved up to 10% when noise level is high and thermal wave reflection coefficients is low. The feasibility of the proposed method in real data is also validated through a case study on characterising flat-bottom holes in carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates which has a wide application in various sectors of industry.     

The physics of accelerator driven sub-critical reactors

In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in accelerator driven systems (ADS) due to their perceived superior safety characteristics and their potential for burning actinides and long-lived fission products. Indian interest in ADS has an additional dimension, which is related to our planned large-scale thorium utilization for future nuclear energy generation. The physics of ADS is quite different from that of critical reactors. As such, physics studies on ADS reactors are necessary for gaining an understanding of these systems. Development of theoretical tools and experimental facilities for studying the physics of ADS reactors constitute important aspect of the ADS development program at BARC. This includes computer codes for burnup studies based on transport theory and Monte Carlo methods, codes for studying the kinetics of ADS and sub-critical facilities driven by 14 MeV neutron generators for ADS experiments and development of sub-criticality measurement methods. The paper discusses the physics issues specific to ADS reactors and presents the status of the reactor physics program and some of the ADS concepts under study.      

Commissioning progress of the FAST

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST) was completed with its main structure installed on September 25, 2016, after which it entered the commissioning phase. This paper aims to introduce the commissioning progress of the FAST over the past two years. To improve its operational reliability and ensure effective observation time, FAST has been equipped with a real-time information system for the active reflector system and hierarchical commissioning scheme for the feed support system, which ultimately achieves safe operation of the two systems. For meeting the high-performance indices, a highprecision measurement system was set up based on the effective control methods that were implemented for the active reflector system and feed support system. Since the commissioning of the FAST, a low-frequency ultra-wideband receiver and 19-beam1.05-1.45 GHz receiver have been mainly used. Telescope efficiency, pointing accuracy, and system noise temperature were completely tested and ultimately achieved the acceptance indices of the telescope. The FAST has been in the process of national acceptance preparations and has begun to search for pulsars. In the future, it will still strive to improve its capabilities and expand its application prospects.     

一种油田原油含水率的近红外光谱检测与分析方法

石油作为重要战略资源,对其组分进行实时分析检测在石油化工领域有着重要意义。随着石油资源的不断开发,在已长时间开采油井的生产过程中以及新油井开采前,需要对井下原油组分进行分析检测,以判定开采的必要性。原油组分实时检测,在原油开采、生产、储运以及销售过程中都起着关键的作用,针对传统检测方法存在精度低、效率低等问题,近年来在原油组分检测技术的研究方法上引入了在测量领域得到广泛、有效应用的近红外光谱测量技术。以井下原油作为研究对象,利用从大庆油田获得的提纯原油与水按体积比配制了原油占比分别为1%~20%共39个组分的实验样品来模拟井下原油。研究了近红外光谱透射法测量原油组分的基本原理,并利用SW2520型近红外光谱仪与卤素光源以及配套组件集成了原油样品近红外光谱数据测量系统,完成了系统的标准化实验并利用此标准化后的系统采集了39个组分原油样品的近红外吸收光谱数据。利用移动窗口平滑法、Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑法以及Savitzky-Golay卷积求导法对原油近红外光谱数据进行预处理以消除噪声,利用偏最小二乘法和支持向量机回归方法SVR两种分析方法对预处理后的原油样品近红外光谱进行建模,分别建立了原油组分分析预测模型。研究结果表明,利用偏最小二乘法模型预测均方根误差为0.003 755 14,决定系数R2为0.999 999,预测精度优于0.1%,预测效果十分理想。利用近红外光谱技术对配制的不同比例的井下原油模拟测试样品进行测试建模和分析,为井下原油组份检测提供了一种新的思路,该方法可以有效的解决原油含水率的检测问题,为开发油田现场实时原油检测分析装备提供技术支撑。     

光谱分析方法在同位素检测中的研究和应用进展

同位素在核工业为主的各种工业生产中受到广泛的关注,并推动着地质学、材料科学、化学等相关学科的发展。近年来,基于光谱分析原理的同位素分析方法的开发逐渐受到关注。虽然多接收杯电感耦合等离子体质谱（MC-ICP-MS）、热电离质谱（TIMS）和气体同位素质谱（IRMS）等质谱技术是同位素分析的标准方法,但是这些质谱方法通常需要复杂的样品前处理流程以及频繁的仪器维护。光谱分析方法在这些方面有着自身独特优势,甚至可以满足现场实时快速的同位素分析,并在核工业同位素分析和传统稳定同位素分析领域已经取得了日益广泛的应用。随着光谱仪器关键部件和数据处理方法的进一步发展,极大地改善了光谱法同位素分析的性能（灵敏度、分辨率和精密度）,使光谱分析方法被逐渐开发并应用于环境和地质同位素分析领域。综述了光谱分析方法在同位素分析（定量或定性）领域的主要进展,从光谱分析原理的角度归类为发射光谱（原子发射、分子发射、拉曼光谱）和吸收光谱（原子吸收、分子吸收）两大类。着重讨论了光谱法进行同位素分析的基本原理、发展历程以及重要进展,简述了与质谱法相比的优缺点。针对仍然有待突破的技术难点,展望了光谱法应用于同位素分析的发展前景。该综述可为光谱分析方法在同位素检测中的发展方向提供重要参考。     

Life-cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials: a literature review of assessment status

The filtration of airborne nanoparticles is an important control technique as the environmental, health, and safety impacts of nanomaterials grow. A review of the literature shows that significant progress has been made on airborne nanoparticle filtration in the academic field in the recent years. We summarize the filtration mechanisms of fibrous and membrane filters; the air flow resistance and filter media figure of merit are discussed. Our review focuses on the air filtration test methods and instrumentation necessary to implement them; recent experimental studies are summarized accordingly. Two methods using monodisperse and polydisperse challenging aerosols, respectively, are discussed in detail. Our survey shows that the commercial instruments are already available for generating a large amount of nanoparticles, sizing, and quantifying them accurately. The commercial self-contained filter test systems provide the possibility of measurement for particles down to 15 nm. Current international standards dealing with efficiency test for filters and filter media focus on measurement of the minimum efficiency at the most penetrating particle size. The available knowledge and instruments provide a solid base for development of test methods to determine the effectiveness of filtration media against airborne nanoparticles down to single-digit nanometer range.     

Nothing : A Very Short Introduction,by F. Close

This paper reviews the progress that has been made in the last three years towards applying the a.c. Josephson effects as a method of maintaining the SI unit of potential. The methods of measurement that have been employed to measure 2e/h are also discussed.     

The Technology of Droplet Measurement with Cascade Impactors

Cascade impactors are still the most suitable devices with which to measure fine droplet mists in gas ducts. This report describes the measurement technique and underlying principles. It is based largely on experience gained with a type of impactor that has been specially developed for droplet measurements, and also on applications of impactors in the chemical industry. Most of the measurement work has been undertaken in connection with environmental protection. The cascade impactor gives the mass-related droplet size distributions and concentrations within a range extending from about 0.2 to 10 microns. Larger droplets are collected quantitatively in the sampling probe, which serves as a precollector.     

奥托·斯特恩对质子磁矩的研究

因为对分子束方法的发展和对质子磁矩的发现,奥托·斯特恩获得了1943年的诺贝尔物理学奖.1933年,斯特恩和他的合作者测量了质子磁矩.质子磁矩的测量,拓展了人类探索微观世界的途径,加速了人们认知核子结构的进程.以文献研究法为主要手段,从质子磁矩测量实验本身展开,深入挖掘了斯特恩等人关于质子磁矩测量工作的全过程,旨在厘清斯特恩等人在质子磁矩测量工作方面的开创性贡献,以及该实验对于20世纪30年代原子核物理学发展的贡献所在.     

激光惯性约束聚变中光学汤姆逊散射研究进展

当前，激光惯性约束聚变在越来越接近点火的极端能量密度条件下，实验与模拟的偏离逐渐增大，一个关键原因是缺乏对黑腔等离子体状态及其影响黑腔能量学和内爆对称性的细致研究和判断。光学汤姆逊散射主动式、诊断精确、参数完备的优点，使之成为激光惯性约束聚变黑腔等离子体状态参数精密诊断的标准方法。中国面向激光惯性约束聚变研究的光学汤姆逊散射实验技术的发展与神光系列激光装置的建设和在其上开展的物理实验紧密相关。近年来，四倍频汤姆逊散射实验技术在神光III原型和100 kJ激光装置上相继建立，部分实验结果不仅加深了对激光惯性约束聚变靶物理的认识，还反映了实验条件对汤姆逊散射诊断的影响，促进了实验技术的精密化发展。在未来，还需要进一步发展多支路汤姆逊散射、五倍频汤姆逊散射和超热相干汤姆逊散射等新技术，面向点火黑腔条件，大幅提升激光等离子体状态参数的诊断精度，开展新物理机制的探索和研究，在激光惯性约束聚变和其他高能量密度物理科学领域发挥更重要的作用。     

New methods of fabricating gratings for deformation measurements: A review

Gratings have been widely accepted as practical and effective deformation carriers/sensors and are commonly used in many deformation measurement methods. Since the deformation measurement sensitivity is directly proportional to the grating frequency, and the measurement accuracy is strongly affected by the grating quality. Thus, it is crucial to prepare an appropriate grating on the specimen surface that is to be measured. Over the past few decades, an increasing number of grating fabrication methods have been developed, including holographic photolithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam etching, nanoimprinting, soft lithography, and others. Although substantial literature regarding grating fabrication can be found, a comprehensive review is still necessary to promote the application of these methods. This review introduces the technical details and characteristics of recently developed grating fabrication methods and provides suggestions of which grating fabrication methods to use in correspondence with different deformation measurement methods. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of grating fabrication processes and the quality and applicability of the resulting gratings.