Hybrid buffering architecture for packet contention resolution of an optical packet switch

Packet contention is a major issue in optical packet switching network and it is not a trivial task to resolve due to lack of optical RAM technology. In order to resolve contention optical buffering approach is used using fiber delay lines (FDLs). Yet there is a heavy packet loss rate due to unavailability of output port and free FDLs. This paper proposes a hybrid buffering architecture using feed-forward and feedback shared FLDs to resolve packet contention resolution of an optical packet switch. Feed-forward FDLs are used as primary buffer and feedback FDLs are implemented as supplementary buffer. Simulation result shows that proposed hybrid buffering switch achieves packet loss rate between 10⁻¹ and 10⁻² at heavy traffic load (ρ = 0.9) for a 32 × 32 switch using different FDL length.     

ATMOS (ATM optical switching)—system perspective

The expected traffic growth from new broadband services will require network capacities that can be beneficially provided by optical WDM transport networks. Optical packet techniques are essential for large networks to provide flexibility and granularity. A layered network architecture with a transparent optical layer and optical packet layers has been elaborated. Four switching concept options for large optical ATM switch fabrics in the public network and small access nodes are presented. The technology for the related key functions of space and wavelength switching was developed in the RACE ATMOS project and the feasibility of concepts and technologies was verified in four system demonstrators.     

Energy-Efficient Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks Based on Sleep Mode and Heuristic Optimization

Abstract

In this article, an energy-efficiency mechanism for next-generation passive optical networks is investigated through heuristic particle swarm optimization. Ten-gigabit Ethernet–wavelength division multiplexing optical code division multiplexing–passive optical network next-generation passive optical networks are based on the use of a legacy 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network with the advantage of using only an en/decoder pair of optical code division multiplexing technology, thus eliminating the en/decoder at each optical network unit. The proposed joint mechanism is based on the sleep-mode power-saving scheme for a 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network, combined with a power control procedure aiming to adjust the transmitted power of the active optical network units while maximizing the overall energy-efficiency network. The particle swarm optimization based power control algorithm establishes the optimal transmitted power in each optical network unit according to the network pre-defined quality of service requirements. The objective is controlling the power consumption of the optical network unit according to the traffic demand by adjusting its transmitter power in an attempt to maximize the number of transmitted bits with minimum energy consumption, achieving maximal system energy efficiency. Numerical results have revealed that it is possible to save 75% of energy consumption with the proposed particle swarm optimization based sleep-mode energy-efficiency mechanism compared to 55% energy savings when just a sleeping-mode-based mechanism is deployed.     

光分组交换节点中缓存器对串扰相干特性的影响

研究了光分组交换中光输出缓存器引起的排队延迟对节点串扰特性的影响，建立了节点串扰特性与缓存器长度之间关系的数学模型，结果表明，对光分组交换节点，由于缓存器的存在，串扰源数目随缓存器的长度增加而增加；串扰中，非相干串扰占多数，数目随机的相干串扰的影响较小，且当缓存器较长时，相干串扰的影响可以忽略，即可将所有串扰视为非相干。     

Blocking and delay performance for differential output-ports choosing probability scheme applied optical burst switching network

Differential output-ports choosing probability (DOCP) scheme is a novel traffic outputting model for core router in optical burst switching (OBS) network. In this paper, we provide an analytical model for studying the performance of traffic blocking and delay in DOCP-applied OBS network. We first evaluate blocking probabilities using DOCP and confirm it by simulation. Then, in optical buffer-equipped OBS core router, we consider the average delay time for buffered traffic and the average total traffic queueing length in core router. The knowledge of delay performance is useful for the optical buffer architecture configuration in differential traffic scenario. Several results indicate that, under the same load condition, the blocking probabilities and the delay time will change along with the changeable ports choosing probability and the ratio between different length bursts in the OBS system.     

一种适用于光突发交换网络的背景流量估计模型

平面背景流量的强度是光突发交换网络中的一个重要参数。该参数直接影响网络的性能并约束网络边缘节点的组装算法。指出了在配置波长转换器的情况下,核心节点控制平面的服务速率是与背景流量密切相关的随机变量而不是确定性变量。构建了M/D/1和一种特殊的M/G/1排队模型分别描述不同配置的核心节点的行为,并以剩余偏置时间为观测变量,构建了核心节点的背景流量估计模型。仿真和数值分析表明,该模型能够实时反映出核心节点控制平面的背景流量强度。     

Design,modelling and implementation of the ATMOS project fibre delay line photonic switching matrix

This paper presents the fibre delay line switching matrix, a high-performance photonic system consisting of an electrically controlled optical high-speed transport network. This photonic matrix adopts the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technique and an internal self-routing architecture based on wavelength encoding, for cell routing and multiplexing. A set of output queues provides the buffering function.An extensive performance evaluation is presented, with reference to both the traffic throughput and technology feasibility. Numerical results have been obtained to evaluate optical performance and the implementation of a 4×4 demonstrator, supporting a 2.5 Gbit s^-1 input/output rate, shows the feasibility of the matrix with state-of-the-art optical technology.Its high performance makes the fibre delay line switching matrix a strong candidate for implementing the core of future high-speed broadband ATM switches.     

A Multiservice Voice, Data, and Video Network Enabled by Optical Ethernet

With data now approaching 60% of all aggregate traffic and expected to grow to 90% of all traffic by 2004, networks designed around all-packet architectures are being envisioned. Within this timeframe, a network vision is to deliver voice, video, and data services over a single packet-oriented network. Some entrepreneurial network providers are pursuing this vision in an even earlier timeframe.

This article introduces a multiservices voice, data, and multicast video network over an Optical Ethernet architecture for residents of multidwelling units (MDU). This article reviews the network architecture for delivering these services over Optical Ethernet and addresses the challenges of handling service types with different bandwidths and latencies over a common packet-oriented infrastructure. As an example, it addresses the challenge of managing latency-intolerant traffic such as voice over IP over a common architecture as Internet data. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges of delivering over 100 channels of broadcast video as well as video on demand over the same infrastructure.     

Wavelength division multiplexed loop buffer memory based optical packet switch

Photonic all-optical switching is widely considered as one of the technique to utilize the enormous optical bandwidth. Optical packet switching provides high speed, data rate transparency, data format transparency, efficient use of bandwidth and flexibility. To resolve the conflict during contention, packets are needed to be buffered. Due to the lack of optical RAM, fiber delay lines (FDLs) are the most suited option to buffer the packets. This paper proposes new optical packet switch architecture alongwith feedback shared buffer utilizing the advantage of WDM loop buffer memory. The loop buffer module used in this switch architecture is a new approach towards WDM buffering of packets. The mathematical modeling is done to validate the results obtained from simulation.     

Large capacity optical router based on arrayed waveguide gratings and optical loop buffer

This paper presents optical packet switch architecture with large buffering capacity for the contention resolution of the packets. The main feature of the architecture is no requirement of Demux/Mux and splitter/combiner which are used in most of the other loop buffer based switch architectures. Therefore physical loss of the architecture is very less, and switch performance is not limited by the physical degradation of the signal. In the buffer, TWCs/SOAs are replaced by Tunable Fiber Bragg Gratings (TFBGs). The use of TFBGs inside the buffer is a novel approach towards buffering structure. The architecture presented here can be modeled as output queue buffer scheme. This paper investigates the advantages of the proposed architecture over the earlier architecture. The performance of the architecture in terms of physical layer parameters (loss analysis, power analysis and noise analysis), packaging volume and optical cost is done.     

AWG and EDFA based optical packet switch using feedback shared loop buffer memory

Optical packet switching provides high speed, data rate/format transparency, efficient use of bandwidth and flexibility. The major problem in the implementation of “all-optical” switching is contention which occurs when two or more packets arrive at the same time for the same destination. To resolve the contention, we have proposed an optical packet switch architecture based on WDM loop buffer memory in the feedback configuration. In that architecture, the contending packets are stored in a loop buffer module, and routed in the free time slots. The buffering duration in the recirculating loop is limited by a circulation limit. The analysis was been done to obtain the maximum number of allowed circulations. This paper proposes improved version of that optical packet switch architecture, to increase the number of maximum allowed circulations. The modification is done either by adding an extra erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in the original switch or by replacing the core space switch with arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). The performance analysis has been done by the simulations.     

Survivable WDM-PON with self-protection and in-service fault localization capabilities

In this paper, we analyze the survivability of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) passive optical network (PON). We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel survivable WDM-PON architecture with self-protection and in-service fault localization capabilities. Two WDM-PONs are combined together and multiple sub-ring architecture is formed. Protection switching is achieved automatically at optical network units (ONUs) when failure occurs. Fiber loss, fiber fault localization and automatic protection switching in each ONU are real-time monitored in central office (CO) without interrupting customer service. No signaling for failure notice or protection switching is required for either CO or ONUs. Extra fibers required for protection are minimized compared with previous protection schemes. The self-protection and in-service fault localization capabilities of the proposed WDM-PON architecture are experimentally verified.     

一种半双工EPON系统的性能分析

提出了改进的上行光环回技术和冲突检测技术以解决现有全双工CSMA/CD EPON方案中上行环回光功率损耗过大和冲突检测实现困难等问题.提出了一种半双工CSMA/CD EPON方案.通过理论推导和仿真验证,说明了虽然接入网系统中上/下行业务量往往是高度不对称的,该半双工CSMA/CD EPON的吞吐量性能与现有的半双工以太局域网的吞吐量性能相当.     

An optical multicast packet switching architecture shared with limited-range multi-wavelength converter and full-range wavelength converters

Optical packet switch with multicast capability can inspire a broad range of multipoint to multipoint applications in future optical networks. An optical multicast packet switching architecture, equipped with feedback shared small number of limited-range multi-wavelength converters (LMWCs) and output shared some full-range wavelength converters (FRWCs), is proposed for a wavelength-division multiplexed optical multicast network to improve multicast performance in the paper. The FRWCs are used to overcome the performance degradation in terms of packet loss probability due to only use LMWCs. In the architecture, the two converters are shared by all the multicast packets importing to the optical multicast switch node. A maximum bipartite matching with minimum edges weights strategy was designed to employ fewer wavelength converters and avoid useless degradation of optical signal quality for the architecture to improve the node performance. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture and its wavelength converter scheduling algorithm can reduce the multicast packet loss probability with relatively lesser wavelength conversion cost.     

Performance analysis of modified optical burst switching (OBS) ring network using dummy node

In the present paper an analytical model of an optical burst switching ring network which is capable to handle the variable incoming traffic intelligently is presented. An efficient node architecture and network operating protocol enhances the data throughput in a congested network. Here we propose a node architecture to ease the traffic congestion in a ring network involving a dummy server connected to backbone of the ring topology to ease the traffic flow into the ring by diverting the packets under the congestion situation. An appropriate mathematical model for the proposed node architecture has been developed employing packet queuing control to estimate the amount of carried traffic for different node parameters and the analysis has been further extended to investigate the network performance under different signaling techniques.     

Feed-Forward- and Shared-Buffer-Based Optical Packet Switch Architecture

Abstract

This architecture incorporates wavelength-routed loop-buffer modules in the feed-forward configuration, and the buffering in these modules is recirculating in nature, using shared memory. The signal quality will deteriorate during each revolution, due to the insertion loss of the various optical components; therefore, it will impose a limit on the number of circulations that a packet can take in the buffer before its correct reception. Generally, this limit has not been considered in the past, but one should have to take care of it in the current scenario for the actual switching systems.     

基于RapidIO技术的网络交换板卡的设计与实现

为了满足新的信号处理平台使用RapidIO技术来进行重构的要求,实现DSP芯片在信号处理板之间和机箱之间的动态连接配置,提出了一种基于RapidIO的网络交换板卡的设计和实现方式。板卡使用TSI578交换芯片构成RapidIO交换机,来实现信号处理板和网络交换板之间的RapidIO数据包路由交换;使用千兆以太网和光纤来实现机箱间的互连;使用FPGA芯片来实现RapidIO和千兆以太网、光纤数据之间的协议转换。应用结果表明,利用该网络交换板能够很好的实现DSP芯片在板卡间与机箱间的互连重构。     

Wavelength conversion in optical transport networks

The introduction of optical technology in the path layer of a transport network is analyzed; in particular, the impact of all-optical wavelength conversion is examined. Two basic optical cross-connect schemes based on space switching and on wave-length switching, respectively, and two types of wavelength converters are considered. The wavelength converters are, respectively, based on four-wave miring (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and on cross-phase modulation (XPM) obtained by two SOAs put in an interferometric configuration. An analysis of transmission performances of optical transport networks employing both types of wavelength conversion and both the node architectures is reported. The performances are evaluated by means of a system modeling that facilitates considering physical phenomena occurring during transmission and all the important transmission impairments. The analysis reveals that both the types of converters can be employed with different features and limitations, according to the considered network and switching architecture.     

基于半导体光放大器的环路型全光缓存器中功率均衡的新方法

全光缓存器能够在光域内对数据包进行存储而不需经过光电光的变换,成为全光网的重要组成部分,其性能的优劣将直接影响到网络的丢包率等。但在半导体光放大器中交叉增益调制和交叉相位调制效应并存,导致基于半导体光放大器的环路型全光缓存器中缓存后输出的数据包与未缓存数据包的输出功率间存在不均衡,使得网络误码率增加。在详细分析全光缓存器工作原理的基础上,利用半导体光放大器中交叉增益调制和交叉相位调制并存的现象,巧妙地提出了将控制脉冲反相并配合电可调衰减器的新方法。该方法简单易行,有效解决了此类全光缓存器中数据包输出功率不均衡的难题,缓存器性能得到了极大改善。此方法适用于所有基于半导体光放大器的环路型全光缓存器。     

The Impact of Signal Properties with Unbalanced Traffic on SOA Switches in Optical Packet Switched Networks

In this paper, we present the property evaluated modeling of switching matrix based on the XGM in SOA for optical packet-switched networks. Crosstalk-induced bit error rate (BER), packet error rate (PER), the dimension of the switching node and cascaded capacity under unbalanced traffic are examined, which proves to be relevant to the peculiarities of signal pulse such as initial chirp, shape and bit rate.Several rules are drawn to facilitate the design of SOA-based switching matrix under unbalanced traffic.