传输式大功率电火花震源在浅水中及井中的压力波形及频率分析

本文通过对传输式电火花震源在浅水中及井中所产生压力波形的分析，确定了压力波峰值与放电电极距离的关系，获得了压力波与放电能量、静水压、测量距离之间的基本关系。并对试验结果进行了分析。     

水中脉冲放电的电特性与声辐射特性研究

对水中脉冲放电等离子体通道电阻与放电参数之间的关系作了研究,得到了等离子体通道电阻与电容量、初始电压、电极间距离的关系,以及通道电阻随时间的变化规律.还对冲击波的峰值压力与放电参数间的关系作了研究,并对冲击波压力的功率谱作了分析,结果表明水中脉冲放电所产生的冲击波的声辐射频率在几十赫兹到几万赫兹之间,覆盖了所有水声设备的工作频率,且在低频段具有很强的声功率,是一种理想的水下声源 关键词： 水中脉冲放电 等离子体     

气体放电实验与帕邢定律

利用真空镀膜机的离子轰击装置研究了气体放电电压与气体压力的关系．在保持气体放电电流不变的情况下，气体放电电压是气体压力的函数．改变气体压力时，放电电压有一极小值．这种关系可用帕邢定律来解释。     

尖端放电紫外光谱特性仿真分析及验证

尖端放电是物体尖锐处产生的一种放电现象,它属于一种电晕放电,在避雷针、静电除尘等技术中有着广泛应用。目前对尖端放电的研究主要集中在放电强度方面,而对其光谱方面的研究并不多,研究发现尖端放电在紫外波段具有强烈的辐射。利用Comsol软件对尖端放电的电离特性进行仿真,结合数学物理模型分析了放电辐射光谱及辐射强度,发现其辐射强度随时间的变化先增加后减小,并可根据N2+的分布强度估算紫外波段的辐射强度。通过研制一套紫外面阵多光谱成像系统,对尖端放电进行了三个紫外光谱通道的成像,实验结果表明,尖端放电的辐射光谱在240～340 nm波段之间都有分布,且在315～340 nm之间分布最强。同时得到尖端放电的紫外辐射强度随着尖端距离的增加而减小,并与成像积分时间成一定的线性关系。发现在同一通道,线性斜率随尖端距离的增加而减小。通过对尖端放电三个紫外光谱通道的成像码值反演成辐射能量,得到辐射能量与尖端距离,尖端电压以及积分时间之间的关系,验证了尖端放电的数学物理模型,为深入研究尖端放电的紫外特性提供了有力的支撑依据。     

液相放电等离子体特性与激波特性的数值分析

以能量平衡方程为基础,采用不同的电导率唯象模型描述了液相放电等离子体圆柱形通道特性,得到了通道内半径、温度、电阻、电流和耗散能量随时间的变化关系,还给出了距离放电间隙中心一定距离处的冲击波压力变化,并与前人利用等离子体通道球状模型计算得到的结果进行了比较。结果表明:把等离子体通道看成球状和看成圆柱状在描述通道压力和通道半径时差异显著,而在描述其他物理特性时差别不大;三种电导率模型在描述等离子体通道物理特性时,变化趋势大体相同,而在描述激波特性时,电导率模型σ₂更符合实际;通过对比电学参数与压力参数的变化,就可以在实验中根据实验数据以及具体的研究问题进行模型的适用性选择。     

伪火花放电开关电压跌落过程实验研究

 设计了典型参数下的伪火花放电开关，进行了空气介质下的电压特性实验，给出了伪火花开关放电电压与气压变化的关系曲线；测量了产生伪火花放电的气压范围（1~29Pa）和单间隙伪火花放电开关耐受电压的最大值(40kV)，测得了伪火花放电与辉光放电的转折点气压(29Pa)，并对实验结果进行了理论分析。研究了伪火花放电开关电压跌落时间与放电电压的关系，首次将开关电压跌落过程分为暂态阶段和稳态阶段，讨论了放电电路参数，气体压力，开关结构和放电电压对电压跌落时间的影响。实验表明，在气压和开关结构不变的条件下，暂态过程时间由放电电压决定，电压越高，则所需时间就越短；稳态过程时间由放电电路参数决定，不受放电电压影响。     

高气压快放电XeCl准分子激光器的放电特性

基于快放电(毫微秒)XeCl激光器电极两端电压和电流的精确测量和计算机分析,给出高气压(3—8大气压力)激光放电等离子体的动态阻抗特性。在几毫微秒内,阻抗降到欧姆量级。研究了放电峰值电流和平均阻抗与充电电压和气体压力的关系。结果显示,放电等离子体阻抗与传输线阻抗精确匹配并不是十分重要和实际的。 关键词：     

μs振荡脉冲电源激励下同轴电极介质阻挡放电特性

 采用μs振荡脉冲电源激励同轴电极结构产生空气中介质阻挡放电(DBD),通过电压-电流波形的测量及发光图像拍摄研究了放电特性,计算得到了放电功率及传输电荷量等重要放电参量,研究了电压幅值、气隙距离对放电特性及放电参量的影响,在分析放电机理的基础上对实验结果进行了解释。结果表明:μs振荡脉冲电源激励下,DBD平均放电功率可达上百W,传输电荷量可达几千nC;增大电压幅值和减小放电气隙距离能获得更剧烈的放电,平均放电功率和传输电荷量均增加。     

流动氩气介质阻挡放电特性及振动温度研究

采用双水电极介质阻挡放电装置,在流动氩气中通过改变气隙间距、驱动电源频率和气体流量等研究放电电学特性和振动温度的变化。电学测量结果发现如果固定其他实验条件而只改变某一参数,小气隙间距放电的电流峰值和功率比大气隙间距的高。同样,增大驱动电源频率也能够使放电的电流峰值和功率增加,而增加气体流量使得放电电流峰值和功率减小。最后利用光谱学方法,通过对放电发射光谱中氮分子振动带系的分析,发现振动温度随着放电气隙间距、电源频率和气体流量的变化关系与放电的电流峰值和功率的变化关系基本一致。这些结果对流动气体中大气压介质阻挡放电的应用具有重要意义。     

高气压下交流旋转滑动弧放电特性实验研究

本文针对恶劣条件下滑动弧等离子体放电稳定性问题,搭建了高气压交流旋转滑动弧放电实验系统,开展了高气压下交流旋转滑动弧放电特性实验,并对其放电特性、电弧运动特性、光谱特性进行了分析.研究结果表明:随着介质气体压力的升高,滑动弧放电的电压、电流、能量均呈现增大趋势,当介质气体压力升高到0.52 MPa时,滑动弧放电的能量从常压下的84.74 J增大到147.13 J;且随着介质气体压力的升高,电弧的击穿频率并不是单调变化,而是在0.2 MPa时达到最大为26.55 kHz;高气压下电弧运动过程中会出现“弧道骤变”现象;随着介质气体压力的升高,滑动弧放电的整体光谱发射强度呈现变强趋势;通过两谱线法对滑动弧放电的电子激发温度进行了计算,常压下滑动弧放电的电子激发温度为0.8153 eV,随着介质气体压力的升高,电子激发温度呈现升高趋势,当介质气体压力达到0.4 MPa时,滑动弧放电的电子激发温度升高至5.3165 eV.     

In situ determination of radon in surface water bodies by means of a hydrophobic membrane tubing

The naturally occurring radioisotope 222-radon is increasingly recognized as a powerful environmental tracer in hydrology. Several studies proved its applicability for the investigation of groundwater migration processes or of interactions between surface waters and groundwater. While the determination of radon-in-water concentrations is generally done in the laboratory by means of liquid scintillation counting, radon-in-water concentrations can also be measured right away in the field by stripping radon from a water sample into a gas volume and measuring the respective radon-in-gas concentration using a portable radon-in-gas monitor. However, one of the major obstacles of such on-site determination is the potential loss of radon during water sampling and sample handling. A much more promising way of representative radon on-site detection is in situ extraction of radon directly from the water body of concern without any water sampling involved. This approach is in particular advantageous if large water bodies with low radon concentrations, such as lakes or rivers, are subject of investigation. The paper discusses results of laboratory and field experiments in which a newly developed portable “radon extraction module” was used. The module works on the principle of liquid–gas membrane extraction and mainly consists of a coiled-up hydrophobic membrane tubing, which shows a very high permeability with regard to radon. All experimental set-ups and experimental results discussed in the paper are supported by theoretical considerations.     

Temperature and pressure effects on the bending modulus of monolayers in a ternary microemulsion

We performed small-angle neutron scattering and neutron spin echo experiments on a ternary microemulsion composed of ionic surfactant AOT, water, and decane. Thermal fluctuations of monolayers have been investigated as a function of temperature and pressure. The amphiphilic monolayers become more flexible with increasing temperature and more rigid with increasing pressure. These results are consistent with the microscopic picture that the head-head repulsion of the AOT molecules is enhanced at high temperature while an attractive interaction between the hydrophobic tails of the AOT molecules increases at high pressure.     

The Thermal Resistance and Its Measurement of a Modular Micro-channel Cooler

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Possible link of the V-shaped phase diagram to the glass-forming ability and fragility in a water-salt mixture

Water is a very poor glass former, but its link to the thermodynamic and kinetic anomalies remains elusive. We experimentally reveal that the glass-forming ability and fragility of a water-salt mixture are closely related to its equilibrium phase diagram. We propose that frustration between local and global orderings controls both the glass-forming ability and the fragility. Relying on the same role of salt and pressure, which commonly break tetrahedral order, we apply this idea to pure water under pressure. This scenario not only explains unusual behavior of water-type liquids such as water, Si, and Ge but also provides a mechanism for a link between the equilibrium phase diagram, glass-forming ability, and fragility for various materials including oxides, chalcogenides, and metallic glasses.     

鼓泡床中超声驻波的模拟及其对气泡的调制机理

采用计算流体动力学（CFD）的方法，数值生成了鼓泡床中一对声换能器以16kHz高频振动引发的超声场。数值计算是基于包括粘性影响的可压缩流体基本守恒方程，并耦合了水的状态方程。模拟结果表明，在本研究所用的几何布置和换能器与时间相关的速度入口边界条件下，反应器中形成了一个稳定的驻波声场；由于波的非线性以及水的粘性，压力波节点呈现出轻微的时间漂移性。模拟结果与前人的实验结果定性吻合。在模拟的声压分布的基础上，分析了驻波声场调制气泡的机理。如比较熟知，气泡在驻波声场作用下或者向压力波节点运动或者向压力波腹点运动，取决于气泡尺寸与共振尺寸的关系。     

Breakthrough/drainage pressures and X-ray water visualization in gas diffusion layer of PEMFC

The primary role of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is to maintain the delicate balance between water retention and removal in GDLs. Water management in the fuel cell is related to the breakthrough pressure at which water starts to pass through GDL, and the drainage pressure, which is maintained after the breakthrough. These pressures are both related to water management in fuel cells. Here we measured these pressures for two different GDLs and used X-ray tomography to visualize the water distributions within them. We then relate the variations in liquid pressures to the visualization and discuss water management in PEMFC.     

Experimental investigation of radiation transmission through a water spray

Radiation attenuation by a water spray is experimentally investigated. Spectral transmissivity measurements are performed between 1000 and with an experimental device involving a Fourier transform spectrometer. The spray is produced by a so-called Tee-Jet 400 067 nozzle for water pressure between 1.5 and 6 bar. Key features like mean attenuation levels due to absorption and scattering by droplets and complex absorption pattern by water vapor are identified. Known effect of attenuation modification when increasing the water pressure is observed. A simulation is also performed to evaluate a numerical code developed in a companion study. The achieved agreement demonstrates the ability of the simulation to describe the radiation attenuation by the spray.     

激光空泡溃灭及其产生的声波

强激光脉冲在水中的自聚焦传输、成丝、击穿及击穿后产生的声波,近年来成为强激光脉冲传输应用研究领域的一个热点。强激光脉冲电离产生的空泡在溃灭过程中,对周围水体产生压缩,从而在水下产生声波。在现有理论基础上,考虑空泡含气量、水的粘滞系数和水的表面张力系数对空泡运动及其产生声波的影响。给出双空泡运动方程,分析空泡间距对空泡溃灭和其产生声压关系。根据实际情况,计算不同温度情况下单空泡和双空泡运动过程及其产生的声压,并进行相互比较。计算结果表明: 水温越高,空泡运动时达到的最小半径越小,空泡振荡周期和溃灭时间延长,产生声压越高。随双空泡间距减小,空泡溃灭时达到的最小半径线性减小,而其产生的最大声压则单调增大。     

Conditions of Pressure Wave Focusing in a Bubbly Wedge

Acoustical Physics - Dynamics of pressure waves in a flat channel with a sloping boundary between bubbly and pure liquids is investigated. It is shown that, at the boundary between water–air...     

In situ study of magmatic processes: a new experimental approach

We present an internally heated autoclave, modified in order to permit in situ studies at pressure up to 0.5 GPa and temperature up to 1000 °C. It is equipped with transparent sapphire windows, allowing the observation of the whole experiment along the horizontal axis. In the experimental cell, the sample is held between two thick transparent plates of sapphire or diamond, placed in the furnace cylinder. The experimental volume is about 0.01 cm³. Video records are made during the whole experiment. This tool is developed mainly to study the magmatic processes, as the working pressures and temperatures are appropriate for subvolcanic magma reservoirs. However, other applications are possible, such as the study of subsolidus phase equilibria as we have used well-known phase transitions, such as the system of AgI, to calibrate the apparatus with respect to pressure and temperature. The principle of the apparatus is detailed. Applications are presented, such as studies of melt inclusions at pressure and temperature and an in situ study of magma degassing through the investigation of nucleation and growth processes of gas bubbles in a silicate melt during decompression.