从阵元域到模态域阵列信号处理

阐述了模态域阵列信号处理技术.以球面阵为例,从阵元域信号处理基础出发,推导了对应的模态域阵列信号处理表达式,其中重点推导了模态域波束形成器与时域宽带波束形成器设计及其实现方法,设计实例验证了方法的有效性.结果表明模态域处理与经典的阵元域处理具有相似的形式,因此可以将比较成熟的阵元域算法推广到模态域.相比于阵元域处理,模...     

刚性圆柱体上圆阵波束形成性能分析

以环绕在刚性圆柱体上的均匀圆阵为阵列模型,分析了刚性圆柱体对圆阵响应的影响,在声场分解所得到的相位模式空间,推导了相位模式波束形成阵列和延迟求和波束形成阵列的白噪声增益和指向性指数的定量表达式,分析了它们在不同频率段的变化规律。在存在和不存在刚性圆柱体两种情况下,对两种阵列性能进行了对比分析。研究了圆阵与圆柱体之间存在间隙时对阵列接收信号及阵列性能的影响。仿真结果表明,在两种情况下相位模式波束形成处理都具有频率不变的指向性,但在低频段牺牲了阵列的鲁棒性;延迟求和波束形成处理在整个频率段具有较好的鲁棒性,但随频率的降低其波束指向性下降,直至变成各向同性阵列。存在刚性圆柱体时,两种阵列鲁棒性均有了一定的提高,前者的指向性不变,而后者的指向性得到了提高。圆阵与圆柱体之间的间隙会降低阵列在高频段的鲁棒性。      

柱体表面圆环阵稳健高增益波束形成的模态域直接优化方法研究

以无限长刚性柱体表面圆环阵为研究对象,提出了一种直接模态域稳健高增益波束形成方法,并将其应用到更实际的有限长刚性柱体表面圆环阵。该方法运用相位模态理论将波束响应表示成特征波束与模态系数的乘积后求和的形式,并结合散射理论求解了其模态域的噪声互谱矩阵。与已有的模态域稳健高增益方法需利用阵元域权值间接求取近似模态权系数不同的是,该方法利用二阶锥规划,在满足相关约束条件下直接给出了最优的模态权系数。仿真结果表明,直接模态域方法不仅能通过白噪声增益约束提高稳健性,在低频段还能通过改变模态阶数更灵活地在阵增益和稳健性之间折中,同时对旁瓣级等其它性能指标也能很好地控制,可用以有效设计实用的稳健高增益波束形成器。      

基于任意阵的最小方差无失真响应聚焦波束形成的被动定位方法

将最小方差无失真响应(MVDR)聚焦波束形成近场被动定位方法应用到平面任意结构阵列上,可以很好地解决线列阵由于阵长较长,在实际使用中存在布放困难、部分阵元失效影响定位性能等问题。本文首先分析了平面任意结构阵列的近场接收信号模型,推导出阵列流型,然后将MVDR聚焦波束形成技术应用到该模型中,得到了基于任意阵的MVDR聚焦波束形成近场被动定位方法。仿真验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

使用同心多环阵提升声源定位鲁棒性*

房间混响带来的多径失真是影响声源波达方向估计精度的主要因素之一。应用于环形阵列的相干信号子空间方法可以降低相干反射声带来的不利影响。该方法对环形阵进行谐波展开,并利用环谐波域导向矢量的频率无关特性聚焦各频率下的空间相关矩阵。但单环阵列存在展开系数零点,这会导致严重的噪声放大而降低定位的鲁棒性。该文提出了一种环谐波域的最小模同心多环阵,来缓解系数零点处的噪声放大问题。设计了一套麦克风阵列系统,用于评估同心多环阵列定位的鲁棒性。仿真和实验结果均表明:与相同孔径和阵元数的单环阵相比,使用最小模准则设计的同心多环阵列可以显著提升混响场景下的声源定位的稳健性。     

球体表面圆环阵模态域稳健高增益波束形成方法研究

通过对考虑障板影响下噪声互谱矩阵的精确求解,给出了一种计算刚性球体表面圆环阵阵增益的模型,并在此基础上提出了一种模态域二阶锥规划稳健高增益波束形成方法。该方法根据相位模态波束形成理论,将阵元域稳健加权向量转换为模态域的稳健模态系数,从而设计出不同模态阶数下的稳健高增益波束。由于采用了白噪声增益约束以及低频段较低的模态阶数,该方法提高了超增益波束形成器的稳健性。仿真结果表明该方法能够提供更多的稳健波束形成的方案,在多个关联的波束性能指标之间获得比常规方法和阵元域稳健性方法更合理的折衷。      

传声器阵列波束比判决语音增强方法

针对单一波束形成器难以深度抑制空间相干干扰的问题,提出了一种综合了最小方差无畸变响应波束形成器与对称子阵延时求和波束形成器的语音增强方法。定义了一种波束输出比因子,根据该因子在目标声区域和干扰声区域的幅值变化,给出了采样协方差矩阵对角加载量的调整方法,并进一步利用该因子在后滤波环节对空间干扰进行判决滤波。文中对判决滤波时的上限阈值和下限阈值的实时更新方法给出了说明。所提出的算法能进一步抑制空间干扰和噪声,且可满足实时需要。在传声器圆阵上的实验表明,该方法在输出信干噪比及语音质量上,均优于经典对角加载算法及采样协方差矩阵扫描重构算法。      

圆阵波束输出的高分辨方位估计

在研究波束域高分辨ＭＵＳＩＣ算法的基础上,本文把阵元域ＷＳＦ算法推广到波束域中。这两种算法对阵列的形式没有限制,可以应用于水声系统中常见的均匀圆阵波束输出,计算机仿真结果表明,对于圆阵波束输出,波束域ＭＵＳＩＣ算法估计目标方位的性能优于阵元域ＭＵＳＩＣ算法,而波束域ＷＳＦ算法测保持了阵元域ＷＳＦ算法的最佳方位估计性能。     

球谐域混叠消除最优波束形成方法EI北大核心CSCD

为解决现有的球谐域混叠消除波束形成方法设计目标单一、难以很好地兼容多变的应用场景的问题,提出了球谐域混叠消除最优波束形成方法,并建立了其二阶锥规划形式的多重约束凸优化数学模型。得益于该数学模型,提出了旁瓣约束的混叠消除最大指向性波束形成器、鲁棒的混叠消除最大指向性波束形成器、混叠消除最小方差无失真响应波束形成器、零点约束的混叠消除最大指向性波束形成器。提出方法继承了现有球谐域混叠消除波束形成方法的混叠消除功能,且能够在指向性指数、白噪声增益、旁瓣水平等多个冲突的性能指标之间寻求适宜折中,便于用户根据实际应用需求灵活地调整约束参数得到特定场景下综合性能最优的波束形成器。     

球谐域类正则化宽带超指向性波束形成算法

提出一种球谐域类正则化宽带超指向性波束形成算法,通过结合超指向性波束形成器与延迟求和波束形成器控制阵列白噪声增益和指向性因数,推导类正则化宽带超指向性波束形器的球谐域表达式。在此基础上设计新的可控指向性因数波束形成器,可在不显著放大低频白噪声的前提下实现设定的波束宽度。采用32元球阵的仿真结果表明,对于语音测试场景,类正则化波束形成器的最高PESQ得分相比于传统的超指向性波束形成器与延迟求和波束形成器分别提高了约0.5和0.4,平均词错率分别减少了约9.5%和8.1%。主观测试实验也表明类正则化波束形成器在方向性噪声和扩散场噪声环境下都可以获得更好的主观听觉感受。利用实验数据对算法性能进行测试,实验结果同样验证了该方法在实际声学环境中的有效性。      

稳健宽带波束形成器设计的低阶统计量法*

由于传声器阵列通常对阵元失配误差较为敏感,因此稳健波束形成器的设计已成为传声器阵列处理领域的研究热点之一。概率密度法是目前传声器阵列稳健波束形成器设计中的一类重要方法,但该方法所需的阵元失配误差的概率密度信息在实际中较难获取。针对这一问题,本文研究了基于阵元失配误差低阶统计量的稳健波束形成器设计方法,该方法仅利用在实际中较易获取的阵元失配误差的一阶和二阶统计量信息。本文分别研究了基于阵元失配误差低阶统计量的固定权和变加权最小二乘波束形成器设计,给出了两种波束形成器的相关设计理论。理论和仿真分析表明,在小误差条件下,低阶统计量法所设计的波束形成器仍保持与概率密度法相当的性能。     

Adaptive beamforming for nonstationary arrays

Adaptive beamformers automatically adjust to the input data on the sensors in an attempt to maximize the bearing resolution of a signal and minimize the effects of noise or interfering signals. To the author's knowledge, all adaptive beamformers currently available in the literature assume that the sensors are stationary over the time required to collect the data. This assumption is invalid on arrays of sensors mounted on nonstationary platforms, and results in poor beamforming performance. In this paper we present an adaptive beamformer that has been designed to operate on nonstationary arrays. The beamformer directly incorporates any changes in array shape or heading that may occur during the time required to collect the data. The output of the adaptive beamformer is shown for both synthetic data and for real data collected on a towed array. Results show that signal detection, bearing accuracy, bearing resolution, and interference suppression all increase when the array shape and track are incorporated into the beamformer if the sensor platform is not stationary.     

Optimal array pattern synthesis for broadband arrays

Broadband beamformers with constant mainlobe response over the frequency of interest are desirable in many applications including underwater acoustics, ultrasonics, acoustic imaging and communications, and so on. Solutions to this problem have been presented for specific array geometry often requiring a larger number of sensors. And the array pattern synthesis error minimization is employed for the whole field of view, which leads to suboptimal designs. In this paper, a broadband array pattern synthesis approach to designing time-domain constant mainlobe response beamformer is proposed. By imposing constraints both on the mainlobe spatial response variation over frequency and on the sidelobes of the beamformer, several optimization criteria are presented and the corresponding convex second-order cone programming implementations are given. In this approach, no preliminary desired beampattern is required and the beam responses variation minimization is employed only in the mainlobe region and not in the sidelobe regions, which improves the beamformer mainlobe synthesis accuracy. Equally, one can obtain lower sidelobes at the same mainlobe synthesis accuracy. This approach is applicable to arrays with arbitrary geometry. Simulation and experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of this approach. Performance comparisons of the proposed beamformers and the existing beamformer are also provided.     

融合插值点优化的多项式结构宽带波束形成器设计方法*

多项式结构设计方法是主瓣指向可调宽带波束形成器设计的一类重要方法。多项式结构的阶数是有限的,导致主瓣实际指向与期望指向之间存在偏差,因而影响了波束形成器的指向性指数。针对这一问题,该文提出了一种基于插值点优化的多项式结构宽带波束形成器设计方法。首先,引入多项式结构插值点处阵列响应的空间导数约束,以减小主瓣指向偏差;进而利用粒子群优化算法对多项式结构中的插值点进行优化,以充分利用插值点位置提供的自由度进一步提升多项式结构宽带波束形成器的性能。优化设计结果表明,与现有设计方法相比,该文提出的方法不仅降低了主瓣的指向偏差,同时也提高了指向性指数,有效改善了多项式结构宽带波束形成器的性能。     

Nearfield broadband array design using a radially invariant modal expansion

This paper introduces an efficient parameterization for the nearfield broadband beamforming problem with a single parameter to focus the beamformer to a desired operating radius and another set of parameters to control the actual broadband beampattern shape. The parameterization is based on an orthogonal basis set of elementary beampatterns by which an arbitrary beampattern can be constructed. A set of elementary beamformers are then designed for each elementary beampattern and the desired beamformer is constructed by summing the elementary beamformers with frequency and source-array distance dependent weights. An important consequence of our result is that the beamformer can be factored into three levels of filtering: (i) beampattern independent elementary beamformers; (ii) beampattern shape dependent filters; and (iii) radial focusing filters where a single parameter can be adjusted to focus the array to a desired radial distance from the array origin. As an illustration the method is applied to the problem of producing a practical array design that achieves a frequency invariant beampattern over the frequency range of 1:10 (which is suitable for speech acquisition using a microphone array), and with the array focused either to farfield or nearfield where at the lowest frequency the radial distance to the source is only three wavelengths.     

Design of broadband beamformers based on an expected response interpolation technique

A method for designing broadband beamformers based on an expected response interpolation technique was proposed, with the aim of reducing the heavy optimization burden in the broadband beamformer design problem. In the method, some typical frequencies in the designing frequency band are selected and the optimal array weights are designed on these typical frequencies, based on which a broadband expected response function is constructed. Then, FIR filters are designed to realize the broadband beamforming over the whole designing frequency band, via the interpolation technique which is utilized to the expected responses of the FIR filters. Broadband beamforming can be fulfilled by applying these filters to each of the sensors in the array. By using the proposed method, designers need not to divide the whole designing frequency band into narrow subbands so as to make the narrow band assumption valid, which not only reduces the heavy designing burden, but also releases the requirement for measurements at fine frequency grids in the robust beamformer design. Results of both computer simulations and watertank experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

利用近场MVDR双聚焦波束成形方法实现被动测距

本文分析了近场环境下基于双聚焦波束成形的水下被动测距方法。通过修正MVDR方向矢量,得到了适用于近场环境的MVDR。仿真实验证明近场MVDR双聚焦波束成形测距方法优于普通波束成形和远场MVDR双聚焦波束成形,能明显减小目标距离估计的模糊区域。在相邻两个日标的定位性能上,MVDR双聚焦波束成形技术也比MVDR单聚焦系统体现出更大的优势,能较好地分辨目标。