用旋转粘度计测量粘滞系数的新公式

新导出一个用旋转粘度计测量粘滞系数的公式， 并与文献上其它公式进行了比较．     

落球法测液体的粘滞系数小球收尾速度的研究

从理论上推导了在液面下的小球何时达到收尾速度公式，并给出一组实验数据，得出小球从液面自由下落时很快能达到收尾速度的结论。     

粘滞液体中落球运动的实验研究

一、引言对于粘滞液体中小球的自由下落运动,一般理论分析认为,小球进入液体之后最初一段做加速运动,经过一段路程l_0后呈现匀速运动。该匀速运动的速度(即收尾速度)v_0可由下式表述 v_0=2/9 (ρ-ρ′)/η gr~2 式中ρ——球体密度;ρ′——粘滞液体密度;r——小球半径;g——重力加速度;η——粘滞液体的粘滞系数。其中从液面至小球开始做匀速运动这段距离l_0是人们极为关注的。然而,粘滞液体中落球运动的整体规律,从液面至进入匀速段的距离l_0的确定,底     

高粘度液体粘滞系数测定仪

本文对上海教学仪器厂生产的旋转式粘度计进行了改进，减小了实验误差，对实验教学和实际应用都很有意义。     

毛细管法测液体粘滞系数

落球法和毛细管法是最常见的两种测粘滞系数的方法。但由于斯托克斯公式成立的条件太苛刻(例如雷诺数R=ανρ/η要求小于1,而毛细管法只要求小于2300),所以落球法在应用上要受到很大的限制。然而这样的情况在物理教学实验中并没有得到反映,毛细管法和落球法的测量对象都只有一个,前者是水,后者是蓖麻油。四十年来,这种状况一直维持不变。失去了普遍性也就失去了实用价值。为此,我们设计了一种毛细管法的测量装置,只要有400ml的牛顿液体(指剪应力与切变之比为常数的液体),我们就可测定其粘滞系数。     

纠正粘滞系数实验中的计算错误

本文指出了粘滞系数实验中的计算错误。详细推导了正确计算液体粘滞系数的计算公式。     

光纤传感器在旋筒法实验中的应用

利用改进的旋筒和光纤传感器精确测量了液体粘滞系数，使旋筒法实验产生了由定性到定量的转变。     

测量η实验中对小球和液体选择的理论分析

本文导出了小球在液体中下落的运动方程，并从理论上指出了测量粘滞系数实验中应怎样选取小球和液体以提高η的测量精度．     

粘度计测定液体粘滞系数实验的改进

介绍将ＭＵＪ－ⅢＡ 型计时计数测速仪的测量加速度的功能,应用于粘度计测定液体粘滞系数实验中,来确定砝码在何处进入匀速段, 同时测出砝码作匀速运动相应的时间, 使实验测量的结果更准确．     

粘滞流体在垂直毛细管内的流动规律研究及粘度测量

本文提出了一种测量粘滞系数的新方法──在垂直毛细管中进行测量。     

Hardware and software for the automating atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, and saturn

We describe a modified GELIOS System intended to automate the atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, SATURN, and Perkin-Elmer 503. Software is prepared in the visual environment of programming DELFI-3 and functions under the control of Windows 95. A distinguishing feature of the GELIOS System is simultaneous search for the peak and area of the absorption signal, correction of the errors of measurements, automatic digital filtration of data, control of the time of operation of hollow-cathode lamps, measurement of spectra and the statistical resource of the service life of hollow-cathode lamps, use of different methods to construct a calibrating graph, the possibility of memorizing the data of the analysis in an archived file, and a formation of the report for printing. The system contains an electrovic data directory on atomicabsorption analysis in five volumes for 67 elements of the Mendeleev system. To whom correspondence should be addressed. “University” Science and Production Center, 4, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220050, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 734–737, September–October, 1999.     

光谱法锌离子检测系统的研究

采取标准锌显色剂与锌发生显色反应，生成不溶于水的絮状络合物。用光谱仪测它的吸光度，研究其特征谱与吸光度的特点，建立其浓度与特征波长吸光度间的数学模型。本文所采用的显色剂主要与锌、铜、镉、镍四种离子发生络合反应。因此分别探索了四种离子高浓度以及低浓度时显色反应的吸光度，最终通过得到锌离子浓度与吸光度的关系式以及锌离子浓度与四波长下四种离子混合溶液显色后的吸光度的关系式，给出了锌离子的吸光度与总吸光度的关系式。显色反应能否满足分光光度法的要求，主要与显色剂的性质有关，同时显色反应的条件也至关重要。因为在显色反应过程中，主要是锌离子与锌显色剂发生络合反应形成络离子，进而形成絮状络合物。络离子一般比较稳定，但在水溶液中也存在着电离平衡，也就是说当显色条件发生变化时，既有可能形成络离子，也有可能发生络离子的分解，从而影响络合反应的程度。显色条件包括显色剂用量、pH值、反应温度、显色时间、待测溶液的盐度以及浊度等。重点研究待测溶液的盐度对锌离子浓度测量值的影响，并通过实验给出影响规律以及校正模型。     

Energy characteristics of a XeCl-laser with excitation by anLC-inverter

We present results of research on the effect of the parameters of an XeCl-laser excitation system patterned after an LC-inverter on the energy characteristics of the laser. The effect of each of the parameters and their collection is established. We obtained conditions for matching the parameters of the excitation circuit of an XeCl-laser on satisfaction of which the lasing energy acquires a maximum value. It is shown that the energy characteristics of the laser are determined by the processes occurring in the inversion circuit and by the dynamics of the voltage across the interelectrode spacing. To whom correspondence should be addressed. Reported at the Second International Scientific and Technical Conference on Quantum Electronics, Minsk, November 23–25, 1998. Ya. Kupala Grodno State University, 22, Ozheshko Str., Grodno, 230023, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 702–707, September–October, 1999.     

Individual and interactive effect of ultrasound pre-treatment on drying kinetics and biochemical qualities of food: A critical review

One of the earliest and most prevalent processing methods to increase the shelf-life of foods is drying. In recent years, there has been an increased demand to improve product quality while lowering processing times, expenses, and energy usage in the drying process. Pre-treatments are therefore effectively used before drying to enhance heat and mass transfer, increase drying efficiency, and lessen degradation of final product quality. When food is dried, changes are expected in its taste, color, texture, and physical, chemical, and microbial properties. This has led to the need for research and development into the creation of new and effective pre-treatment technologies including high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet irradiation, and ultrasound. Sound waves that have a frequency >20 kHz, which is above the upper limit of the audible frequency range, are referred to as “ultrasound”. Ultrasonication (US) is a non-thermal technology, that has mechanical, cavitational, and sponge effects on food materials. Ultrasound pre-treatment enhances the drying characteristics by producing microchannels in the food tissue, facilitating internal moisture diffusion in the finished product, and lowering the barrier to water migration. The goal of ultrasound pre-treatment is to save processing time, conserve energy, and enhance the quality, safety, and shelf-life of food products. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of ultrasound, its mechanism, and how the individual effects of ultrasonic pre-treatment and the interactive effects of ultrasound-assisted technologies affect the drying kinetics, bioactive components, color, textural, and sensory qualities of food. The difficulties that can arise when using ultrasound technology as a drying pretreatment approach, such as inadequate management of heat, the employment of ultrasound at a limited frequency, and the generation of free radicals, have also been explained.     

Georges Sagnac: A life for optics

Georges Sagnac is mostly known for the optical effect in rotating frames that he demonstrated in 1913. His scientific interests were quite diverse: they included photography, optical illusions, X-ray physics, radioactivity, the blue of the sky, anomalous wave propagation, interferometry, strioscopy, and acoustics. An optical theme nonetheless pervaded his entire œuvre. Within optics, an original theory of the propagation of light motivated most of his investigations, from an ingenious explanation of the Fresnel drag, through the discovery of the Sagnac effect, to his quixotic defense of an alternative to relativity theory. Optical analogies efficiently guided his work in other domains. Optics indeed was his true passion. He saw himself as carrying the torch of the two great masters of French optics, Augustin Fresnel and Hippolyte Fizeau. In this mission he overcame his poor health and labored against the modernist tide, with much success originally and bitter isolation in the end.     

基于高光谱技术的土壤水分无损检测

利用高光谱成像仪(光谱范围400～1 000 nm)对土壤含水率进行了无损检测。比较了208个土样不同天数下土壤含水率与光谱变化、不同质量含水量光谱的差异；对比分析了不同光谱预处理方法、不同方法提取特征波长、采用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression，MLR)、主成分回归(principal component regression，PCR)与偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression，PLSR)建模，优选出最佳模型。结果表明：光谱曲线的反射率随着土壤含水率的增加而减小。当超过田间持水率时，光谱曲线的反射率会随着土壤含水率的增加而增大。对比分析了不同预处理方法，近红外波段优选出单位向量归一化预处理方法。采用无信息变量消除法(UVE)、竞争自适应加权采样(CARS)、β系数法、连续投影算法(SPA)方法提取特征波长为49，30，5和7。为了减少数据冗余，对UVE与CARS提取的特征波长进一步采用SPA方法进行特征提取，UVE+SPA，CARS+SPA提取特征波长数分别为5和8个。在此基础上，利用MLR，PCR和PLSR方法对400～1 000 nm范围的特征波长建立模型，对比分析不同建模效果，优选出β系数提取的特征波长的MLR模型。最优的特征波长为411，440，622，713和790 nm，最优模型的预测相关系数R_p=0.979，预测均方根误差RMSEP为0.763。因此，今后可采用不同波段对土壤含水率进行定量分析。     

Stochastic mechano-chemical kinetics of molecular motors: A multidisciplinary enterprise from a physicist’s perspective

A molecular motor is made of either a single macromolecule or a macromolecular complex. Just like their macroscopic counterparts, molecular motors “transduce” input energy into mechanical work. All the nano-motors considered here operate under isothermal conditions far from equilibrium. Moreover, one of the possible mechanisms of energy transduction, called Brownian ratchet, does not even have any macroscopic counterpart. But, molecular motor is not synonymous with Brownian ratchet; a large number of molecular motors execute a noisy power stroke, rather than operating as Brownian ratchet. We review not only the structural design and stochastic kinetics of individual single motors, but also their coordination, cooperation and competition as well as the assembly of multi-module motors in various intracellular kinetic processes. Although all the motors considered here execute mechanical movements, efficiency and power output are not necessarily good measures of performance of some motors. Among the intracellular nano-motors, we consider the porters, sliders and rowers, pistons and hooks, exporters, importers, packers and movers as well as those that also synthesize, manipulate and degrade “macromolecules of life”. We review mostly the quantitative models for the kinetics of these motors. We also describe several of those motor-driven intracellular stochastic processes for which quantitative models are yet to be developed. In part I, we discuss mainly the methodology and the generic models of various important classes of molecular motors. In part II, we review many specific examples emphasizing the unity of the basic mechanisms as well as diversity of operations arising from the differences in their detailed structure and kinetics. Multi-disciplinary research is presented here from the perspective of physicists.     

X射线荧光光谱结合判别分析识别铁矿石产地及品牌：应用拓展

铁矿石是钢铁工业的重要原材料,我国是铁矿石进口需求型国家,是世界铁矿石消费第一大国。海关对进口铁矿石检验的主要目标是预防进口铁矿石中涉及安全、卫生、环保、欺诈等方面的风险。对进口铁矿石产地及品牌进行符合性验证,可以快速筛选掺杂、掺假、以次充好,支撑进口铁矿石的风险管理,保障贸易便利化。在前期研究基础上进行应用拓展,研究对象为澳大利亚、南非、巴西、哈萨克斯坦、印度5个国家、21个品牌的422份进口铁矿石样品。考察了波长色散-X射线荧光光谱无标样分析方法的准确度,对于测量过程中未检出的元素含量,选择了用检测限替代缺失值。对于测量过程中的异常值,使用基于剩余方差的F检验进行异常值的剔除,皮尔巴拉混合块、纽曼混合块铁矿、纽曼混合粉铁矿各有一组数据计算得出的F统计量大于F检验临界值（a=0.01）,因此将这3组数据剔除。采用逐步判别法筛选出Fe,O,Si,Ca,Al,Mn,Ti,Mg,P,Na,Cr,K,Sr,S,Zn,V,Cu,Ba,Ni,Mo,Pb共21个元素的含量作为产地识别模型的特征变量,建立四维Fisher判别模型,实现了对铁矿石产地的识别;采用逐步判别法筛选出Fe,O,Si,Ca,Al,Mn,Ti,Mg,P,Na,Cr,K,Sr,S,Zr,Zn,V,Cu,Ba,Cl,Ni,Mo和Pb共23种元素含量作为品牌识别模型的特征变量,建立二十维Fisher判别模型,实现对21种品牌铁矿石的识别。考察了特征元素对分类识别模型的贡献,并分析了误判品牌铁矿石的元素特征。总结出进口铁矿石产地及品牌判别分析模型的整体数据处理流程。     

Atomic-emission spectrum analysis of soil

A method of the atomic-emission spectrum analysis of soil has been developed for control of the accumulation of technogenic impurities in environmental objects. A sample, after calcination at 550°C, is evaporated in an arc discharge. Spectra are recorded by a DFS-8 spectrograph. Simultaneously, determination is made of Li, Ba, Sr, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, Bi, Mo, V, Ge, Ga, Y, Nb, Sn, Cd. For the majority of the elements the detection limits are lower than their percent abundance in the crust and their maximum permissible concentrations. Institute for Single Crystals, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60, Lenin Ave., Khar'kov, 310001, Ukraine. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 396–399, May–June, 1997.     

一种间接从高光谱数据中提取黑土硒含量的新方法

我国东北黑土富含养分，随着土壤数字制图、精确农业和土壤资源调查等研究的深入，引入航空高光谱数据并提供科学的预测结果成为研究热点。硒元素相对于黑土土壤的主要成分属于微量元素，但其对作物的正常生长的作用与大量元素是同等重要的，亦是人体健康所必要的营养元素。针对硒含量反演，建立了一个基于主要成分的间接提取模型，该模型能够显著提升硒含量回归系数，降低实测值与预测值的误差。数据源自CASI-1500航空高光谱成像系统，光谱范围380~1 050 nm，空间分辨率1.5 m。在黑龙江建三江地区采集60个土壤样本，化验获得硒、有机质、全铁、pH和氧化钙含量数据，选择BP神经网络，建立光谱与含量的反演模型。分析不同含量的黑土成分在可见-近红波段范围内光谱变换规律，掌握了硒元素随着含量升高，光谱反射率会逐步升高的规律。但当硒含量较低时，在其他成分的干扰下，这一规律会逐渐减弱，直至不显著。有机质的光谱特征与硒元素相反，总体上随着含量的增高，反射率整体下降，这与有机质的光谱特性紧密相关。全铁光谱呈现出与有机质光谱类似的规律，说明二者具有较高的相关性。不同pH值和氧化钙含量的光谱特征与检测值没有呈现出明显的特征规律，反射规律不明显。对60个采样点不同养分含量进行逐波段求反射率对养分的相关系数。结果表明，pH值各个波段相关系数最高，均值达到0.63；其次是全铁的相关系数，为0.54；有机质和氧化钙的相关系数接近，分别为0.42和0.47；而硒元素含量与逐波段的平均相关系数最低，为0.38。选取相关系数较高的前5个波段，作为建模波段。硒特征波段为447，437，456，466和475 nm；有机质特征波段为447，456，466，437和475 nm；全铁特征波段为752，695，800，762和733 nm；pH特征波段为905，752，800，943和695 nm；氧化钙特征波段为752，695，800，523和762 nm。通过计算样本点硒含量与其他成分的相关系数，硒与有机质呈正相关，相关系数为0.79；与全铁、pH、氧化钙呈负相关，相关系数分别为-0.80，-0.94和-0.69。针对有机质、全铁、pH和氧化钙反演精度较高，而硒元素含量较低，直接反演精度不足的问题，设计了一种先提取4种成分含量，再根据其提取结果建立硒元素函数关系，间接反演硒元素含量的方法。首先将五种成分与特征光谱进行神经网络分析，计算每种成分的回归系数R2和RMSE。显示全铁和pH具有较高的反演精度，有机质和氧化钙归系数虽低于0.8，但也显著高于硒元素的反演精度。建立硒元素与其他4种成分含量的回归模型，得出Se=0.522 9+0.041 8Som-0.016 6Fe₂O₃-0.035 6pH-0.005CaO，进行硒元素间接提取，回归系数从0.516增长到0.724，均方根误差从0.182降低到0.136，显著改进了反演硒含量的精度，为硒元素大范围精确制图提供了一种新技术。