基于衍射理论的大非线性相移Z扫描研究

以衍射理论为基础,建立了强非线性吸收下,非线性介质对高斯光束的衍射模型.数值计算表明,折射相移的增大使峰的透过率增强而谷的透过率趋于饱和;而吸收相移的增大使峰的透过率被抑制而谷的透过率增强.相移比值是决定谷-峰结构存在与否的关键.在一定的输入功率下,远场输出功率并不是完全随着非线性吸收系数的增大而增大.该理论的近似条件只要求是薄样品,具有更好的适用性.     

大非线性相移下光学非线性Z扫描特性的研究

采用高斯分解法(GD)对大非线性相移下的Z扫描特性进行了分析，通过对数值算法的优化，将GD推广到对脉冲入射激光下大非线性相移下的Z扫描理论分析.对不同条件下大非线性相移Z扫描曲线峰谷结构的比较，发现在大非线性相移的情况下，Z扫描曲线的峰和谷随透过光阑或入射光强变化表现出某些新的特性.随着透过光阑孔径的增加，Z扫描曲线峰的变化要明显快于谷的变化，而且在谷明显存在的情况下，峰很快消失.采用皮秒脉冲激光下的纯二硫化碳实验对理论结果加以验证，实验结果和理论分析相一致.我们的分析结果对大非线性相移下Z扫描测量有一定的指导性意义，避免在大非线性相移下对Z扫描结果产生错误的分析. 关键词： 大非线性相移 高斯分解法 Z扫描     

以衍射理论为基础考虑双光子吸收的Z-扫描理论

以菲涅尔-基尔霍夫衍射理论为基础,建立了非线性介质对高斯光束的衍射模型,对高斯光束通过非线性介质后的传输行为进行了详细的理论推导和数值计算,从一种新的角度解释了Z-扫描现象.理论推导出了考虑双光子吸收的闭孔和开孔Z-扫描曲线的统一公式,是计算非线性折射率和双光子吸收系数的一种新方法.数值模拟计算表明,对于考虑双光子吸收的闭孔Z-扫描曲线,其结果与经典的Z-扫描理论完全一致.而对于已给定的开孔Z-扫描曲线,用该理论计算出的双光子吸收系数是经典开孔Z-扫描理论计算值的1/3,其它结论与传统Z-扫描理论完全吻合.该理论的近似条件只要求薄样品和小非线性吸收,比传统理论具有更好的准确性.     

基于衍射理论的Z扫描技术分析与数值模拟

以菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射理论为基础,对通过非线性介质的高斯光束传输行为进行理论分析,分别给出了强吸收、无吸收情况下开孔、闭孔Z扫描曲线公式;对不同条件下非线性介质的归一化透过率进行数值模拟计算,发现Z扫描曲线透射峰和透射谷表现出3种新的特性:随着入射激光峰值光强的增加,Z扫描曲线透射峰的高度受到抑制,而透射谷则加强变得更深;非线性相移的增加对Z扫描曲线透射峰和透射谷均有增高和加深的作用;激光束束腰半径越大,Z扫描曲线的峰谷特征越明显。     

非线性相移对Z-scan曲线对称性的影响

 基于由光束传输的ABCD矩阵得出的Z-scan透过率的解析结果，分析了Z-scan实验曲线随非线性相移的变化规律。发现随着相移的增加，折射非线性相移比吸收非线性相移对Z-scan曲线对称性的影响更大。对于具有强饱和吸收和弱自聚焦特性的非线性介质，其Z-scan曲线随非线性折射相移的变小将失去典型的类色散特点。对于1μm厚的ZnCdSe-ZnSe多量子阱，扫描光源采用532 nm的基模高斯光束，采用透过率表达式来拟合所得的实验数据，在吸收非线性相移为0.9与耦合因子为-10条件下，推算出三阶非线性吸收系数为2×10^-3 cm/W，三阶非线性折射系数为 8.0×10^-8 cm²/W，这与J.Ma等人的结果吻合。最后对曲线特征参数随非线性相移变化进行了数值计算，得到的曲线所对应的非线性相移与曲线谷位置的乘积近似为一常量，值为0.166。     

强非线性吸收下高斯光束Z-扫描衍射理论模型

 摘要：在同时考虑非线性折射和非线性吸收的情况下，借助光的衍射理论，研究了Z-扫描技术的衍射理论模型，分析了非线性折射和非线性吸收同时存在时Z-扫描曲线的形状特征和变化规律。数值计算表明，非线性吸收相移和非线性折射相移的比值是影响接收小孔输出光功率的重要因素。要想得到好的光限幅效果，应选取非线性相移比值远小于1或远大于2的非线性材料。     

Sensitivity of Z-scan using diffraction efficiency

We report Z-scan and eclipsing Z-scan experimental traces measuring diffraction efficiency in the image plane of the 4f system. Using nonlinearly diffracted energy, the sensitivity of both techniques is compared in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The optimization of the optical signal for nonlinear characterization is proposed. A simple linear relation is provided in order to characterize nonlinear refraction from diffraction efficiency measurements. The influence of the nonlinear absorption is discussed.     

基于ABCD矩阵的Z-扫描理论

基于光学系统对傍轴激光束的传输与变换技术—ABCD定理,以非线性相移为研究对象,采用表征高斯光束特征的q参量在光束无像散近似假设下,分析了Z-扫描测量方法的理论基础,得到了表达简单的解析理论公式.在非线性相移｜ΔΦ0｜<π rad时,所得模拟结果可以很好地与已知理论结果相吻合.对CS2和纳米碳管乙醇溶液的非线性测量及数据的拟合,证明了用此结论进行数据分析的简洁性和优越性.     

利用级数展开的Z扫描理论分析

利用级数展开的方法，对薄介质的Z扫描理论进行了分析，并对于通常所采用的级数展开和菲涅耳衍射分析方法进行了讨论，证明了在分析利用高斯光束对薄介质进行Z扫描测量时，即使对于大的非线性相移，高斯分解方法和菲涅耳衍射积分方法仍具有等效性，澄清了人们认识上的一些误解。同时分析了远场小孔的归一化透射率与积分限的关系，并对采用高斯分解方法时级数求和的振荡原因进行了分析和讨论，给出了消除振荡所需的最小求和数的判据。针对高斯分解方法和菲涅耳衍射积分方法的使用场合，也进行了讨论。根据所得结论，可以在具体的实验和理论分析中，正确地选择更高效的分析方法。     

基于单光束Z-scan技术的非线性测量技术的发展

介绍了由Sheik-Bahae等人提出的、用于测量材料三阶非线性的单光束Z-scan技术。该技术能同时测量材料的非线性折射和非线性吸收,并能给出非线性折射的符号。介绍了以该技术为基础并经改进的几种测量技术:遮挡Z-scan,I-scan和微分Z-scan。引出了近10年来新发展的相位4f相干成像技术,并对其基本原理进行了阐述,分析了其应用特点。该技术具有使用单脉冲进行测量,光路简单,测量灵敏度高,无样品移动等特点。     

Enhanced sensitivity of Z-scan technique by use of flat-topped beam

Based on the Huygens–Fresnel diffraction integral method, we report a theoretical investigation on the closed-aperture Z-scan technique by using the flat-topped beam. The sensitivity of the flat-topped beam Z-scan technique, which can be enhanced with the increase of the flatness order N for the flat-topped beam, is greatly higher than of the Gaussian beam. Some salient characteristics of the flat-topped beam Z-scan traces are addressed. The flat-topped beam Z-scan technique for characterizing the instantaneous nonlinearity is also presented.     

Measurement of third-order nonlinear refraction using a nonlinear-imaging technique with positive–negative phase object

A unique phase object (PO) with both positive and negative phase retardation is used in the nonlinear-imaging technique with a phase object (NIT-PO) to measure the nonlinear refractive index of materials. Using positive–negative PO, one can increase the sensitivity of the NIT-PO compared with the conventional uniform PO. The improvement of sensitivity is especially significant at negative nonlinear shift regions, and can reach an order of magnitude near the nonlinear phase shift Δϕ_NL=-π. The sensitivity increase of the NIT-PO with positive–negative PO is from 1.7 to 3.0 times greater when compared with the Z-scan technique within Δϕ_NL≤|π|. An empirical expression is obtained which allows for direct calculation of the Kerr coefficient from measured the nonlinear image. CS₂ is used to demonstrate the measurement using a positive–negative PO. PACS  42.65.-k; 42.30.Kq     

Determination of optical Kerr nonlinearity of a photonic bandgap structure by Z-scan measurement

Through analysis of the dispersion relation in a photonic bandgap structure, the effective optical Kerr nonlinearity that determines a Z-scan profile particularly near the stop-band edges, is derived. Near and inside the stop band, the nonlinear optical phase change that originates from an off-resonant response is converted into a change in nonlinear optical intensity through Bragg reflection. The Z-scan measurement of a cholesteric liquid-crystal photonic bandgap structure confirmed that off-resonant Kerr nonlinearity is responsible for the characteristic open-aperture Z-scan profiles near the stop-band edges.     

A dynamical test of phase transition order: New things in old places or old wine in new bottles

We first discuss nonlinear aspects of phase transition theory applied to a particular liquid crystal phase transition. A simple derivation is given to show how two coupled Goldstone modes (one appearing as gauge fluctuations of the ordered phase) can force a phase transition, against all expectations, to take place discontinuously (theory of Halperin, Lubensky, and Ma)-but the discontinuity may be immeasurably small. Then, we describe a new dynamical test of phase transition order, developed by Cladiset al., that turns out to be more sensitive than x-ray diffraction and adiabatic calorimetry. Quantitative data found by this new method are in excellent agreement with the measurements of adiabatic calorimetry and x-ray diffraction as well as expectations implicit in the predictions of HLM.This is the text of an after-banquet talk given at the CNLS Workshop on the Dynamics of Concentrated Systems.     

反饱和吸收激发态非线性材料的Z扫描分析

本文用速率方程理论分析了激发志光学非线性材料非线性吸收和折射,通过数值模拟讨论了激发态和基态吸收截面、折射度相互关系等参数对非线性吸收和折射性质的影响。并从理论上分析了C₆₀甲苯溶液的Z扫描实验曲线,它具有强非线性吸收和弱非线性折射。     

铝镓氮薄膜双光子吸收效应

基于飞秒激发Z扫描实验技术,研究了氮化镓薄膜和不同铝掺杂含量的掺铝氮化镓(以下简称铝镓氮)薄膜的超快非线性光学响应特性。在开孔Z-scan测试中,纯Ga N晶体薄膜表现出典型的双光子吸收特性,双光子吸收系数为3.5 cm/GW,且随着激发光强的增大而逐渐减小。随后测试了不同铝掺杂含量的Al_xGa_(1-x)N薄膜的非线性吸收系数。结果表明,随着铝掺杂摩尔分数的提高(0,19%,32%,42%),非线性吸收系数逐渐减小(18,10,6,5.6 cm/GW)。结合半导体非线性吸收理论分析,Al_xGa_(1-x)N薄膜材料的非线性过程主要是双光子吸收主导非线性响应物理过程。实验结果与半导体双光子吸收过程Sheik-Bahae理论符合得很好。     

A precise data processing method for extracting χ from Z-scan technique

We present a precise data processing method, in the Z-scan experiments using a Gaussian beam and trimmed Airy beam, for directly extracting nonlinear refraction from the closed aperture Z-scan trace with the aid of the open aperture Z-scan trace when the materials exhibit nonlinear refraction and nonlinear absorption simultaneously. This method is still applicable when the nonlinear absorption is dominant and the closed aperture Z-scan curve degenerates into a single valley configuration, which is a salient advantage over other methods. In addition, we give gracefully empirical formulas with very high precision, which have good practicability for characterizing the optical nonlinearities of materials by use of the Gaussian beam and trimmed Airy beam Z-scan technique, respectively.     

Third order nonlinear optical characterization using focal shift measurements

We report on third order optical nonlinear experimental characterization using Z-scan method through focal shift measurements of a converging lens. The sample is fixed in front of a lens and is illuminated by a collimated beam. The shift of the geometrical focus in the nonlinear regime using input Gaussian beams is related to the nonlinear induced dephasing owing to a simple linear relation. Numerical calculations based on the Helmholtz wave equation are performed. Good agreement is obtained between experimental and theoretical results.     

偶氮分散红聚合物薄膜的Z扫描研究

采用单光束Z扫描技术对新型光学存储材料偶氮分散红聚合物的薄膜样品进行了测量。实验结果表明 ,该样品的非线性折射率为负值。为消除非线性吸收的影响 ,将实验所得有孔Z扫描曲线除以开孔Z扫描曲线进行了处理。从Z扫描曲线的实验数据处理得到这种新型偶氮分散红聚合物薄膜材料的非线性折射率为 :- 5 .5× 10 -6cm2 /W ,其值比常见无机非线性光学材料大 8～ 9个数量级 ,是一种很有应用前景的新型光学存储材料。最后 ,对这种偶氮聚合物薄膜具有大的非线性折射率的物理机制进行了分析。初步认为 :在线偏振光照射下 ,偶氮分子变为各向异性。这些类似液晶相的分子很好地关联在一起 ,分子的取向对外界扰动的响应是一种集体的效果 ,所以他们具有很大的非线性响应。     

Z-scan sensitivity enhancement using a binary diffractive optics

We report a theoretical study of the sensitivity enhancement of Z-scan technique, using a simple binary diffractive optical element. The latter is a phase aperture made from a transparent plate that has a circular relief introducing a π phase shift in the central region of the incident beam. We demonstrate that the phase aperture acts like a divergence multiplier allowing the Z-scan sensitivity to be increased by a factor of several hundred. PACS 42.25.Fx