利用3D打印技术制备太赫兹器件

高性能的太赫兹器件在控制太赫兹波方面起到重要的作用,因此寻求一种简单有效的太赫兹器件加工方案非常必要。本文以太赫兹波导和太赫兹滤波器为例,分别选用Kagome型光子晶体结构的波导和一维光子晶体结构的滤波器,运用商用的3D打印机加工样品,并采用透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统对样品的参数进行测量。实验结果表明:加工的波导在0.2~1.0 THz范围内传输损耗平均值约为0.02 cm~(-1),最小值可达到0.002 cm~(-1),且可运用机械拼接的方式将多个波导进行简单的连接从而获得更长的波导而不引起严重的损耗;滤波器的透射谱在0.1~0.5 THz之间有两个明显高损耗带;这两组实验结果均与理论预计非常接近。本文运用太赫兹波导和滤波器的实例证实了3D打印技术加工太赫兹器件的可行性,将会成为获取性能可控、价格低廉的太赫兹器件的有效途径。     

A review of 3D-printed sensors

Nowadays, sensors play an important role in human life. Among the many manufacturing methods used in the fabrication of sensors, three-dimensional (3D) printing has gradually shown its advantages, particularly with commercial products. Physical sensors, biosensors, and chemical sensors can all be fabricated via 3D printing technology, through either directly printing sensing components, printing molds for casting sensors, or printing platforms to be integrated with commercial sensors. In this article, the varieties of features and applications of 3D printing technologies used in the fabrication of sensors are reviewed. Several types of 3D printing technologies are compared for better understanding of the tools. With the development of new or hybrid manufacturing methods and materials used in the 3D printing technology, this technology will show its great advantages and potential in the fabrication of highly sensitive nanosensors or compound sensors with 3D intricate structures.     

A broadband planar acoustic metamaterial lens

Based on quasi-conformal mapping approach, we propose a two-dimensional broadband and low-loss planar lens in the acoustic regime, which can be realized using gradient-index sub-wavelength artificial structures with hard boundary. In this design, QCM is employed in the acoustic regime to convert a parabolic form into a planar one, which makes the resultant material approximately isotropic through minimizing the anisotropic factor. It is found that the planar lens can show the same performance as its parabolic counterparts over a broadband range of frequency. Moreover, the lens is fabricated via 3D printing technology and measured experimentally, which gives identical results with the theoretical prediction. The proposed technique could be extended to realize different acoustic devices and applied for a series of practical applications.     

Characterization of T-ray binary lenses

Multilevel phase-shift Fresnel diffractive zone plates fabricated on silicon wafers have been used as T-ray imaging lenses. The imaging results, including spatial and temporal distribution of T-rays measured at the focal planes in the frequency range from 0.5 to 1.5 THz, indicate that the performance of the diffractive terahertz (THz) lens is comparable with or better than that of conventional refractive THz lenses. The unique properties of the T-ray binary lens make it possible to fabricate excellent optics for narrow-band THz applications.     

On focusing of terahertz radiation beams and pulses

We show that, for terahertz (THz) radiation, the effective focal length of a lens differs significantly from its geometrical-optics (nominal) focal length. As a pulse of THz radiation with a bell-shaped (Gaussian) transverse profile is incident on a lens, the field-amplitude distribution in the nominally focal plane of the lens may radically change, up to the formation of dips in the paraxial region. These changes in the spatiotemporal shape of the beam (pulse) may considerably distort the results of pulsed THz spectroscopy. These distortions can be minimized by using media with anomalous dispersion, including metamaterials.     

Fabrication of terahertz metamaterials by laser printing

A laser printing technique was used to fabricate split-ring resonators (SRRs) on Si substrates for terahertz (THz) metamaterials and their resonance behavior evaluated by THz time-domain spectroscopy. The laser-printed Ag SRRs exhibited sharp edge definition and excellent thickness uniformity, which resulted in an electromagnetic response similar to that from identical Au SRR structures prepared by conventional photolithography. These results demonstrate that laser printing is a practical alternative to conventional photolithography for fabricating metamaterial structures at terahertz frequencies, since it allows their design to be easily modified and optimized.     

Terahertz electrically controlled nematic liquid crystal lens

We report some preliminary results on the realization of terahertz (THz) nematic liquid crystal (LC) lens with electric tunable focal length. A LC cell with a single circular-hole electrode is driven by an AC voltage to yield the desired spatial distribution of the refractive index. The two-dimensional function of the phase delay introduced into THz wave depends on the AC voltage and the electrodes contacting the LC layer. This lens is operated at room temperature and its convergent optical characteristic is demonstrated at 118 μm. We realize the lens with a clear aperture of 1 mm. The lens matched with a bolometer array is capable of obtaining real-time THz images of a sample without any mechanical scanning.     

Surface Emitting THz Wave Parametrical Oscillator Using MgO：LiNbO3

Room-temperature operation terahertz （THz） wave source is demonstrated using three MgO：LiNbO3 crystals which have a noncollinear arrangement. The experimental results show that the THz wave can be tunable from 0.8 THz to 3.0 THz, and the peak energy output is 103 pJ/pulse at 1.5 THz. The noncoilinear cavity configuration makes the THz beam have Gaussian-like spatial distribution, small divergence angle, perpendicularly eradiated from the crystal surface. The beam quality factor M2 is measured to be Mx^2 = 1.15, Mx^2 = 1.25 for characterizing the THz wave beam. Experiments also show that the THz beam can be focused by using a polyethylene lens, and the focal spot size is close to the diffraction limit.     

基于太赫兹光谱技术的光学系统设计及应用

太赫兹脉冲信号在频域上具有“指纹频谱”特性,利用该性质可以对物质进行定性分析。借助Zemax软件的光学分析与优化功能,设计了二次非球面TPX平凸透镜,提高了透镜对太赫兹波束的聚集能力;采用平凸透镜设计了太赫兹波束整形光学系统,并将该光学系统用于太赫兹时域光谱系统中,对盐酸莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星进行太赫兹光谱测试,经过算法处理后得到二者在频域上的吸收系数与折射率曲线。测试结果表明:左氧氟沙星的折射率在0.1 THz～3.5 THz波段要比盐酸莫西沙星高,但是盐酸莫西沙星的折射率变化更加平缓;盐酸莫西沙星在1.03 THz、1.92 THz、2.58 THz、2.84 THz处具有明显的吸收峰,左氧氟沙星在1.35 THz、1.96 THz、2.52 THz、2.73 THz处具有明显的吸收峰。     

基于全场干涉测量方法的透镜三维轮廓测量

为了满足高精度透镜加工工艺的要求,设计了一套基于全场干涉测量方法的透镜三维轮廓测量系统。已标定的透镜三维轮廓测量系统利用分布式反馈激光二极管对透镜进行波数扫描,对CCD相机采集到的干涉图像依次进行随机采样傅里叶变换和解卷绕算法,最终通过计算得出透镜的三维轮廓数据。实验结果表明:该系统横向和纵向的分辨率均为0.011 3 mm/pixels,深度方向的测量均方根误差为±19.8 nm。系统结构简单、稳定性高,对透镜没有任何接触,不会对透镜表面造成损伤,适用于透镜的高精度轮廓测量。     

Wide-Aperture Aspheric Optics for Formation of Subwavelength Caustics of a Terahertz Electromagnetic-Radiation Beam

A wide-aperture aspheric lens for focusing a terahertz electromagnetic-radiation beam in a circle of the subwavelength size is proposed. The calculation of the lens and the estimation of size of created caustic were carried out using computational methods of geometric optics and electrodynamics. The lens is made of high-density polyethylene with the help of a turning machine. For experimental estimation of the spatial resolution provided by the lens, a THz imaging system based on raster scanning of the object’s surface was created. The imaging system was used in combination with wide-aperture THz optics to record images of the streak plates with different spatial frequencies. Analysis of the experimental data showed that the aspheric lens allows the resolution of two objects spaced at a distance of 0.95λ, providing contrast of 15%. The proposed THz optics is superior to classical THz spherical lenses and off-axis parabolic mirrors, greatly expanding the capabilities of THz-spectroscopy methods and imaging.     

Parylene anti-reflection coating of a quasi-optical hot-electron-bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies

Parylene C was investigated as anti-reflection coating for silicon at terahertz frequencies. Measurements with a Fourier-transform spectrometer show that the transmittance of pure silicon can be improved by about 30% when applying a layer of Parylene C with a quarter wavelength optical thickness. The 10% bandwidth of this coating extends from 1.5 to 3 THz for a center frequency of 2.3–2.5 THz, where the transmittance is constant. Heterodyne measurements demonstrate that the noise temperature of a hot-electron-bolometric mixer can be reduced significantly by coating the silicon lens of the hybrid antenna with a quarter wavelength Parylene C layer. Compared to the same mixer with an uncoated lens the improvement is about 30% at a frequency of 2.5 THz.     

THzQWP二维光栅耦合效率的理论分析研究

将二维金属光栅结构引入到探测器结构中,以提高太赫兹(THz)量子阱光电探测器的探测率。采用三维时域有限差分算法,建立了THz量子阱光电探测器的二维金属光栅仿真模型,详细分析了二维金属光栅参数对太赫兹量子阱光电探测器的电场强度的影响。仿真分析结果表明:当入射光频率为6.27 THz(相对应波长为47.847 m)、光栅周期P=10.5 m、占空比=0.55（金属块宽度w= 5.755 m）、光栅层厚度h=0.4 m时,器件中的Z方向上的电场值最大,光栅的耦合效率最高。     

用于THz波段脉冲空间整形的滤波透镜的电磁场分析

提出了一种结构新颖的用于THz波段的滤波透镜,其特点是将滤波和聚焦的性能结合在一起,从而能有效地在某个特定波段内聚焦THz脉冲的输出能量. 设计了带通和带阻两种性能的滤波透镜,并用电磁场时域差分方法进行了数值研究,证明了设计的正确性. 关键词： THz 滤波 透镜     

狭缝光栅、柱面透镜光栅及其新构型在三维显示中的应用

介绍了三维显示技术的研究现状,综述了狭缝光栅和柱面透镜光栅在自由立体显示技术中的重要应用。回顾了各种光栅式自由立体显示系统的结构和原理;提出了如何根据狭缝光栅和柱面透镜光栅的特殊光学性质,在传统的立体显示系统中添加各种光栅形成灵活组合结构来提高立体显示效果,强调了它们在减小串扰、增大视场角、避免摩尔条纹以及提供更全面的三维信息等方面的作用。最后指出基于两种光栅的叠加构成面积大、参数均匀、价格低廉的新型透镜可实现全视差立体显示,对探索自由立体显示技术的研究很有意义。     

狭缝光栅、柱面透镜光栅及其新构型在三维显示中的应用

介绍了三维显示技术的研究现状,综述了狭缝光栅和柱面透镜光栅在自由立体显示技术中的重要应用。回顾了各种光栅式自由立体显示系统的结构和原理;提出了如何根据狭缝光栅和柱面透镜光栅的特殊光学性质,在传统的立体显示系统中添加各种光栅形成灵活组合结构来提高立体显示效果,强调了它们在减小串扰、增大视场角、避免摩尔条纹以及提供更全面的三维信息等方面的作用。最后指出基于两种光栅的叠加构成面积大、参数均匀、价格低廉的新型透镜可实现全视差立体显示,对探索自由立体显示技术的研究很有意义。     

THz generation via optical rectification with ultrashort laser pulse focused to a line

We report on efficient THz pulse generation via optical rectification with femtosecond laser pulses focused to a line by a cylindrical lens. This configuration provides phase-matched conditions in the superluminal regime. 35 pJ THz pulses have been generated with this technique in a stoichiometric LiNbO₃ crystal pumped by 2 μJ femtosecond laser pulses at room temperature. An unusual superquadratic rise of the THz pulse energy with the laser pulse energy has been observed at high laser energies. This extraordinary energy dependence of the THz generation efficiency is explained by self-focusing of the laser beam in the crystal. Z-scan measurements and comparison of the THz pulse spectra created with laser pulses having different energies confirm this interpretation.     

T-ray computed tomography

We demonstrate a tomographic imaging modality that uses pulsed terahertz (THz) radiation to probe the optical properties of three-dimensional (3D) structures in the far-infrared. This THz-wave computed tomography (T-ray CT) system provides sectional images of objects in a manner analogous to conventional CT techniques such as x-ray CT. The transmitted amplitude and phase of broadband pulses of THz radiation are measured at multiple projection angles. The filtered backprojection algorithm is then used to reconstruct the target object, including both its 3D structure and its frequency-dependent far-infrared optical properties.     

Application of femtotechnologies and terahertz spectroscopy methods in cataract diagnostics

We study the destructive action of femtosecond pulses (200 fs) on the human cataractous crystalline lens and the transmission of the cataractous lens in the terahertz spectral range of electromagnetic oscillations (0.2–1 THz) in relation to the density of the nucleus of the lens.     

马来酰肼多形态的太赫兹光谱研究

分子的多形态（多晶型）是指化学组成相同但存在不止一种晶体形式的物质。这些多形态广泛存在于自然界中,其中药物的多形态尤其普遍。这些药物多形态虽然具有相同的化学分子组成,但其理化性质却存在差异,最终会导致药物作用功能的不同。近年来,随着太赫兹（THz）辐射源的产生方式成为一种常规技术后,太赫兹时域光谱技术（THz-TDS）的应用领域逐渐被拓宽。因为THz波不仅与分子内作用模式有关,更与氢键和范德华力等弱相互作用模式密切相关;THz辐射可以诱发低频键振动、晶体声子振动、氢键拉伸和扭转振动,许多有机分子的集体振动模式处于该波段,尤其是药物分子。基于此,采用THz-TDS技术,研究了马来酰肼药物分子两种多形态（MH2和MH3）在0.25～2.25 THz波段的THz吸收谱。通过实验测试,发现MH2和MH3的THz特征吸收峰完全不同,MH2获取到了三个特征吸收峰,分别位于0.34,1.41和1.76 THz;MH3晶型获取两个特征吸收峰,分别位于0.75和1.86 THz处;此结果表明马来酰肼多形态可以通过其THz特征吸收峰进行辨别表征。接着,为了对THz实验吸收峰进行解析,采用固态密度泛函理论(DFT)模拟了马来酰肼的红外吸收模式;在实验和理论频谱数据匹配的情况下,分析讨论了特征吸收峰的来源,发现MH2和MH3的THz吸收峰对其三维空间结构非常敏感,吸收峰均来源于分子间相互作用力。最后,为使药物研究能够与实际应用结合,对马来酰肼的商用药品青鲜素进行了THz光谱测试,通过其与马来酰肼多形态的THz吸收峰比较,发现人们日常使用的青鲜素是MH3晶型。此研究结果表明,THz-TDS技术是一种很有潜力的药物多形态检测工具,此研究有望解决马来酰肼多形态在工业生产及临床应用上检测难的问题。