A new polar nephelometer for measurement of atmospheric aerosols

The angular dependence of light scattered by aerosol particles in the atmosphere—the aerosol phase function—is one of the key properties of every radiative transfer and climate model. Side-scattering in the atmosphere is currently believed to be underestimated by most of the radiative transfer models in certain cases. The aerosol phase function can be measured with polar nephelometers.An innovative polar nephelometer able to measure the phase function of ambient aerosol directly is presented in this publication. The performance of the device was simulated completely using ray-tracing techniques. The results of these simulations are used to interpret the measurement data precisely. The measurements with the new polar nephelometer are fully automated. The quality of the measurement results was verified using different approaches. The values of the statistical and systematic error in measuring atmospheric aerosol are about 4% each. Scattering angles from 10° to 160° were measured and it is shown that with the same design this range can be extended to 3-177° in steps of 0.16° with an aperture of less than 1.8°.Measurements of the aerosol phase function are presented and compared with data taken with an integrating nephelometer and measurements of the particulate matter concentration. All data correlate very well. The described polar nephelometer can measure the phase function and the scattering coefficient of atmospheric aerosol with high accuracy and can be used for continuous monitoring measurements as well as in field campaigns.     

A novel method to improve detecting sensitivity of quadrant detector

This paper presents a set of formulae for estimating the light spot position projected on a quadrant detector (QD). A novel method of annular segmentation calculus (ASC) is designed to analyze the detecting light spot of QD. The influences of the spot movement mode, spot energy distribution, and dead area to the dynamic range and the detection sensitivity are analyzed. It is shown in simulations that our new formulae have achieved a much better results to increase measurement accuracy. It is also shown that on the condition of the same spot size, the detection sensitivity of Gaussian distribution is prior to uniform distribution. The detection sensitivity of diagonal mode is better than cross mode. The detection sensitivity increases with increase in the size ratio of dead area to spot. The simulating and experimental results show that the measuring range of QD is 400 μm, and the resolution is 50 μm. The study presented here will be beneficial in developing the nanomechanical displacement detection techniques.     

Tilt-insensitive film thickness measurement using a double twin-path interferometer

A lock-in amplifier detection method for measuring the film thickness on a flat substrate has been developed by using a common-path interferometer. The signal due to the film thickness has been obtained without it being affected by the tilting of the substrate. The sensitivity was better than 0.5 nm.     

Comparison of optical detection system ,PVDF detection system, and PVDF needle hydrophone for optoacoustic tomography

Optoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a two-dimensional medical imaging method that has the advantage of optical contrast and resolution of ultrasonic waves. The detection systems with a high sensitivity can be used for detecting small tumors, located deeply in human tissues, such as the breast. In this study, the sensitivity of existing ultrasonic detection systems has been compared experimentally with that by using thermoelastic waves as a broadband ultrasonic source. For the comparison, an optical stress transducer(OST), a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) sheet and a calibrated PVDF needle hydrophone were used.To ensure all of the detection systems interrogated by the same ultrasonic field, a small optical instrument that fixed the generating laser head was constructed. The sensitivity was evaluated by measuring signalto-noise ratios (SNRs) and noise equivalent pressures (NEPs). The PVDF system, with a 4-kPa NEP has a 22 dB better performance than the OST. The OST showed nearly the same sensitivity as the hydrophone for detecting ultrasound waves at a 1-cm distance in water. PVDF detection system provides a useful tool for imaging of soft tissues because of its high sensitivity and broad detection range.     

光纤浓度传感器的实验研究

本文报道了采用光谱吸收法测量气体吸度的光纤传感器系统。在该系统中,可调谐的激光二极管作光源,几何长度0.8832m的怀特池作为吸收池。对CH₄气体的测量灵敏度达3.7×10^-9,还介绍了达到这一探测灵敏度的信号调制与探测技术,理论上对该系统的最小可探测压强作了估算。     

Measurement of optical phase difference using a polarization technique

A method of measuring optical phase differences caused by the presence of optical path differences between two coherent light beams is reported. A polarization technique is used and the phase differences are detected as rotation angles of the plane of polarization. The sensitivity of the method is better than 10^-4λ and the stability is 3 X 10^-4λ per minute. These limitations result from thermal fluctuations of the order of 10^-3°C. A higher sensitivity of about 10^-5λ, or better, is expected if the effect due to thermal fluctuations can be reduced.     

An apparatus for high precision measurements of ultrasonic wave velocity

An automatic gated-carrier pulse superposition system for high precision ultrasonic velocity measurements is described, having better stability and lower cost than previous equipment. The necessary new integrated circuitry, and the method of operation, are described in detail. The principal application is to the measurement of small changes in the velocity of MHz ultrasonic waves, such as occur when materials are subjected to stress. Results are presented confirming a detection sensitivity of 1 part in 10.     

基于SiPM单光子探测器的荧光光谱仪研究

为了解决激光诱导荧光检测系统存在的光学结构复杂、体积大、成本高以及灵敏度不足等主要问题,研制了一种高灵敏、小型化的荧光光谱仪。该光谱仪以349 nm半导体激光器作为激发光源,采用正交型光路,将4×4窄带滤光片阵列与具有单光子灵敏度的硅光电倍增器（SiPM）阵列耦合,可实现光谱信息的多通道探测,具备结构紧凑、成本较低以及稳定性好等优点。以荧光素钠为测试样品,对光谱仪性能进行了评估。实验结果表明,光谱仪的检测限优于5×10?11 mol·L?1,在5×10?11 mol·L?1到1×10?9 mol·L?1的溶液浓度范围内,被测溶液浓度与检测所得荧光强度满足良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.998 39。此外,光谱仪还具备良好的重复性,荧光峰值强度的相对标准偏差小于10%。因此,该光谱仪兼具灵敏度高、线性度好、重复性与可靠性强等优点,可以满足现场实时检测的需求。     

Using broadband absorption spectroscopy to measure concentration of sulfur dioxide

A linear relationship between concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and optical parameter (OP) is established using the Beer–Lambert law. The SO₂ measuring system is set up to measure the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the wavelength range 275–315 nm. Experimental results indicate that the detection limit of the sulfur dioxide measuring system is below 0.2 ppm per meter of path length, and the measurement precision is better than ±1%. The proposed SO₂ measuring method features limited interference from other gases and dust, and high stability and short response time.     

分孔径探测系统通道间视场一致性度量方法

通道间视场一致性程度是分孔径探测系统的重要指标之一,准确判断视场一致性程度对于该类仪器的设计和装调有积极意义。介绍了视场测量原理和视场一致性度量原理;基于矩阵扫描测量视场的方法,提出了体积法和面积法两种度量分孔径视场一致性的方法;简要分析了不同情况下选用各种度量方法的优劣;并在实验室搭建了分孔径探测系统视场测量装置,测量了大气偏振辐射计通道间视场一致性程度。结果表明:即使装调光轴平行度高于95%,体积和面积一致性仍可能低于90%。单一方式难以准确度量视场一致性情况,多种方法混合使用可以更全面地了解仪器零件加工和装调情况。     

微位移传感器测固体线胀系数

利用光杠杆装置测量了微位移传感器的灵敏度,用微位移传感器测量了铜的线胀系数,结果显示,与传统的光杠杆放大法相比,微位移传感器测量结果更加稳定和可靠.     

石墨富集结合空间约束水体重金属LIBS检测方法研究

针对水体重金属污染检测的需求,研究了以高纯石墨片为水体富集基底,样品多次富集结合等离子体空间约束的水体重金属LIBS检测方法, 并对Pb,Cu,Cd,Ni等不同重金属元素的测量稳定性及检测限进行了分析。实验采用波长为1 064 nm的Nd∶YAG调Q激光器,分辨率为0.1 nm的光纤光谱仪分别对上述水体中重金属元素含量的特征光谱进行分光探测。结果表明,样品多次富集结合空间约束方法能够有效地提高水体重金属检测的灵敏度及稳定性并降低元素检测限,空间约束条件下特征光谱强度增强约2.5倍,光谱稳定性也得到提高,相对标准偏差由非约束情况下的11.34%降低至8.77%。对不同浓度的Pb,Cu,Cd,Ni四种重金属元素进行检测并建立定标曲线,Pb,Cu,Cd,Ni的检测限均低于国家工业废水排放标准的1/6,满足工业废水重金属的检测需求,为工业废水重金属的减排控制与超标排放预警监测提供了一种有效方法和技术支持。     

石墨富集结合空间约束水体重金属LIBS检测方法研究WT

针对水体重金属污染检测的需求,研究了以高纯石墨片为水体富集基底,样品多次富集结合等离子体空间约束的水体重金属LIBS检测方法,并对Pb,Cu,Cd,Ni等不同重金属元素的测量稳定性及检测限进行了分析.实验采用波长为1 064 nm的Nd∶YAG调Q激光器,分辨率为0.1 nm的光纤光谱仪分别对上述水体中重金属元素含量的特征光谱进行分光探测.结果表明,样品多次富集结合空间约束方法能够有效地提高水体重金属检测的灵敏度及稳定性并降低元素检测限,空间约束条件下特征光谱强度增强约2.5倍,光谱稳定性也得到提高,相对标准偏差由非约束情况下的11.34%降低至8.77%.对不同浓度的Pb,Cu,Cd,Ni四种重金属元素进行检测并建立定标曲线,Pb,Cu,Cd,Ni的检测限均低于国家工业废水排放标准的1/6,满足工业废水重金属的检测需求,为工业废水重金属的减排控制与超标排放预警监测提供了一种有效方法和技术支持.     

The limits of signal averaging in atmospheric trace-gas monitoring by tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)

Modern research in atmospheric chemistry requires highly sensitive techniques for the measurement of concentrations of free radicals which determine the rate of photochemical destruction of most atmospheric pollutants. Tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) has already been successfully used for measurements of very low concentrations of stable gases, but further improvement in its sensitivity by signal averaging has been limited by the stability of the instrument. In this paper the concept of the Allan variance is utilized to analyze the stability of an existing frequency-modulated (FM) TDLAS instrument leading to a detection limit for NO₂ of 34 pptv at 6 Hz detection bandwidth. The stability of the instrument allows averaging over 60 s. Taking into account the measuring cycle consisting of the determination of the sample spectra and zero air spectra as well as gas exchange in the absorption cell, the detection limit achievable with this particular instrument was 10 pptv within 25 s under laboratory conditions. Possibilities of further improvement of the detection limit are discussed.     

基于光纤光栅滤波的新型光纤瓦斯传感系统

根据比尔-朗伯定律, 设计了一种用于检测瓦斯气体浓度的新型光纤瓦斯传感系统。该系统利用光纤布拉格光栅优良的窄带滤波特性来产生差分吸收测量所需的窄谱光信号, 具有光路全光纤化、结构简单的特点。采用非球面光纤准直器构成光纤瓦斯传感探头, 提高了探头的光学稳定性, 进一步提高了测量灵敏度和测量稳定性。实验数据及结果表明, 系统具有良好的稳定性, 其测量灵敏度可达0.01%的体积分数, 测量范围大于5%的体积分数。     

Optical time-domain reflectometry for distributed sensing of the structural strain and deformation

A unique structure of microbend optical fiber sensor (MOFS) for measuring tensile and compressive strain is described in this paper. The average measuring sensitivity for tensile strain is 35μ using 3 MOFS arrays. The repeatability and stability of MFOS are better than 18μ. The loss sensitivity of single-mode (SM) fiber and multi-mode (MM) fiber used in MOFS, as well as the relationship between the pulse width of diode laser and loss sensitivity are also studied in this paper. From these studies, some conclusions have been obtained. They are (1) the loss sensitivity and repeatability of SM fiber are better when compared to MM fiber in MOFS, and (2) the variation of pulse width of laser would only influent the signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range, but has no contribution to loss sensitivity. Experimental results also show that loss of SM fiber highly depends on the wavelength of laser, but MM fiber has no such property. The loss of SM fiber between the wavelength of 1550 and 1310 nm is about the ratio of 6.5. Therefore, the experiments reported in this paper used a wavelength of 1310 nm to measure tensile strain and 1550 nm to measure compressive strain based on the above property of SM fiber, without changing the configuration of MOFS.     

契形结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器研究

提出了一种契形端面结构的光纤表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器激励模型. 采用时域有限差分法对契形SPR波导的共振模型进行数值模拟, 通过在光纤出射端抛磨契形角度并进行敏感膜修饰, 制出具有契形端面结构的类Kretschmann微棱镜式光纤SPR传感器, 实现激发SPR的光波调制.结果表明, 在1.3330–1.4215折射率范围内, 制备的契形光纤SPR传感器相对于常规光纤SPR传感器, 其平均灵敏度提高了近1–6倍, 1倍和6倍分别出现在小角度结构(15° 契形) 传感器和大角度结构(60°契形) 传感器, 且仍保持 10^-5 等级的分辨率. 该类型结构的传感器具有契形端面激励模式, 设计灵活性高、制备工艺简单、可微量检测样本等优点, 能够很好地适应于不同环境和测量条件的实际生化检测、环境监测需求. 关键词： 光纤传感器 表面等离子体共振 契形端面结构 折射率灵敏度     

用于激光吸收和散射光能量测量的4π盒式卡计

报道了国内第一台用于ＩＣＦ实验散射光和激光吸收能量精密测量的４π盒式卡计。性能测试表明，该盒式卡计的性能优于国外用热电堆作传感元件的盒式卡计的性能。     

基于光纤光栅的一体式靶式流量传感技术

针对以往液压系统检测中存在的特点,如结构杂、体积大、精度低,设计了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)的一体式靶式流量传感器。分析了FBG及靶式流量传感原理,设计出一种组成紧凑、便于密封以及拆装的一体式靶片,将放在流体里的靶片受到的与流速成相关变化的冲击力变为FBG波长的漂移,双FBG对称分布,分别放在悬臂梁两表面中轴线处,这种差动形式可以很好地增加灵敏度,并且可以解决应变和温度的交叉敏感现象。通过FLUENT分析了流体形式,结果显示这种结构给流体造成的影响比一般结构小。实验测试过程中,双FBG中心波长总变化数值和放置于靶片的质量呈现出明显的线性变化,并且灵敏度为一个FBG灵敏度的双倍,可靠性以及稳定性较好。     

磁旋光增强效应与旋光增强器特性分析

根据法拉第磁光效应的非互易性,分析了旋光反射腔的光强输出特性,表明这种反射腔具有旋光增强效应.在此基础上提出了用于检测微小旋转角的旋光增强法,并对旋光增强器的特性进行了理论分析和仿真计算.给出了测量灵敏度随器件反射率、样品吸收因素及一次旋光角变化的关系,讨论了角度测量工作点、测量范围以及相对灵敏度理论极限问题.旋光增强器有望应用于微流控系统的旋光检测以及实现磁旋光仪器的小型化和微型化. 关键词： 法拉第磁光效应 磁旋光增强 微小旋光角检测 微流控系统