忆阻器及其阻变机理研究进展

忆阻器是除电阻、电容、电感之外的第四种电路元件,在信息存储、逻辑运算和神经网络等研究领域具有重要的应用前景.本文综述了忆阻器以及忆阻器材料的研究进展,主要介绍了忆阻器的内涵与特征、阻变机理、材料类型以及应用前景,指出了目前忆阻器研究中需要关注的主要问题,并对以后的发展趋势进行了展望.     

两类纳米级非线性忆阻器模型及串并联研究

忆阻器是一种新型的非线性动态可变电阻器,其阻值的变化依赖于通过它的电荷量或磁通量.作为第四种基本电路元器件,忆阻器在非易失性存储器、非线性电路及系统、神经形态系统等领域中有巨大的应用潜能.忆阻器串并联组合电路具有比单个忆阻器更为丰富的器件特性,引起了研究者越来越多的关注.本文推导了带有窗函数的闭合形式的电荷及磁通量控制的忆阻器非线性模型,能够有效地模拟忆阻器边缘附近的非线性离子迁移现象,同时保证忆阻器的边界条件.进一步,分别从忆阻器的器件参数和激励阈值两个角度,对忆阻器串并联电路进行了全面的理论推导和数值分析.为了更加直观地观察忆阻器串并联特性,设计了一种基于Matlab的忆阻器串并联图形用户界面,能够清晰地展示两种分类方式下忆阻系统的器件特性,可为忆阻器组合电路的后续研究提供良好的理论参考和实验依据.     

纳米级尺寸参数对钛氧化物忆阻器的特性影响

随着忆阻器研究的不断深入, 忆阻器的研究已经进入微观阶段, 包括忆阻器内部结构的探究、内部粒子间的运动规律、各参数对忆阻器特性的影响等. 然而, 这些成果中没有关于尺寸参数对忆阻器特性影响的研究, 而尺寸参数是忆阻器成功制备的关键因素之一, 这大大限制了忆阻器的发展和实际应用. 本文从欧姆电阻定律入手, 从理论角度详细分析了尺寸参数对惠普忆阻器以及自旋忆阻器的性能影响. 在此基础上进行了一系列电路仿真实验, 得到不同尺寸参数下忆阻器的相关特性曲线. 文中各选取其中最具代表性的四组实验结果进行展示, 对这些结果进行了详细分析, 得到了惠普忆阻器工作的最佳尺寸范围在8-12 nm之间以及自旋忆阻器工作的最佳尺寸范围在500-600 nm 之间的结论. 实验结果不仅可为实际运用提供有力的支持, 同时也将为进一步研制钛氧化物忆阻器器件和相关理论工作提供重要的实验基础和理论依据.     

钙钛矿相界面插层对SrFeOx基忆阻器的性能提升

SrFeO_x(SFO)是一种能在SrFeO_2.5钙铁石(BM)相和SrFeO₃钙钛矿(PV)相之间发生可逆拓扑相变的材料.这种相变能显著改变电导却维持晶格框架不变,使SFO成为一种可靠的阻变材料.目前大部分SFO基忆阻器使用单层BM-SFO作为阻变功能层,这种器件一般表现出突变型阻变行为,因而其应用被局限于两态存储.对于神经形态计算等应用,单层BM-SFO忆阻器存在阻态数少、阻值波动大等问题.为解决这些问题,本研究设计出BM-SFO/PV-SFO双层忆阻器,其中PV-SFO层为富氧界面插层,可在导电细丝形成过程中提供大量氧离子并在断裂过程中回收氧离子,使导电细丝的几何尺寸(如直径)在更大范围内可调,从而获得更多、更连续且稳定的阻态,可用于模拟长时程增强和抑制等突触行为.基于该器件仿真构建了全连接神经网络(ANN),在手写体数字光学识别(ORHD)数据集进行在线训练后获得了86.3%的识别准确率,相比于单层忆阻器基ANN的准确率提升69.3%.本研究为SFO基忆阻器性能调控提供了一种新方法,并展示了它们作为人工突触器件在神...     

忆阻混沌电路的分析与实现

具有记忆功能的忆阻器是除电阻器、电容器和电感器之外的第四种基本二端电路元件. 提出了由φ-q平面上的一条三次单调上升的非线性曲线来确定的光滑磁控忆阻器,它有着斜"8"字形的类紧磁滞回线的伏安特性曲线. 采用此忆阻器和负电导构成的有源忆阻器替换蔡氏混沌电路中的蔡氏二极管,导出了一个基于忆阻器的混沌振荡电路. 此外,利用常规的运算放大器和乘法器等元器件给出了有源忆阻器的等效电路实现形式. 理论分析、数值仿真和电路仿真结果一致,均表明忆阻混沌电路的动力学行为依赖于忆阻器的初始状态,在不同初始状态下存在混沌振荡、周期振荡或稳定的汇等不同的运行轨道. 关键词： 忆阻器 混沌电路 初始状态 等效电路     

忆阻类脑计算

随着深度学习的高速发展,目前智能算法的飞速更新迭代对硬件算力提出了很高的要求.受限于摩尔定律的告竭以及冯·诺伊曼瓶颈,传统CMOS集成无法满足硬件算力提升的迫切需求.利用新型器件忆阻器构建神经形态计算系统可以实现存算一体,拥有极高的并行度和超低功耗的特点,被认为是解决传统计算机架构瓶颈的有效途径,受到了全世界的广泛关注.本文按照自下而上的顺序,首先综述了主流忆阻器的器件结构、物理机理,并比较分析了它们的性能特性.然后,介绍了近年来忆阻器实现人工神经元和人工突触的进展,包括具体的电路形式和神经形态功能的模拟.接着,综述了无源和有源忆阻阵列的结构形式以及它们在神经形态计算中的应用,具体包括基于神经网络的手写数字和人脸识别等.最后总结了目前忆阻类脑计算从底层到顶层所遇到的挑战,并对该领域后续的发展进行了展望.     

忆阻电路降维建模与特性分析

通过对蔡氏忆阻电路的数学建模分析,提出了忆阻电路动力学建模的降维问题.以包含两个磁控忆阻器的忆阻电路为例,进行了忆阻电路降维建模,由此建立了一个三维系统模型.基于该模型,分析了忆阻电路的平衡点和稳定性,研究了电路参数变化时忆阻电路的动力学特性.进一步,对包含两个磁控忆阻器的忆阻电路常规模型的分析结果和其降维模型的分析结果进行了比较.结果表明:忆阻电路降维模型的维数只与电容器的数量和电感器的数量有关,而与忆阻器的数量无关;当电路参数变化时忆阻电路存在分岔模式共存等非线性现象;降维建模降低了系统建模复杂度,有利于系统的动力学特性分析,但消除了忆阻器内部状态变量的初始条件对忆阻电路动力学特性的影响.     

温度改变对钛氧化物忆阻器导电特性的影响

相同测试条件下,纳米钛氧化物忆阻器的导电过程存在不稳定性,制约了对器件瞬态阻抗的精确读取与控制,并影响了器件应用于电路设计的可靠性与稳定性.杂质漂移与隧道势垒的共存是导致上述不稳定性的可能因素,且杂质漂移特性与环境温度密切相关.然而,目前尚无通过控制温度提高忆阻器导电稳定性的具体研究.基于杂质漂移与隧道势垒共存,本文分析了温度与忆阻器导电特性的关联,研究了器件活跃区域厚度及初始掺杂层厚度的改变对临界温度的影响,利用SPICE软件进行了仿真验证并给出结果,得出提高忆阻器导电稳定性的方法有:增大活跃区域厚度、降低初始杂质浓度及保持环境温度稳定且低于临界温度,从而为制备性能稳定的忆阻器及推动器件在实际电路中的应用提供依据.     

面向感存算一体化的光电忆阻器件研究进展

脑启发神经形态计算系统有望从根本上突破传统冯·诺依曼计算机系统架构瓶颈,极大程度地提升数据处理速度和能效.新型神经形态器件是构建高能效神经形态计算的重要硬件基础.光电忆阻器作为新兴的纳米智能器件,因具备整合光学感知、信息存储和逻辑计算等功能特性,被认为是发展类脑视觉系统的重要备选.本文将综述面向感存算功能一体化的光电忆阻器研究进展,包括光电忆阻材料与机制、光电忆阻器件与特性、感存算一体化功能及应用等.具体将根据机制分类介绍光子-离子耦合型和光子-电子耦合型光电忆阻材料,根据光电忆阻特性调节方式介绍光电调制型和全光调制型光电忆阻器件,根据感存算一体化功能介绍其在认知功能模拟、光电逻辑运算、神经形态视觉功能、动态探测与识别等方面的应用.最后总结光电忆阻器的主要优势以及所面临的挑战,并展望光电忆阻器的未来发展.     

蛋白质基忆阻器研究进展

忆阻器作为一种可实现高密度、多功能、低功耗、多级数据存储的新型电子元器件,为电路结构设计、信息存储理论及突触仿生模拟等领域带来了重大变革.在广泛的忆阻器种类中,蛋白质基忆阻器由于具有结构可控降解、原料丰富低廉、生物兼容等优势,在可植入计算、人机交互、人机结合等前沿信息技术领域有着其他材料基忆阻器无可比拟的天然优势,因此被视为是构建下一代高科技信息电子产品最具潜力的候选者.本文归纳了近期蛋白质基忆阻器的研究进展,首先总结了部分蛋白质的研究进展,包含被广泛研究的鸡蛋白蛋白及性能优越的人工重组蛋白等,然后进一步介绍了蚕丝蛋白基忆阻器的研究历程,详细介绍了功能化策略所带给蚕丝蛋白基介观忆阻器的性能提升,并分析了功能化蚕丝蛋白结构与性能之间的构效关系.最后对蛋白质基忆阻器性能进行了综合分析,并展望了该生物电子器件的未来发展契机.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.