CdZnSe三元量子点敏化TiO_2纳米管的谱学分析及可见光光催化

以六水合硝酸镉为镉源,硝酸锌为锌源,通过硼氢化钠还原硒单质制得NaHSe,并作为硒源,通过胶体化学法制备了一系列具有不同组分的水溶性Cd1-xZnxSe三元量子点。利用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)分析所制得的Cd1-xZnxSe的晶体结构和形貌,表明所制得三元量子点为立方结构,呈规则球状,平均粒径约为4nm。通过改变三元量子点的Cd和Zn元素的配比,调节Cd1-xZnxSe的能带结构,有效调控其光谱学性质;与ZnSe和CdSe等二元量子点相比,Cd1-xZnxSe的紫外可见光吸收光谱及荧光发射光谱都发生明显的红移。采用直接浸渍法,制备Cd0.5Zn0.5Se三元量子点敏化TiO2纳米管(TNTs)复合材料(Cd0.5Zn0.5Se@TNTs)。TEM结果显示Cd0.5Zn0.5Se三元量子点紧密结合在纳米管表面,红外谱图表明TiO2和Cd0.5Zn0.5Se之间形成Ti—Se键,有利于提高复合材料的稳定性。相对于纯TNTs,复合材料的紫外可见光吸收光谱在可见光区的吸收明显增强,吸收带边从400nm红移至700nm左右;同时,复合Cd0.5Zn0.5Se三元量子点后,可以有效地抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合,提高复合材料在可见光区域的光催化效率。可见光照射60 min后,催化剂Cd0.5Zn0.5Se@TNTs对罗丹明B(RhB)光降解率可达到100%,分别约为纯TNTs和纯Cd0.5Zn0.5Se的3.3倍和2.5倍。     

(ZnX)_3(X=S、Se和Te)量子点配体效应的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了一系列含磷配体(OPH_3、OPH_2Me、OPHMe_2和OPMe_3)对量子点(ZnX)_3(X=S、Se、Te)结构和性质的影响.Zn原子与配体中的O原子生成新的Zn-O配位键,使量子点的结构、吸附能、电荷分布、吸收光谱和HOMO-LUMO轨道等性质随着配体中甲基数目逐渐增多发生规律性的改变.计算结果表明:有机配体三甲基氧膦(OPMe_3)是阻止小尺寸(ZnX)_3量子点聚集,保护此类量子点的较为有效的配体.     

压强对GaSb/GaAs量子点形貌各向异性的影响

采用低压金属有机物化学气相沉积(LP-MOCVD)技术在Ga As(001)衬底上制备Ga Sb量子点,研究了反应室压强对改善Ga Sb/Ga As量子点形貌各向异性的影响。通过Sb表面处理方法,在Ga As衬底上形成低表面能的Sb-Sb浮层,实现以界面失配(IMF)生长模式对Ga Sb量子点诱导生长。用原子力显微镜(AFM)对各样品的量子点形貌进行了表征,结果表明Ga Sb量子点形貌各向异性明显且沿[110]方向拉长。在压强条件为10 k Pa时,IMF生长模式导致不对称岛的长宽比大于3,由于低能量(111)侧面的存在,Ga Sb量子点优先沿[110]方向生长而不是与之垂直的[110]方向。压强降低至4 k Pa时量子点密度增大为8. 3×109cm-2,量子点形貌转变为对称的半球形且长宽比约为1。低的压强降低了吸附原子的扩散激活能从而增大了扩散长度,可以有效改善Ga Sb量子点的各向异性。     

核壳型量子点(ME)4@(ME)28(M=Cd/Zn，E=Se/S)核壳间相互作用研究

采用密度泛函理论和自然键轨道理论结合的方法对核壳型量子点团簇(ME)4@(ME)28(M=Cd/Zn,E=Se/S)的几何结构、范德华体积、分子轨道和核层与壳层间的轨道占据进行模拟,分析不同核壳团簇结构中核与壳之间的相互作用。结果显示,核层金属原子与壳层非金属间距离大于核层非金属原子与壳层金属原子间距离,相同壳层时,Zn-Se/S键长小于Cd/Zn-Se键长,孤立的核和壳体积之和大于相应核壳构型的体积;核壳间的相互作用主要源于壳层非金属原子Se的sp杂化轨道和核层金属原子Cd/Zn的s、p及少量的d轨道相互作用。研究表明,一方面,核内原子和壳上的原子之间存在很强的化学键的作用;另一方面,在核与壳之间存在着显著的边界,表明核、壳构型有差异,核壳构型中的核与壳之间存在相互作用且二者相互影响。     

Zn0.76Cd0.24Se/ZnSe多量子阱的共振喇曼光谱

本文报道了在Zn0.76Cd0.24Se/ZnSe多量子阱(MQWs)中,用不同的Ar+激光线激发,观察到了共振增强的喇曼散射。首次在室温和77K的条件下,用Ar+的457.9nm谱线激发,观察到分别来自ZnSe垒层和Zn0.76Cd0.24Se阱层的限制纵光学声子模(LO)的喇曼散射,并对上述不同的光学模的起因进行了分析。     

Cd1-x ZnxTe晶体退火条件的选择及Zn压对退火晶体质量的影响

采用传统Bridgman方法和加入accelerated crucible rotation technique的Bridgman(缩写为ACRT-B)方法生长的Cd1-xZnxTe(x=0.04)晶体中存在有点缺陷、位错、杂质和Te沉淀等缺陷.为了减少甚至消除这些缺陷,必须将生长后的CdZnTe晶片在Cd气氛下退火.从Cd-Te和Cd0.96Zn0.04Te的P-T相图出发,详细讨论了CdZnTe晶体的气-固平衡条件,并以此为依据选择退火条件,对ACRT-B法生长的Cd0.96Zn0.04Te晶体进行了退火实验研究.实验结果表明,气氛中的Zn压在一定程度内高于平衡压力有利于晶体中多余Te向晶体表面扩散,即有利于消除Te沉淀.但过高的Zn压会使晶体表面成分偏离原始的化学配比.此时,晶体表面与气氛强烈的原子交换,将造成严重的表面损伤,形成一层结晶质量很差的表面层.同时,Zn原子向晶内的扩散,抑制了退火过程中晶内杂质向晶体表面的扩散.因此,在较低的Zn压下退火(但仍处于气-固平衡范围内),能排除晶内杂质.通过仔细研究不同条件下退火后晶片的结晶质量和断面成分分布,可以认为CdZnTe晶体的退火可分为去沉淀相退火、去杂质退火和均匀化退火几种,最佳的退火工艺应是多步骤、多阶段的组合退火工艺.     

CdSeS量子点的光吸收谱亚结构和光致发光激发谱分析

用光致发光激发(PLE)谱分析吸收谱的亚结构。实验样品是共熔法制备的CdSeS量子点玻璃，量子点的生长时间分别为2h和4h，高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)分析得到样品中量子点的平均直径分别为3．6nm和3．8nm。在室温下对样品进行了光吸收谱和光致发光激发谱研究。光吸收谱显示了量子尺寸效应，光致发光激发谱中低能端有两个明显的峰。考虑价带简并以及电子与空穴之间的相互作用，通过理论分析和数值计算，得到1S3/2-1Se和2S3/2-1Se的跃迁能量及其随量子点半径的变化，由此确认光致发光激发谱中的两个峰分别为1S3/2-1Se和2S3/2-1Se跃迁。     

较高浓度PbSe量子点硅酸盐玻璃的制备及光学表征

采用高温熔融-热处理法,以ZnSe作为PbSe量子点的硒源,成功制备了较高浓度的PbSe量子点硅酸盐玻璃。透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试表明,量子点在玻璃基质中的体积比高达2%～4%,高于采用Se作为硒源时的掺杂体积比。X射线衍射(XRD)测试表明,PbSe量子点呈立方晶体结构。光致发光(PL)光谱测试表明,量子点有强烈的荧光发射,发光波长半峰全宽(FWHM)覆盖1400～2600nm,其PL峰值强度和FWHM均大于以Se为硒源时的情形。以ZnSe代替Se作为PbSe量子点的硒源,可有效避免Se组分的高温挥发,同时,残余Zn形成的ZnO有利于玻璃中PbSe量子点的析晶,从而提高了PbSe量子点在玻璃中的含量。该PbSe量子点玻璃,可用来进一步制备成超带宽、高增益的红外光纤放大器。     

CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS多壳层结构量子点的制备与表征

展示了一种简捷的多壳层量子点合成路线。在含有过量Se源的CdSe体系中直接注入Zn源,"一步法"合成了CdSe/ZnSe量子点;进一步以CdSe/ZnSe为"核",表面外延生长ZnS壳层制备了核/壳/壳结构CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS量子点。相对于以往报道的多壳层结构量子点的制备方法,该方法通过减少壳层的生长步骤有效地简化了实验操作,缩短了实验周期,同时减少对原料的损耗。对量子点进行高温退火处理,能够大幅提高CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS量子点的发光量子产率。透射电镜、XRD以及光谱研究表明:所制备的量子点接近球形,核与壳层纳米晶均为闪锌矿结构,最终获得的CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS量子点的光致发光量子产率达到53％。为了实现量子点的表面生物功能化,通过巯基酸进行了表面配体交换修饰,使量子点表面具有水溶性的羧基功能团,并且能够维持较高的光致发光量子产率。     

CdSe量子点凝胶快速制备及其光谱特性

以水为反应溶剂,采用NaBH₄还原SeO₂并与过量CdSO₄反应,制备CdSe量子点凝胶。所得CdSe量子点凝胶直接干燥即得到固态粉体,若用聚乙二醇或谷胱甘肽等作为分散修饰剂可方便的转化成相应的溶胶,制备方法快速简单、成本低。CdSe量子点凝胶、粉体、溶胶均具有良好的光致发光特性,且性质稳定。结果表明反应物CdSO₄与SeO₂用量的摩尔比（Cd/Se值）和反应温度影响CdSe量子点的荧光特性。当制备凝胶的Cd/Se值由2.4:1增加12:1时,CdSe量子点-聚乙二醇溶胶的荧光强度增加,荧光发射峰由560nm红移到610nm;当制备凝胶的反应温度由40℃增加到90℃时,CdSe量子点-聚乙二醇溶胶的荧光发射峰由560nm红移到600nm。CdSe量子点-聚乙二醇溶胶的荧光量子产率20%左右。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.