球冠型换能器声辐射指向性分析

为了研究球冠型换能器的声辐射特性,在分离变量法求解球面坐标系下波动方程的基础上,采用基于球谐基傅里叶变换及边界条件的求解模型,给出了球冠型换能器声辐射的远场声压计算表达式和远场指向性表达式;仿真计算了球冠换能器的远场指向性随球冠极角、球半径及振动频率变化的特性,球冠所在球障板的直径和介质中声波的波长比决定着球冠声辐射指向性,在低频或波长大于球障板直径时,球冠声辐射呈无指向性,随着频率的增高即波长的减小或者球障板直径的增大,球冠声辐射的指向性越明显,波束开角越趋向于球冠的开角,而且波束开角内出现波浪状起伏越明显;试制了高频球冠型换能器基阵,测试了换能器基阵300 kHz的指向性,测试结果与理论计算相符合,验证了理论计算表达式的正确性,可为设计球冠型换能器及基阵提供理论指导。      

平面障板对换能器指向性的影响

木文利用射线声学和虚源法,研究了无限大平面障板对换能器指向性的影响.对几种典型的障板做了数字计算和讨论,从中得出的一些规律,对障板的工程设计可能有指导作用.计算值与实验做了比较,二者基本符合.     

无障板圆形活塞换能器的辐射阻抗*

辐射阻抗是换能器的最重要辐射声场特性参数之一,影响着换能器的谐振频率、频带宽度、效率以及辐射声功率等。经典声学理论用一阶贝塞尔函数和斯特鲁夫函数给出了圆形活塞换能器辐射阻抗的数学表达式,但仅适用于无限大障板条件。该文用ANSYS有限元软件计算了无障板圆形活塞换能器的辐射阻抗,给出了数值解结果,通过与无限大障板条件下的理论结果相比较,显示了二者之间的偏离情况,尤其是在低频时差异显著。为了借助MATLAB工具模拟无障板圆形活塞换能器的辐射阻抗,并给出较准确的数学表达,选择了一系列初等函数以及它们的复合函数进行曲线拟合,最终给出了辐射阻和辐射抗关于ka的函数表达式,在ka值从0.08到20范围内与有限元计算结果很好吻合。     

慢波导环形换能器及其指向性

本文介绍了一种慢波导环形换能器及其指向性,文中给出了该换能器的结构及其指向性实验结果。实验结果表明,利用声学慢波导能够有效地改善环形换能器的指向性。文中对该换能器指向性形成的机理做了初步分析。     

紧凑型双单元声系统的波束形成研究

紧凑型扬声器系统的空间感增强是目前便携式移动电声设备面临的一个重要难题。该文基于拓宽视在声源宽度以增强空间感的理念,进行了紧凑型扬声器系统的波束形成研究。该文基于圆柱形刚性障板的声学特性,利用两只扬声器单元设计了紧凑型双单元声系统,分别利用基于相位对齐的最小均方误差算法实现左/右声道的波束形成和利用最小均方误差算法并设计半空间指向性的目标实现虚拟中央声道的波束形成。通过分析波束宽度和扬声器单元的工作状态验证了波束形成效果符合目标设计。考虑到实际使用情况,一方面,该文利用边界元方法仿真分析了有限长障板对扬声器单元指向性以及波束形成的影响,仿真结果表明有限长障板会使得单元整体的指向性变宽,该结果更有利于声系统实现目标;另一方面,该文基于有限元仿真的条件实际设计了双单元声系统,通过实验测量进一步验证了算法的性能。     

一种压电换能器辐射阻抗变换器

本文介绍一种借助穿孔板变换压电换能器辐射阻抗的装置。根据严格的声学理论阐明了这种变换器的工作原理和声学特性,导出了共振频率、品质因子、辐射阻和辐射效率增大倍数等重要参数的理论公式。文中还介绍了夹心式压电换能器采用这种变换器时的一系列对比试验,表明理论计算与实验结果良好相符。     

无障板圆形活塞换能器波束特性建模

针对ka<π时无障板活塞声源波束特性不能用无限平面障板活塞换能器理论进行描述的问题,提出一种基于有限元方法结合曲线拟合的简便数学建模方法.模型采用了无限平面障板活塞换能器理论的基本函数表达,通过增加修正因子函数来改变模型的细节部分,用曲线拟合方法给出了较准确的两个修正因子函数的数学表达式。最终建立了无障板圆形活塞换能器波束特性经验公式模型,模型在ka为0.03~5.2范围内与有限元方法给出的波束曲线相一致,并且在ka取更大值时与无限平面障板活塞换能器理论公式等效.      

水声共形阵辐射指向性计算方法及其实验验证

用边界元方法,给出了水声发射换能器共形阵各阵元的单元指向性以及基阵的自然波束指向性和束控波束指向性。首先建立了换能器共形阵的边界元模型,并根据换能器结构和声传播介质建立了模型的边界条件,计算了其辐射指向性。然后在消声水池中对共形阵各阵元以及基阵的辐射指向性进行了实验测量。将理论计算结果与实验测量结果进行了对比,二者吻合得比较好。研究结果表明:基于边界元方法建立的模型及计算方法,对基阵的辐射指向性进行理论计算和预报是可行的。     

具有大指向性开角及高发射电压响应的发射换能器

应用复合变幅杆及夹心式换能器结构,研制了一种指向性开角较大且发射电压响应较高的发射换能器。应用有限元方法对换能器的工作频率,发射电压响应及指向性进行了理论计算。并与实验结果进行了比较,结果较吻合。本文研制的换能器工作频率为75.6kHz,发射电压响应级达到1 56dB(基准值1V/μPa),-3dB发射指向性开角100°     

点源和超声楔形换能器激发的兰姆波

本文分析了在无限大各向同性均匀弹性板表面法向点力激发的兰姆波.给出超声楔形换能器的兰姆波指向性图案公式,对部份推导结果作了实验验证.     

Analysis of acoustic directivity of spherical cap transducers

In order to study the acoustic radiation from the spherical cap transducer,a theoretical model is used by solving the wave equation in spherical coordinates using the method of separation of variables,based on the spherical harmonic Fourier transform and boundary condition.The calculation formulas for the far field radiated pressure and directivity of spherical cap are derived.Some theoretical results are presented in the form of far-field directivity patterns of the spherical cap transducer for various polar angles of the spherical cap,radii of sphere baffle and operating frequencies.Both the diameter of the sphere baffle and the wavelength determine the directivity of acoustic radiation from a spherical cap.When the frequency is lower or the wavelength is longer than the diameter of the sphere baffle,the acoustic radiation from a spherical cap is omnidirectional.With the increase of the frequency or the diameter of the sphere baffle,the acoustic radiation from a spherical cap is more directional and the beamwidth more tends to spherical cap angle.Furthermore,the ripple in the beam is more obvious.The high frequency spherical cap transducer was fabricated and the directivity pattern was tested and the measurement data is shown to coincide with the theoretical results.This research can provide a guideline for designing the spherical cap transducers and arrays.     

Effects of coupled vibrations on the acoustical performance of underwater cylindrical shell transducers

An experimental investigation of the effects of coupled vibrations on the acoustical performance of underwater transducers made from radially polarized, thin walled, air-backed, piezoelectric cylinders as a function of their height-to-diameter aspect ratio is presented. Characteristics of the frequency response, directivity patterns, and effectiveness of the transducers are considered in comparison with analogous characteristics for the transducers comprised of mechanically separated rings, otherwise having the same geometry. Recommendations are made on the application of cylindrical piezoelectric elements with different aspect ratios for underwater transducer applications.     

大角度波束扫描的宽带平面阵研究

本文中介绍了一个可以实现大角度波束扫描的宽带平面声基阵,设计了纵向振动与换能器前盖板弯曲振动相复合的宽带换能器作为基元,保证了基阵具有较好的宽带性能。针对基元的自然指向性难以满足平面阵进行大角度波束扫描的要求,本文中采用通道型橡胶反声障板技术来拓宽阵上换能器的单元指向性,从而实现平面声基阵的大角度、宽带波束扫描。在有限元和边界元进行优化设计的基础上,制作了实验样阵。测试数据表明:在工作频段内换能器响应起伏不超过3 dB,12 kHz时阵上基元指向性达到了140°,基阵-3 dB波束覆盖范围可以达到144.4°,最大旁瓣不超过30%。     

Estimation of the sound pressure field of a baffled uniform elliptically shaped transducer

In this paper an alternative approach to estimate the sound field of an elliptically shaped transducer in an infinite baffle is described. The method is based on a singular value decomposition of a propagating matrix which is computed through a division of the vibrating surface into a finite number of small circular piston sources flush-mounted on the elliptical surface. This decomposition is combined with the volume velocity vector on the discretized surface to obtain the sound pressure field. Numerical examples for both on-axis sound pressure and directivity are presented for the uniform elliptical piston transducer and they are in good agreement with the results given by other methods.     

Improvement of echo shape in low impedance materials

Multiple internal reflections within an air-backed transducer lead to a deterioration of pulse shape and consequent errors in pulse echo measurements. This effect is particularly pronounced in low impedance materials. It is demonstrated both by calculations and experimentally that using a quarterwave buffer having a specific acoustic impedance higher than either transducer or sample considerably reduces this echo distortion.     

Directivity calculation with experimental verification for a conformal array of underwater acoustic transducers

The radiation directivity of a complicated conformal array of underwater acoustic transducers is presented based on the boundary ＂element method. It includes the element directivity of each transducer, the natural beam pattern and the controlled beam pattern of the transducer array. At first, the boundary element model of the conformal array is built up, and then the boundary condition is exerted on the model according to the design and environment in which the transducer array is used, and the radiation directivity of the conformal array is calculated. An experiment has been done to measure the directivity in an anechoic water tank. The calculated and the experimental results are compared and analyzed. They are consistent to each other. It is shown that the boundary element method together with the detailed calculations is successful to simulate and predict the radiation directivity of an underwater acoustic transducer array.     

弯曲圆盘驱动的双Helmholtz共振腔换能器

使用双面同相振动的弯曲圆盘换能器驱动双Helmholtz共振腔,既放大了弯曲圆盘换能器弯曲共振频率以下频段的声输出,又利用两个Helmholtz共振腔的同相声源辐射模型实现了在Helmholtz共振频率处的"∞"字形垂直指向性,实现了低频指向性声发射。阐述了换能器实现"∞"字形低频指向性发射的机理,研究了腔体长度、金属圆片厚度及弯曲圆盘边缘简支厚度等关键结构参数对Helmholtz共振频率的影响,求解了换能器的发送电压响应、指向性等参数。依据仿真结果制作了实验样机,在消声水池中进行了电声性能测试。测试结果显示,指向性形状及液腔共振频率与仿真结果基本相符。这种由弯曲圆盘驱动的双Helmholtz共振腔水声换能器为实现水声换能器小尺寸、低频指向性发射提供了一种技术手段。      

刚性圆柱体上圆阵波束形成性能分析

以环绕在刚性圆柱体上的均匀圆阵为阵列模型,分析了刚性圆柱体对圆阵响应的影响,在声场分解所得到的相位模式空间,推导了相位模式波束形成阵列和延迟求和波束形成阵列的白噪声增益和指向性指数的定量表达式,分析了它们在不同频率段的变化规律。在存在和不存在刚性圆柱体两种情况下,对两种阵列性能进行了对比分析。研究了圆阵与圆柱体之间存在间隙时对阵列接收信号及阵列性能的影响。仿真结果表明,在两种情况下相位模式波束形成处理都具有频率不变的指向性,但在低频段牺牲了阵列的鲁棒性;延迟求和波束形成处理在整个频率段具有较好的鲁棒性,但随频率的降低其波束指向性下降,直至变成各向同性阵列。存在刚性圆柱体时,两种阵列鲁棒性均有了一定的提高,前者的指向性不变,而后者的指向性得到了提高。圆阵与圆柱体之间的间隙会降低阵列在高频段的鲁棒性。