同时发射和接收纵波和横波的压电复合材料换能器

通过控制压电复合材料中压电相的分布形式，本文具有在百度模振动的１－３型压电复合材料和具有扭转模振动的拼接２－２型压电复合材料组合在一起，构成一种混俣模式压电材料，并测试了这种压电材料晶片的性能参数，使用这种晶片作的换能器可以根据使用者的要求，单独产生纵波或横波，也可同时产生这两种波。     

压电复合材料宽带横波换能器的实验研究

本文用实验方法研究了２－２压电复合材料的厚度切变特性，定性地给出了２－２压电复合材料的性能与ＰＺＴ相体积百分比，以及与共振频率牟关系。并用这种材料作为换能元件，制作出高灵敏度窄脉冲横波换能器。     

一种非均匀厚度压电复合材料片宽带换能器的实验研究

本文利用１－３压电复合材料作为换能元件，通过特殊工艺制备成一面是平面，一面是球面的非均匀厚度压电振子，这种压电晶片加上激励电压后，不同厚度处以不同的共振频率振动，从而使压电晶片的振动频带加宽，本文介绍了这种压电晶片的机电特性，以及用这种压电晶片制成的宽带聚焦超声换能器的脉冲回波特性，此外，文中还对这种换能器与均匀厚度压电晶片换能器的脉冲回波特性进行了比较。     

对2-2型压电复合材料横波换能器产生的纵波特性的研究

在固体测量中，横波换能器所产生的波列中常伴随有纵波，认识纵波产生的原因可以解释横波测试中出现的现象，以及抑制纵波提供有效的方法，本文利用实验研究的方法，用一对纵波偶极子换能器的对比实验，分析了２－２型压电复合材料厚度切变换能器产生纵波的机理，发现这是一种伴随着晶片厚度切变振动而产生的“偶极子”纵波，并由此解释了这种纵波的伴随性，频率特性及其首波与横波首波位相相反等问题。     

面切变压电复合材料及其换能器

本文通过控制压电相在压复合材料中的分布工，把四块完全相同的等腰直角三角形２－２型压电复合拼材料拼接起来，四个直角顶点位于晶片的中心，     

1-3型压电复合材料非均匀振动换能器的研究

通过调整1－3型压电复合材料换能器中压电相的分布，可以控制换能器辐射面上振动幅度和相位的分布，从而获得具有特殊性能的声场．作为辐射源表面振动速度等相位不等幅和等幅不等相位的两种典型情况，本文对边线高斯型换能器和Wesnel聚焦换能器进行了实验研究，讨论了其声场特性．     

1-3型压电复合材料

1－3型压电复合材料是目前研究和应用得比较广泛的一种压电材料．本文简述了这种压电复合材料的理论模型、制作方法和实验结果；指出除了圆形PZT压电材料所具有的径向模和厚度模以外，1－3型压电复合材料还具有横向结构模．本文介绍了这种压电复合材料的特点，如低声阻抗、低介电常数、高静水压压电常数以及PZT相分布的可控制性等．这些特点有利于改善压电复合材料换能器的时间响应和空间响应．     

1-3型压电复合材料非均匀振动换能器的研究

通过调整１－３型压电复合材料换能器中压电相的分布，可以控制换能器辐射面上振动幅度和相位的分布，从而获得具有特殊性能的声场。     

一种用于线阵换能器的三相压电复合材料

本文介绍了一种具有２－２结构特征的三相压电复合材料的结构及其制备方法，并与一种二相压电复合材料的类似结构对对比，进行了横向耦合，频率特性，声阻抗和介电性能等方面的测试和讨论，同时介绍了这种三相复合成功地应用于线阵换能器的结果。     

面切变压电复合材料及其换能器

本文通过控制压电相在压电复合材料中的分布形式，把四块完全相同的等腰直角王角形2－2型压电复合材料拼接起来，四个直角顶点位于晶片的中心，相邻块压电相的极化方向相对．这种新型材料可产生面切变振动，其换能器可辐射面切变波．波列中的纵波具有伴随性且其首波位相与面切变波首波位相相反     

Generation of very high pressure pulses at the surface of a sandwiched piezoelectric material

New clinical concepts in lithotripsy demand small shock heads. Reducing the size of piezoelectric shock heads will only be possible if the pressure generated at the surface of each transducer can be increased so that the total pressure at the focus remains very high. We propose for the first time to increase the pressure without increasing the transducer voltage by using sandwiched transducers, which are a combination of several stacked transducers. When excited at appropriate time intervals, the pressure waves generated by each one reinforce when they reach the load. This new technique has been successfully tested. A pressure of 2.5 MPa was generated with two stacked, 5 mm-thick 1-3 piezocomposite transducers operating at an excitation voltage of 8 kV. No transducer damage was detected after 10(6) shocks, which corresponds approximately to the treatment of 500 patients.     

(n,n)-(2n, 0)碳纳米管异质结的扭转力学特性

相近直径的锯齿型和扶手椅型碳纳米管可以共轴组合形成5-7碳环交替出现的柱形对称异质结. 本文利用分子动力学方法研究了直径相近且等长锯齿型和扶手椅型碳纳米管形成的(n, n)-(2n, 0)结在扭转过程中的扭矩和轴向应力随扭转角度的变化规律以及应力传递过程. 研究发现, (n, n)-(2n, 0)结扭转应变在达弹性限度内不会产生轴向应力, 该效应对基于碳纳米管扭转特性的纳米振荡器件的设计具有重要意义.     

Acoustic field imaging by light reflection at the free surface of a liquid

In this paper we present a novel technique for acoustic field imaging. This technique is based on reflection of a collimated laser beam at the free surface of a liquid. The reflected beam becomes phase modulated by the acoustic wave as in acoustical holographic systems. We do not use a reference acoustical beam for holographic reconstruction but we observe this phase modulation using dark-field techniques. It gives a measurement of the acoustic field power as a function of the position. The authors have built an optical imaging system and carried out experiments with piezocomposite transducers. The technique presented in this work is able to give fast quantitative information about the performance of individual ceramic rods of the piezocomposite.     

Progress in stacked piezocomposite ultrasonic transducers for low frequency applications

A stacked ultrasonic transducer comprises multiple individual layers connected mechanically in series and electrically in parallel to reduce the fundamental thickness mode resonance to a frequency corresponding to the transit time of the complete stack and the electrical impedance to a value which corresponds to that of the layers of the stack in parallel. In turn, this allows lower frequency resonant operation than would be possible with a single layer, and facilitates electrical impedance matching to typical transmission circuitry. On transmission, an ideal stack of uniform layers will have an output amplitude larger than that of the equivalent single layer by a factor equal to the . However, using conventional signal amplification circuitry on reception, the output voltage amplitude will be smaller than that of the equivalent single layer by a similar factor. In the past, stacks have commonly been assembled from layers of conventional piezoceramic material but more recently there have been reports of stacks of 1–3 piezocomposites and it is this type that is considered here. The work described in this paper is motivated by the need to operate at frequencies lower than are possible using conventional piezocomposite fabrication technology. Progress in comparison of experimental and simulated results is outlined and the highlights of a theoretical design study are presented. These show that although the general behaviour of a stacked structure is easily predicted, a rigorous theoretical analysis is essential to understand the detail of even a limited range of possible designs.     

Experimental and theoretical determination of 1-3 piezocomposite electroacoustic tensor

We report the development of two methods for determining the effective electroacoustic tensor of 1-3 piezocomposite material, one experimental and one theoretical based on homogenization techniques. The main aim was to compare and validate the results provided by these approaches. The slowness surfaces of bulk wave were computed in the large wavelength domain and were fitted to obtain the effective properties of the composite. Model predictions are discussed and compared with the Smith's model. The experimental method is an inversion technique comparing measurement of transmission coefficient through the piezocomposite plate with the simulated coefficient. The accuracy and stability of the minimization procedure is discussed. Experimental results obtained from two piezocomposite test plates are presented and compared with theory.     

Experimental and finite element modelling studies on single-layer and multi-layer 1-3 piezocomposite transducers

Finite element modelling (FEM) using ATILA code and experimental studies have been carried out on 1-3 piezocomposite transducers. FEM study was initially carried out on a piezocomposite infinite plate and then extended to transducers of finite size. The infinite-plate model results agree well with that of a simple analytical model and experiments. The acoustic performance of multi-layer finite-size piezocomposite transducers was also studied. Transducer stacks were fabricated with different number of layers. The transducer characteristics such as the electrical impedance, the transmitting voltage response (TVR) and the receiving sensitivity (RS) of the 1-3 piezocomposite transducers were evaluated as functions of frequency, ceramic volume fractions and the number of layers. TVR increases and RS decreases with increase in ceramic volume fractions. The model results are found to agree with the experimental data, especially when the number of layers is less.     

新型柱孔式模式转换型纵-扭复合模态超声振动系统*

为了改善基于螺旋槽结构和斜槽结构的模式转换型纵-扭复合模态超声振动系统存在的结构复杂、扭转分量较小等问题,论文提出了基于新型柱孔式复合变幅杆的模式转换型纵-扭复合模态超声振动系统,并利用有限元法和数据分析对其进行了仿真分析,结果表明,引入新型柱孔式复合变幅杆的系统的输出端面的剪切应力、旋转角度得到了大幅提升,能够有效地提高纵、扭振动的转换效率。     

Optimization of ultrasonic transducers

The so-called KLM-model for ultrasonic transducers is employed to optimize transducer design. Some new performance characteristics are defined which change monotonically with design parameters. These characteristics are based on the area of the envelope of the echo waveform produced by the transducer and of the corresponding amplitude spectrum. The efficiency of the transducer is defined by the round trip energy factor. The performance characteristics are used in a composite performance measure, which is then employed as a criterion in the optimization procedure. Two transducers are investigated: for medical imaging purposes and for spectral analysis of clinical echograms. The influence of electrical matching, backing impedance, matching layer impedance, bond line thickness and series induction on the optimized transducers is investigated.