PVP对Nylon 6形貌及结晶行为影响的研究

采用变温红外光谱、示差扫描量热（DSC）和偏光显微镜（POM）等方法研究了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）与尼龙6（nylon 6）分子间的相互作用及其对nylon 6热行为及结晶形貌的影响。DSC结果表明PVP的加入明显影响了nylon 6的熔融和结晶行为：随着PVP含量增加,PVP/nylon 6共混物的结晶温度、熔融温度及结晶度均逐渐降低;POM观察显示：随着PVP含量增多,nylon 6的球晶尺寸变小、球晶逐渐变得不完善。变温红外光谱结果表明,无定形PVP分子的羰基能够与nylon 6分子的N—H基团形成新的氢键,部分破坏了nylon 6分子之间的氢键结构,从而阻碍了nylon 6分子的规整排列,使其结晶度降低并导致nylon 6结晶形貌的变化。     

聚己内酰胺-锌盐相互作用的研究

本文用X 射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究了聚己内酰胺与氯化锌的相互作用。实验结果表明 ,当把聚己内酰胺的甲酸溶液加入饱和氯化锌水溶液 ,沉淀析出物与在纯水中析出的聚己内酰胺有明显的不同。X 射线衍射结果表明在纯水中沉淀析出的聚己内酰胺分子链发生结晶而在饱和氯化锌水溶液中析出的聚己内酰胺却未观察到尖锐衍射峰。红外光谱研究证明 ,在饱和氯化锌水溶液中析出的聚己内酰胺中所含的锌离子与酰胺基团发生相互作用 ,致使酰胺Ⅰ ,Ⅱ带发生巨大变化。酰胺Ⅰ带发生红移证明锌离子与酰胺基团上的羰基发生络合配位 ,这种作用抑制尼龙分子链之间通过CO和N—H基团形成氢键 ,阻碍聚己内酰胺分子的自由运动和整齐堆砌 ,从而使尼龙无法结晶。尼龙与锌盐之间的这种相互作用可能为发展一种尼龙加工制造新方法提供种新的机会。     

竹基纤维素Ⅱ氢键结合的近红外光谱研究

纤维素是一种可再生天然亲水性高聚物,其庞大的氢键网格形成多种不同的晶体结构形式。在其五种结晶变体（纤维素Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ和Ⅹ）中,纤维素Ⅱ由纤维素Ⅰ（天然纤维素）经再生或丝光化处理获得,是表面自由能最低、性能最稳定的纤维素,这主要归因于纤维素Ⅱ具有与纤维素Ⅰ晶型平行链结构相反的反平行链结构,且相比于纤维素Ⅰ有附加的分子间氢键。基于近红外光谱（NIRS）对含氢基团的敏感性及纤维素的结晶结构中有大量氢键,使通过NIRS定性检测、定量评价纤维素的结晶结构成为可能。目前,用NIRS对纤维素结晶变体氢键结合的研究甚少,针对竹材纤维素Ⅱ及其衍生材料氢键结合的研究国内外尚未见相关报道。用竹材制备纤维素Ⅰ,经丝光化处理得到竹基纤维素Ⅱ,通过NIRS研究其氢键结合状况,结果与竹粉及竹基纤维素Ⅰ相比较。此外,研究还通过NIRS对竹粉及竹基纤维素的结晶度做了定量评价。结果表明：(1）在无定形区,竹基纤维素Ⅰ、Ⅱ和竹粉相比光谱差异不大,氢键结合只有量的变化,而无质的差异;(2）在半结晶区,与竹粉相比,竹基纤维素Ⅰ晶型结构保持不变,而竹基纤维素Ⅱ形成双峰;(3）在纤维素结晶区的近红外谱带范围内,反映竹基纤维素Ⅰ结晶表面纤维素分子内氢键O2-H2···O6的强氢键结合的羟基伸缩振动的一次倍频吸收峰由6 292 cm-1向高波数转移到6 354 cm-1,该处与竹基纤维素Ⅱ形成的强氢键结合的分子间氢键O2-H2···O2反平行构造相对应;(4）NIRS预测的结晶度与XRD分析结果有良好相关性。上述结果表明,纤维素结晶区内的氢键结合在近红外特征谱带出现转移且在半结晶区形成双峰,是区别竹基纤维素Ⅱ和Ⅰ的主要特征。研究也表明NIRS对探讨纤维素多种变体的氢键结合及结晶度预测是可靠的。     

对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-ε-己内酯共聚酯中硬链段结晶特性研究

利用广角X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱研究了对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-ε-己内酯(TCL)共聚酯中对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(ET)硬链段的晶区结构和结晶特性。结果表明,在ET硬段含量较高的TCL共聚酯中,ET链段的结晶特性与纯的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)基本相同。ET硬段晶区的尺寸和结晶度均随链段序列长度的减小而减小。     

尼龙6在高压退火中的晶体生长

 利用六面顶压机制备了高压退火的尼龙6样品,通过宽角X射线衍射（WAXD）、差示扫描量热（DSC）和红外光谱等手段,探索了高压退火对尼龙6结晶度以及晶体结构的变化。研究发现,在高压退火过程中尼龙6分子链段运动受到压力的限制,材料中晶体的形成主要依靠转氨基反应实现。     

可逆光异构化双分子层及结构转变的振动光谱

通过吸收,荧光,FT红外,示差扫描量热和X光研究了双链二苯乙烯两亲分子的聚集和光异构化,获得了固态和两个溶液相的双分子层厚度,振动光谱显示在反式二苯乙烯双层的固态和溶液相中存在反式排列的氢键,而在用365nm光照后的溶液相中氢键主要是顺式排列的。亚甲基链伸缩振动则表明烷基链非常有序的排列。     

PCL/SiO2杂化纳米相微结构与晶态成核生长特性

应用扫描电子显微镜、广角X射线衍射和差示扫描量热手段研究了有机高分子/无机组分间以物理次价力(氢键)键合的高分子量PCL/SiO2杂化材料纳米相微结构和PCL高分子链在该微结构环境中的结晶成核生长特性及其影响因素.研究结果表明:杂化体系中高分子/无机组分间的微相分离尺度在纳米数量级,高分子微区的平均相畴尺寸在70nm左右,无机相形态呈现不规则的颗粒状.两相均匀分布程度与体系中组分间的氢键键合强度有关.PCL杂化后结晶度减小,对应的微晶尺寸明显改变,平衡熔点随无机组成含量的增加而下降.高分子链在晶核表面折叠形成结晶结构所需的能量增加.这一结果归因于无机非晶SiO2和键合强度的影响.     

N-乙酰化壳聚糖的FTIR和XRD研究

壳聚糖分子的脱乙酰度(DD)是影响壳聚糖性质的主要因素之一。文章通过壳聚糖的N-乙酰化反应制备了不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)分别研究了由N-乙酰化反应得到的不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖的红外光谱特性和晶体结构,并由此分别计算确定了样品的脱乙酰度和结晶度,探讨了N-乙酰化程度对壳聚糖脱乙酰度以及结晶度的影响。 由FTIR可知,随N-乙酰程度的增加,壳聚糖分子中剩余氨基的反应速度变慢。另外XRD也表明,伴随N-乙酰反应,壳聚糖分子的结晶区被破坏,规整度下降,并逐渐形成新的结晶区。     

聚酯/无机杂化分子间键合作用及微结构相关性的光谱研究

采用FTIR,UV-Vis,WAXD和DSC手段,研究了分子间为非共价键化学结合的PCL／SiO2高分子-无机杂化透明材料组分间的键合型式;分子间特殊氢键相互作用行为与结晶性聚合物在杂化材料中的微结构相关性。结果表明,杂化体系中PCL高分子与SiO2无机组分间的键合,主要是依赖于杂化体系中较强的分子间氢键相互作用,其作用强度随无机相TEOS含量而变化。体系中氢键相互作用增加使PCL结晶高分子的相对结晶度下降,杂化材料的光学透明性提高。同时对体系中高分子-无机组分的微相分离尺度产生影响。     

钇盐/聚氨酯体系流变行为及红外光谱研究

研究发现钇盐／线型聚醚基聚氨酯系列反应液的粘度随着稀土盐含量的增多呈规律性上升,认为这与稀土离子同聚氨酯体系中的极性基团产生相互作用有关,由此造成聚合物分子量、分子链排列曲向等结构形态的变化。红外光谱测定证明稀土离子与聚氨酯中的部分羰基配合,产生了新的酰胺结构,其特征吸收谱带位于1650cm^-1;对该体系的流变行为的研究,进一步证实稀土与聚氨酯间的相互作用的存在。流变学与分子光谱学相结合为高分子溶液结构的研究提供了新的手段。     

TIME-RESOLVED SAXS/WAXS STUDY OF PHASE BEHAVIOR AND CRYSTALLIZATION IN POLYMER BLENDS

Real-time SAXS and WAXS patterns have been simultaneously obtained during isothermal melt-crystallization of blends of low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The analysis of results shows that the originally homogeneous, single-phase polymer blend separates into two phases. The PMMA molecules diffuse from the blend and form completely segregated regions while PEO starts to crystallize. The first and dominating effect at the beginning of crystallization is the formation of unstable lamellae of nonintegrally folded chains (NIF). The real-time crystallinity and density of the PEO crystalline phase in absolute units were obtained from the time-resolved SAXS/WAXS results. The structure development proceeds in two steps. A very fast evolution of PEO crystals from the melt starts to crystallize in disordered NIF lamellae with thick amorphous interlayers and with a lower density of crystalline phase. The steep growth of crystallinity and crystalline density mean quick thickening of crystalline part of lamellae and improvement of their crystalline structure. In the second step, the structure of the crystalline phase gradually improves and crystallinity grows very slowly. The recrystallization of NIF lamellae into extended chain lamellae (EC) and lamellae with once folded chains (1F) proceeds during both stages of crystallization.     

Mössbauer study of amorphous and crystalline tellurium

Comparison of the ¹²⁵Te Mössbauer spectra in amorphous and crystalline Te films indicates that in the amorphous phase the quadrupole splitting is slightly greater and the recoil-free fraction about one-third as great as in the crystalline phase. These changes are interpreted as indicating a decrease in the length of the covalent bond between the nearest neighbor Te atoms in the amorphous state, and furthermore that dangling bonds at the ends of the Te chains are responsible for a change in the density of phonon states in the system.     

Effect of annealing on the structure and morphology of nylon 6 fibers

Changes in the structure of nylon 6 fibers annealed in dry and wet atmospheres were studied by small-and wide-angle x-ray diffraction. In the presence of water or saturated steam, fibers can be annealed to the same strucutral state at temperatures 70°C lower than in dry atmosphere. This is due to the enhanced mobility of the molecular segments in the amorphous region, a mechanism which is also known to lower the T_g by the same amount. Upon annealing under unconstrained conditions, lamellar spacing, crystallite size in the equatorial plane, crystalline as well as fiber density, and the chain-axis repeat increase with annealing-temperature; whereas crystalline orientation and the Van der Waals separation of the hydrogen-bonded sheets decrease. The monoclinic angle 8 remains constant at 66.7° (σ = 0.3°) and might depend on the starting fiber rather than on the treatment of the fiber. Most of these changes occur above a critical temperature of 170°C if dry, or 100°C if wet; rate of crystallization is also the highest under these conditions in nylon. The effect of these changes on such fiber properties as dyeing and the role of micro voids in dye diffusion and in dye uptake are discussed. Surface premelting and the accompanying changes in the surface structure of the lamellae, selective melting, and more importantly, the longitudinal motion of the nylon 6 chains and the resulting folding of interfibrillar extended amorphous chains are invoked to explain the shrinkage of the fiber, disorientation of the crystallites, increase in crystalline perfection, and the increase in lamellar spacing.     

MEMORY EFFECT AND CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE IN POLYAMIDE 11

The memory effect in PA11 films is studied in close relation with the crystalline structure. In polyamide 11, [(CH₂)₁₀–CO–NH] _n , the polarity of the amide group induces hydrogen bonds between chains that are crucial to the crystalline structure and are responsible for the memory effect. During the forming from the melt, the polyamides are sheared, which leads to persistent chain alignments due to hydrogen bonds. In the present work, the crystalline structure of PA11 films has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle x-ray scattering. The crystalline structure at room temperature depends on the cooling rate. A quench leads to the smectic δ′ structure, whereas a slow cooling favors the formation of the triclinic α phase in addition to the smectic δ′ phase. This study also shows the influence of an annealing in the melt on the crystalline structure. With increasing annealing time in the melt, the δ phase develops and the δ′ phase progressively vanishes. It seems necessary to maintain PA11 above the melting point for a long time to totally erase the structural evidence of the memory effect.     

利用红外光谱评价文物微环境中有机酸对蚕丝纤维化学结构影响

研究文物微环境污染因素对文物材料影响是分析文物老化原因和妥善保存文物的重要基础。利用红外光谱(FTIR/ATR)剖析了文物微环境中甲酸、乙酸气体对蚕丝纤维结构影响。结果表明:低浓度甲酸气体能减弱纤维分子内氢键,使酰胺Ⅰ(1 617cm-1)谱峰减弱、酰胺Ⅱ谱峰(1 515cm-1)变窄、无规线团构象的酰胺Ⅲ谱峰(1 230cm-1)增强、纤维结晶度下降;当浓度高于8.1mg.m-3时,呈β-折叠构象的肽链段(GlyAla)n特征谱峰(1 000,975cm-1)增强、纤维结晶度提高。分析认为呈无规线团构象的短肽链发生β-折叠构象转变。乙酸气体对酰胺Ⅰ和酰胺Ⅱ谱峰影响不明显,但能引起无规线团构象增加和纤维结晶度降低,其作用弱于甲酸气体。本研究为进一步分析丝织品保存环境污染物的危害作用提供基础数据。     

Impact of ultrasonication on the aggregation structure and physicochemical characteristics of sweet potato starch

In order to understand the relationship between the aggregation structure and physicochemical characteristics of ultrasonicated sweet potato starches, sweet potato starch modified with different sonication time (15, 20, 25 and 30 min) was studied in this work for developing starch-based ingredients with tailored functionality. SEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman and DSC measurements were conducted to investigate the transformations of morphological features, crystalline structure, short-range ordered structure and ordered molecular structure of starch granules. Not only could pores and cracks be observed at the surface of starch, but also the structural disorganizations were more evidently induced with the treatment time increasing, especially for the degrees of crystallinity, short-range molecular orders and ordered molecular structures. And these disordering in the aggregation structure not only increased the swelling power and solubility but also declined the pasting temperature, peak viscosity, final and breakdown viscosity of gelatinized starch. In addition, the strengthened retrogradation and gel structures formed by the rearrangement and entanglement of starch polymer chains also demonstrated the structural disorganizations of starch granules during ultrasonic treatment. Therefore, the results of this study may provide further insight in understanding the structural basis of starch physicochemical properties.