一种变曲率面晶体X射线检测技术

在惯性约束聚变光谱诊断物理实验研究中,晶体衍射后X射线光谱信号较弱,需要高收光效率及宽频谱范围的光谱诊断仪器.在传统锥面弯曲晶体基础上提出变曲率弯晶多能点成像技术,该技术具有宽频谱范围、强聚焦能力、高光谱分辨的特点.在晶体衍射成像结构设计中,由于能够确保成像光线的旋转对称性,因此在原理上可消除传统弯晶X射线衍射成像像差.利用研制的变曲率面石英晶体对钛靶X射线源进行X射线聚焦检测,并与同种材料的平面晶体进行收光效率对比,实验结果表明该变曲率面石英晶体的收光效率可以达到平面石英晶体的100倍,检测X射线能量范围为4.51~5.14keV.该晶体谱仪结合X射线条纹相机能够检测宽频谱范围的微弱X射线信号,条纹相机探测面可与晶体检测光路方向垂直布局.     

基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的标定

X光晶体本征参量的实验标定是准确鉴定X光晶体种类和品质,研制各种类型晶体谱仪,X光线谱定量测量和高分辨X光单能成像的基础.基于X射线衍射仪,通过制作平面晶体样品架,采取控制X射线管电源、滤波片选取和厚度控制等措施,极大地抑制了Cu-KJ3及韧致辐射,使X射线管光源Cu-Kα单能化,提出了用滤片作为光源单能化的判据.对X光线谱测量中常用的X光分光晶体季戊四醇[PET(002)]的晶格常量2d和Cu-Ka能点的积分衍射效率R.进行了标定方法研究,其标定值分别为(0.87425±0.00042)nm和(1.759±0.024)×10-4 Rad.基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的精密实验标定方法既快速高效,且十分方便和灵活.通过更换衍射仪的X射线管靶材,采取类似方法,可以标定其它能点的晶体积分衍射效率,可为X光晶体的本征参量库提供更多的标定数据.     

邻苯二钾酸氢铊晶体积分衍射效率的标定

 以北京同步辐射实验室4B7中能束线为光源，在2.1~6.0 keV的范围内对邻苯二钾酸氢铊(TlAP)平面晶体一、二 、三级衍射的积分衍射效率进行了精确的实验标定。标定结果表明：TlAP晶体有较高的峰值衍射率； 其一级衍射的积分衍射效率向低能端有增加的趋势，而在2.6~5.4 keV的范围内大约为1.53×10^-4 rad；随着衍射级次的提高，衍射效率逐渐减小，二级衍射的积分衍射效率约为一级衍射效率的1/4，三级衍射结果比一级衍射下降一个量级。实验所标定的TlAP晶体可用于平晶谱仪对激光等离子体X射线光谱的定量分析。     

基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的标定

X光晶体本征参量的实验标定是准确鉴定X光晶体种类和品质,研制各种类型晶体谱仪,X光线谱定量测量和高分辨X光单能成像的基础.基于X射线衍射仪,通过制作平面晶体样品架,采取控制X射线管电源、滤波片选取和厚度控制等措施,极大地抑制了Cu-Kβ及韧致辐射,使X射线管光源Cu-Kα单能化,提出了用滤片作为光源单能化的判据.对X光线谱测量中常用的X光分光晶体季戊四醇的晶格常量2d和Cu-Kα能点的积分衍射效率R_c进行了标定方法研究,其标定值分别为(0.874 25±0.000 42)nm和(1.759±0.024)×10^-4 Rad.基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的精密实验标定方法既快速高效,且十分方便和灵活.通过更换衍射仪的X射线管靶材,采取类似方法,可以标定其它能点的晶体积分衍射效率,可为X光晶体的本征参量库提供更多的标定数据.     

实验室晶体积分衍射效率标定方法研究

基于X射线衍射仪运行的稳定性和角度的精密控制能力,以平面季戊四醇(PET)晶体为样品,对晶体的积分衍射效率标定方法进行了实验研究。实验的光源是Cu靶X射线管,通过适当选取镍滤片和精细控制管电压,极大地抑制了Kβ线谱和韧致辐射,实现了Kα线能量单色化。正比计数器前端的狭缝是0.05mm,采用0.001°的步进角度对源强和Kα线衍射峰分别进行扫描。数据处理后得出在Cu的Kα线能点(8047.823eV)处,该平面PET晶体的积分衍射效率是(1.759±0.002)×10-4 rad。实验结果表明该方法可以在实验室条件下快速、方便地完成平面晶体积分衍射效率的标定。     

透射光栅衍射效率研究

透射光栅广泛应用于 X光能谱测量 ,为获得定量的 X光能谱 ,首先在北京同步辐射源上对透射光栅的衍射效率在多个入射 X光能量点进行了实验标定 ,获得了透射光栅衍射效率的实验结果。为模拟透射光栅衍射效率实验标定结果 ,发展了一个新的透射光栅衍射效率计算模型 ,该模型不同于国外已发展的矩形栅线模型和梯形栅线截面模型 ,而是假设透射光栅栅线具有准梯形截面。模型计算结果与实验标定结果符合很好。     

高线密度X光透射光栅衍射效率

高线密度X光透射光栅是各种高分辨光栅摄谱仪的核心色散元件,为了获得较高的光谱分辨率,工作在2~5 keV能区的光谱仪需要使用5000 l/mm的X射线透射光栅。为了获得光栅的绝对衍射效率,采用同步辐射光在多个能点对5000 l/mm的X光透射光栅进行衍射效率实验标定,通过光栅相对衍射效率拟合获得了光栅结构参数,与光栅结构测量结果非常接近。然后,采用衍射效率的矩形栅线模型,计算得到了光栅的绝对衍射效率。     

X光CCD响应特性研究

 在北京同步辐射源上建立了X光CCD(Charge-Coupled Device)量子效率实验标定方法，获得了150eV至1500eV能区范围多个X光能点的量子效率实验结果，发展了X光CCD量子效率简化计算模型，并对X光CCD表面油沾污对量子效率的影响进行了实验研究和修正。结果表明经过油沾污修正后的简化理论模型计算结果与实验标定结果符合较好。     

软X射线能谱定量测量技术研究

采用每毫米1000线的自支撑透射光栅配上背照射软X射线CCD(charge coupled device)组成了透射光栅谱仪,利用北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)3W1B光束线软X射线实验站上X射线源分别对透射光栅的衍射效率和软X射线CCD的响应灵敏度进行了准确的实验标定,获得了150eV到1500eV能区的绝对衍射效率和响应灵敏度的实验结果;同时在国内外研究工作的基础上,发展了自己的透射光栅衍射效率理论计算模型和X射线CCD响应灵敏度计算模型,开展了相应的理论计算和实验标定结果比对工作,理论和实验符合较好,     

X光条纹相机时间性能标定

 X光条纹相机在惯性约束聚变实验诊断中具有重要作用，它的性能技术指标的精确标定是实验数据可信度的基础。在上海激光联合实验室的20 TW激光器上对X光条纹相机的扫速、时间分辨等时间性能进行了标定，取得了较好的结果。标定结果显示相机的各项性能与出厂标称值有了较大改变。标定的实验结果可有效提高ICF实验数据处理和物理分析的可靠性。     

Curved crystal analysis using a triple-crystal X-ray spectrometer

A Bragg crystal spectrometer using cylindrically curved crystals is designed to focus a divergent X-ray beam. The spectral resolution and precision of focus is determined by the quality of the concavely curved crystal. The analysis of the quality of the crystal was done using a triplecrystal X-ray spectrometer, comparing parallel and antiparallel X-ray scans of the third curved crystal, determining flaws resulting from the bend. Topics discussed include the derivation of the crystal's quality, conditions of alignment for the Bragg reflection, and X-ray beam width contributions to the FWHM. Organic and inorganic crystals with varying values of Bragg angles are used.     

Structure determination of aligned systems by solid-state NMR magic angle spinning methods

Single crystal rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) experiments can be used to determine the three-dimensional orientation of heteronuclear bond vectors in an amino acid, as well as the crystal's orientation relative to the rotor fixed frame (RFF). We also demonstrate that for samples uniaxially aligned along the rotor axis, the polar tilt angle of a bond vector relative to the RFF can be measured by use of an analytical expression that describes the REDOR curve for that system. These bond orientations were verified by X-ray indexing of the single crystal sample, and were shown to be as accurate as +/- 1 degrees .     

LiNbO3晶体在75℃附近赝考塞耳线衍射异常

用X射线发散束背反射赝考塞耳线衍射方法发现纯LiNbO₃和扩Ti的LiNbO₃晶体在75℃附近的衍射花样有明显的异常。(11010),(01110),(0118),(1108),(03312),(33012)等衍射面的考塞耳花样出现成对的大范围非断裂的畸变。畸变接近二次对称,对称面为x面。破坏了沿z轴方向的三次对称性。同时发现高角度的衍射面畸变α较小,或不畸变。布喇格角较小的衍射面畸变较甚。 关键词：     

BGO晶体的布里渊散射与弹性系数测量

ＢＧＯ晶体的布里渊散射与弹性系数测量刘金全＊陈浩＊刘玉龙（中国科学院物理研究所北京１０００８０）（＊北京大学北京１００８７１）肖季驹（香港城市大学物理及材料科学系）ＥｌａｓｔｉｃＣｏｎｓｔａｎｔｓｏｆＢＧＯｂｙＢｒｉｌｏｕｉｎＳｃａｎｔｅｒｉｎｇＬｉ...     

Band structure and optical spectra of RbNH4SO4 crystals

First-principal density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the band structure, density of states and dielectric functions ε(E) of the rubidium ammonium sulfate (RAS) crystal, RbNH₄SO₄, in the orthorhombic phase Pnma have been carried out using the CASTEP code. Valence electron bands of the crystal are flat in k-space, that responds to the relatively great effective mass, m*?5m_e. The top valence band of the crystal has been found to be the most flat, what might be an evidence of a weak chemical bonding of the sulfate complexes (SO₄) in the crystal and therefore for the predisposition to structural instability and phase transitions. The characteristic feature is that two top valence bands are originated almost entirely from p-electrons of oxygen. The bottom part of the conduction band is formed mainly by the hydrogen atoms, the higher parts of this band—by a mixed set of chemical elements and orbital moments. The calculated refractive indices in the range of crystal's transparency agree satisfactorily with the experiment considering that the infrared absorption is not taken into account in calculations.     

LD端面泵浦不同掺杂离子YAG晶体的热效应研究

通过建立激光晶体热传导模型,针对相同基质YAG晶体不同掺杂离子,求解泊松方程,得到不同Nd3+和Yb3+掺杂浓度的YAG晶体内温度场分布,并进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:在相同条件下,随着Nd3+和Yb3+掺杂浓度的增加,YAG晶体端面中心温度升高,晶体中心轴温度衰减越快,热焦距越小;当Yb3+掺杂浓度达到Nd3+掺杂浓度的近10倍时,热效应基本相同。这一结论为降低同基质晶体的热效应提供了理论依据。     

ZnO:Ga晶体对硬X射线的时间及能量响应

 介绍了ZnO:Ga晶体对重复频率快脉冲硬X 射线的时间响应,利用X射线荧光分析仪测量了ZnO:Ga晶体对10～100 keV硬X射线的能量响应。结果表明:ZnO:Ga晶体对硬X射线响应的上升时间为316 ps,半高宽为440 ps;对40 keV以上的X射线的能量响应很平坦。该晶体可以作为一种新颖的硬X射线探测元件。     

Fast photorefractive response in strongly reduced near-stoichiometric LiNbO(3) crystals

The photorefractive response time of LiNbO(3) crystal is of the order of minutes, and such a long response time limits the crystal's practical applications. We report the photorefractive properties of nominally pure near-stoichiometric LiNbO(3) crystal that is strongly reduced in vacuum. A short photorefractive response time of the order of 100 ms is measured at a wavelength of 514.5 nm, with incident light intensity of 1.6 W/cm (2) , and possible corresponding mechanisms are discussed. To our knowledge this is the first experimental evidence of a subsecond photorefractive response in pure LiNbO(3) crystals. The diffraction efficiency of a holographic grating written in this reduced crystal is low but can be enhanced by an externally applied electric field.     

Emissivity measurements of 3D photonic crystals at high temperatures

An accurate methodology is presented to measure photonic crystal emissivity using a direct method. This method addresses the issue of how to separate the emissions from the photonic crystal and the substrate. The method requires measuring two quantities: the total emissivity of the photonic crystal–substrate system, and the emissivity of the substrate alone. Our measurements have an uncertainty of 4% and represent the most accurate measure of a photonic crystal's emissivity. The measured results are compared to, and agree very well with, the independent emitter model.