广州塔闪电光谱特性分析

利用广州高建筑物雷电观测站获得的600 m高广州塔上一次闪电3个回击放电过程的光谱资料,详细分析了广州塔上闪电光谱随时间的演化和随高度的变化特性,并通过对比实测的一组氮原子（NI）[856.8 nm, 859.4 nm, 862.9 nm]多重态的谱线强度比和理论计算值之比,验证了闪电近红外光辐射满足光学薄条件。结果表明：3个回击放电通道约在200 m以下发光较强;在回击放电初期,当向上传输的电流波还未到达通道顶部时,底部通道径向辐射光谱由较强的离子线和较弱的中性原子线组成,而通道顶部径向辐射光谱主要取决于下行先导,由较弱的离子线和较强的中性原子线组成;当回击电流波向上传输到通道顶部后,整个通道径向辐射出很强的离子线和很强的中性原子线,且离子线总强度和原子线总强度均随通道高度的增加而减小;在回击放电70μs以后,200 m以上通道离子线总强度和原子线总强度随通道高度的增加基本保持不变。此观测结果也直接证实了闪电放电通道由一个辐射离子线的高温核心和一个辐射中性原子线温度相对较低的外围电晕组成。     

人工触发闪电通道的导电特性

用光学多道分析仪(OMA)获得了山东地区人工触发闪电回击过程的发射光谱.与以往的自然闪电光谱相比,除了氮、氧的中性原子及一次电离的离子谱和Hα谱线外,这次人工触发闪电的光谱还记录到了微量元素ArⅠ 602.5 nm及ArⅡ 666.5 nm的谱线.在局部热力学平衡近似下,根据光谱线的相对强度等参量,计算了闪电通道等离子体的温度;利用Hα线的Stark加宽、通过半经验方法获得了闪电通道的电子密度;首次结合等离子体理论得到了闪电通道的电导率,并由此讨论了通道的导电特性,分析了通道电导率与回击电流之间的相关性,为进一步计算回击电流提供了参考数据.结果分析得出:闪电通道是良导体,电子是通道电流的主要载体;一般情况下,人工触发闪电的通道亮度比自然闪电通道大,而通道回击电流小于自然闪电.     

广东沿海地区闪电通道的温度特性研究

在广东沿海地区,用无狭缝光栅摄谱仪获得了云对地闪电回击过程的光谱.经过光谱特征分析和谱线辨认,依据测得的谱线相对强度以及多组态Dirac-Fock方法得到的谱线跃迁参数,采用多谱线法,对每个闪电回击通道不同高度处的温度进行了定量计算.结果表明,强闪电放电过程对应的通道温度较高;分析通道不同高度处的温度值,发现对大多数闪电,同一回击通道随高度的增加温度略呈减小趋势;与青海高原相比,广东沿海地区强闪电较多,光谱上激发能高的一次电离氧离子的跃迁谱线明显增多.     

一次强云对地闪电首次回击过程的光谱分析

利用无狭缝光栅摄谱仪, 获得了一次强云对地闪电首次回击过程400～600 nm范围的光谱, 将原子结构的理论应用于闪电光谱的研究, 用多组态Dirac-Fock方法, 计算了有关光谱线的波长﹑振子强度以及相应的激发态能量等参数, 并重新辨认了波长为419.0和425.3 nm的谱线. 结合相应的光谱跃迁参数和电学观测资料对试验光谱进行了分析, 并发现, 回击通道的光谱结构及特性与闪电放电的强度密切相关, 在强闪电回击过程中, 激发能量较高的OⅡ离子谱线增强. 根据光谱特征推断, 强闪电回击通道的峰值温度应高于过去的估算值.     

依据光谱研究闪电放电通道的半径及能量传输特性

利用无狭缝摄谱仪获得的云对地闪电回击过程的光谱, 结合同步辐射电场变化资料, 计算了闪电放电通道的温度、线电荷密度、通道的初始半径和扩张后的半径以及回击通道单位长度储存的能量. 结果与文献报道的其他方法得到的结果符合很好. 这些物理量的相关性分析表明: 电弧通道的初始半径主要取决于回击电流的持续时间; 通道温度越高, 半径越大; 通道初始半径、单位长度储存的能量与光谱总强度正相关, 通道单位长度储存的能量与初始半径的平方成正比. 关键词： 闪电放电通道 半径 能量 光谱总强度     

真空弧Ti-H等离子体热力学参数的原子发射光谱双温度研究北大核心CSCD

金属氢化物作阴极的真空弧离子源,假设其放电产生双温度的非平衡态Ti-H等离子体,其内部的气体解离过程和粒子电离过程分别由Culdberg-Waage解离方程和Saha电离方程进行描述,结合原子发射光谱以及电荷准中性条件,求出Ti-H等离子体的电子温度Te、重粒子温度Th和粒子数密度之后,可更进一步对等离子体的质量密度、焓、比热容等热力学参数进行描述。在不同的电子数密度下,研究各参数随变量θ(电子温度Te与重粒子温度Th的比值)变化的情况。计算结果显示:电子数密度已知,随θ值升高,除氢气分子数密度外,等离子体温度和单原子粒子数密度的计算结果均变化甚微。高电子数密度时,等离子体中单原子粒子占绝对优势,热力学参数由其控制;低电子数密度下,随θ值的升高,等离子体逐步由单原子粒子占优势转为氢气分子占绝对优势,热力学参数的变化情况表现出相同的规律。     

连续辐射谱法计算闪电通道电子温度

基于连续辐射理论，得到连续辐射能量与等离子体电子温度的关系式。依据青海地区一次强地闪回击过程的光谱，从中分离出连续辐射强度，对其吸收特征进行分析以减小吸收带来的计算误差。通过对连续谱强度的曲线拟合得到闪电放电通道电子温度，温度峰值为29 800 K，温度下限为16 200 K，由同一波段光谱中的O Ⅰ线和N Ⅱ线分别拟合了电子温度。比较结果发现：由连续辐射得到的闪电通道电子温度从高温向低温过渡，高温值与离子线信息获得的闪电核心电流通道处的温度符合较好，而低温则与原子线计算的结果接近，反映了外围电晕发光通道的温度。所以，依据连续谱得到的结果能更全面地反映温度沿通道径向的分布。对于闪电热等离子体通道，连续谱法提供了一种计算闪电放电通道电子温度的新途径，对地闪回击研究有一定的意义。     

光谱法研究闪电回击放电通道的电阻及电流的热效应

闪电放电通道的电阻及电流产生的热效应对雷电灾害研究以及防护设计都具有重要意义，放电通道的热力学特性与其等离子体辐射光谱密切相关。利用无狭缝摄谱仪获得的两次云对地多回击闪电放电的等离子体辐射光谱，依据谱线波长、强度等信息，结合同步地面电场变化资料，应用空气等离子体传输理论，计算了闪电回击放电通道的电导率、峰值电流、核心通道半径，进而得到了闪电回击等离子体通道单位长度的电阻、峰值电流时的热功率及在回击初始前5 μs内通道储存的热能。并与常规金属导体进行比较，分析了闪电回击放电在峰值电流时等离子体通道的热功率与电阻、电流平方之间的相关性关系。结果表明：利用光谱研究得到的闪电放电通道的电阻为0.04～8.41 Ω·m-1、峰值电流时的热功率为0.88×108～2.20×108 W·m-1、回击初始前5 μs内通道储存的热能为1.47×102～3.66×102 J·m-1，以上结果与文献报道的利用其他方法得到的结果相比，在合理的范围内；与常规金属导体相比，闪电回击放电等离子体通道在峰值电流时的热功率与电阻成正比，但与电流的平方呈指数减小的关系；由于闪电等离子体通道的电阻与温度的3/2次方成反比，通常回击放电通道中峰值电流越大，通道温度越高，而电阻会迅速降低，因此热功率也会急剧减小。此结论进一步验证了采用欧姆加热方法加热等离子体的致命缺点。     

一次空中触发闪电通道光谱分析

利用无狭缝光谱仪获得了一次空中触发闪电过程中400～660 nm的发射光谱，对空中触发闪电小回击和上行正先导通道的发射光谱进行了分析，讨论了人工触发闪电导线通道与空气通道光谱的差异，发现导线段通道光谱持续了约140 ms，而空气段通道仅持续了0.167 ms；结合Fe，N，O等元素的电离能、激发能，给出了导线通道亮度强、持续时间长的原因。在电流强度相同的情况下，人工触发闪电通道的导线段有更多的粒子被激发，能产生更多的光谱辐射，导线段通道的亮度远强于空气段，导线段通道的光谱强度也远强于空气段；在随后的等离子体通道消散阶段导线段闪电通道的复合反应持续时间也更长。通过对小回击以及上行正先导导线通道上部、下部空气段光谱结构以及通道温度等参数与广东地区自然闪电特征谱线及温度等参数的比较，发现小回击通道光谱主要由NⅡ离子低激发态之间的跃迁组成，具有NⅡ 444.7 nm，NⅡ 517.9 nm，NⅡ 616.8 nm等广东地区一般强度自然闪电的特征谱线。上行正先导下部空气段通道具有高激发能的谱线开始消失，出现了H_α，H_β，OⅠ 615.8 nm等激发能较低的谱线，具有闪电回击后期的光谱结构。小回击通道以及上行正先导通道下部空气段温度分别为21 000和20 000 K，通道温度低于自然闪电温度。     

依据不同波段光谱诊断闪电回击通道温度

利用高速无狭缝光栅摄谱仪捕获到的一次闪电光谱资料,结合等离子体光谱理论,选用不同波段的光谱信息估算了闪电回击通道温度.结果表明:用不同波段的谱线组—单电离氮原子(NII)、中性氧原子(OI)和中性氮原子(NI),基于玻尔兹曼图法估算的闪电回击通道平均温度分别为43270 K,17660 K和17730 K;同时用NII和NI两个谱线组,基于萨哈-玻尔兹曼图法估算得到的闪电回击通道平均温度为24770 K.依据闪电通道电晕鞘模型和光谱辐射理论推断,单独选用NII谱线组获得的温度应该是闪电回击通道核心的温度,单独选用NI或OI谱线组获得的温度应该是围绕在闪电回击通道核心周围电晕鞘的温度;同时选用NII和NI谱线组,获得的温度应该是在曝光时间内整个通道截面(包括通道核心和电晕鞘)的平均温度.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

The transient suppression for piezoelectric ceramic emission transducer

A transient suppression method for piezoelectric ceramic transducer is presented. By adding some special pedestal pulses to the original transmitted signal, the transient effects in the output of the transducer can be just precisely transmission by use of a narrowband transducer. canceled, thereby achieving the broadband The experimental results show that the transient responses of the sinusoid pulses and coded signals are suppressed successfully and the acoustic waveforms radiated into the surrounding water are improved significantly.     

Soliton squeezing generated in an all-fiber contiguration

We experimentally demonstrate amplitude squeezed soliton utilizing intensity-dependent self-phase modulation in an asymmetric Sagnac interferometer.The system.whose components are connected via ferrule connector/physical connection(FC/PC)fiber connectors,constitutes all-fiber configuration to generate squeezed soliton.Soliton amplitude reduction measured by homodyne detection is near 4.0 dB below the shot-noise level.Optimal squeezing fields in both simple and compact all-fiber configuration are obtained.     

Propagation of light in(2+1)-dimensional nonlinear optical media with spatially inhomogeneous nonlinearities

The(2 1)-dimensional nonlinear Schr(o)dinger(NLS)equation with spatially inhomogeneous nonlinearities is investigated,which describes propagation of light in(2 1)-dimensional nonlinear optical media with inhomogeneous nonlinearities.New types of optical modes and nonlinear effects in optical media are presented numerically.The results reveal that the regular split of beam can be obtained in (2 1)-dimensional nonlinear optical media with inhomogeneous nonlinearities,by adjusting the guiding parameter.Furthermore,the stability of beam regular split is discussed numerically,and the results reveal that the beam regular split is stable to the finite initial perturbations.     

A novel pose and illumination robust face recognition with a single training image per person algorithm

In the real-world application of face recognition system, owing to the difficulties of collecting samples or storage space of systems, only one sample image per person is stored in the system, which is so-called one sample per person problem. Moreover, pose and illumination have impact on recognition performance. We propose a novel pose and illumination robust algorithm for face recognition with a single training image per person to solve the above limitations. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is an efficient and practical approach for face recognition.     

Testifying experiment of the multi-pulse phenomena of capillary discharge soft-X-ray laser

In a capillary discharge experiment for the neon-like argon lasing, we have proposed an experimental scheme to verify that the multi-spike of X-ray diode (XRD) signal is a multi-pulse laser or is a reflection of the laser pulse in the XRD.The ceramic capillary has an inner diameter of 3mm and a length of 200mm.At the gas pressure of 28Pa and discharge current of 27kA, stable lasing has been realized.The experimental results prove that the multi-spike of XRD signal is a reflection of the electromagnetic signal produced by the laser pulse in the XRD.The improved electrocircuit scheme of the XRD to minimize the reflection phenomena is also found.     

Optical system and lens design for Blu-ray disc optical pick-up

During the design process of Blu-ray disc optical pick-up (BD OPU), the optical system and the collimator lens design is especially important. This paper designs an optical system and some lenses for the BD OPU, including collimator lens, beam shaping lens for laser beam shaping, and cylinder lens for signal detecting. In this OPU, we use a triplet lens to collimate the laser beam. At the same time, we build a series of assembly jigs to make sure that each lens can be put into the OPU basement properly. At last, we get the reading spot image and S-curve photo of OPU, which can be used to read Blu-ray disc (BD).     

Stable anticipation synchronization in mutually coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers system

Two vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs) are mutually coupled through a partially transparent mirror (PTM) placed in the pathway. The PTM plays the role of external mirror,which controls the feedback strength and coupling strength.We numerically simulate this system by establishing a visible SIMULINK model.The results demonstrate that the anticipation synchronization is achieved and it can tolerate some extent frequency detuning.Moreover,the system shows similar chaos-pass filtering effect on unidirectionally coupled system even both VCSELs are modulated.This system allows simultaneously bidirectional secure message transmission on public channels.