Noise mitigation action plan of Pisa civil and military airport and its effects on people exposure

The “Galileo Galilei” airport is a civil and military airport quite close to central Pisa. Although the airport brings benefits in terms of tourism and different types of income, the air traffic growth exacerbates the exposition to aircraft noise. This could significantly affect public health. To this day, a small number of studies takes into account the standard indicators of Europe by considering noise emission data for military aircrafts. We estimated the noise impact produced by the airport and we evaluated the related exposed population by using the Integrated Noise Model (INM). The noise power levels of both commercial and military flights have been considered as an input to the model. Predicted levels were validated by means of a noise-monitoring network. A new tracking system (AirNav Radar) that captures Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals emitted by each aircraft has been used to emulate takeoff and landing procedures. This improves the accuracy of the input to the model. We simulated noise maps for present and future scenarios, including those following the application of noise reduction measures. For each situation, we also estimated the exposure of the population and the percentages of highly annoyed and highly sleep disturbed people. We show the utility of AIS data and their specific elaboration to draw up noise abatement measures in order to reduce the noise impact on population and allow the airport development.     

Aircrafts’ taxi noise. Sound power level and directivity frequency band results

When noise mapping airports, the main noise sources are take offs and landings. But aircrafts’ taxi noise can also be important, and should be considered, for instance when there are residential buildings near the airport’s terminal.Main prediction tools, like Integrated Noise Model (INM), do not consider taxiing and standard outdoors noise predictions software applications must be used, to model taxi as industrial noise sources.This technical note shows frequency band sound power levels and directivity data for several aircrafts’ classes; so that an acoustic consultant can include taxi for noise mapping an airport.     

A novel method degrading the combined effect of FWM and ASE noise in WDM systems containing in-line optical amplifiers

In this paper, a novel method degrading the combined effect of four-wave mixing (FWM) and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise of the amplifier on the most heavily affected channel in an equally channel spaced wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system containing in-line optical amplifiers is proposed. FWM effect is directly related to input powers of channels. So, FWM effect can be degraded by controlling channel input powers. In the proposed method, varying the input power of each channel in an optical fiber, the output optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) values are evaluated and input powers of all channels are optimized in order to maximize the OSNR value of the channel having the lowest OSNR. To interpret the results obtained, output OSNR values for the minimum optical input power launched to the system by each channel are also computed. Being compared to the computed results for minimum optical input powers, the lowest output OSNR value among all channels for optimized input powers shows a 5.1867 dB increase in a 5-channel system, a 3.5988 dB increase in a 9-channel system, a 3.0855 dB increase in a 15-channel system and a 1.6795 dB increase for a 21-channel system. Furthermore, output OSNR values of all channels exhibit a significant increase.     

Identification of hybrid ARX-neural network models for three-dimensional simulation of a vibroacoustic system

Acoustic noise in industrial areas, typically generated by compressors and vacuum pumps, may be mitigated by the combined use of passive and active noise control strategies. Despite its widespread use, the traditional Active Noise Control (ANC) technique requires error feedback and has been proven to be effective only within a small spatial region. When the movement of human ears is required within a large region and error feedback is difficult to be accomplished, new cancelling strategies have to be devised to achieve acceptable levels of spatial coverage. In the pursuit of this goal, this paper proposes a vibroacustic model to predict noise radiated from machinery. The model output is the sound signal of the noise at a given point inside a closed room. The two model inputs are the vibration signal at the noise source and the spatial coordinates of the intended point. Experimental output data were measured at several points inside a region defined by a solid rectangle. A fixed-order ARX model was chosen (AutoRegressive with eXogenous input), and for each spatial point and its corresponding pair of input-output signals, a set of parameter values was estimated. To integrate all these models into a single one, a neural network was employed to associate or approximate each set of parameters to its spatial coordinates. With this approach, the total number of parameters is expected to be greatly reduced, when considering the original separated models. Experimental results are presented and comparisons with other models are established on the basis of least-square error metrics and parsimony of parameters. A qualitative perspective for employing the proposed model in the design of large-region ANC strategies is also offered.     

压缩真空光输入和光子计数法增强Sagnac效应

压缩真空光输入和平衡零拍探测可有效增强Sagnac效应,提高陀螺精度;考虑平衡零拍探测的相位精度与相位自身相关,仅在某特定相位能达到最佳灵敏度,设计了一种基于光子计数法提取Sagnac输出相位的方案,并利用贝叶斯理论估计相位.理论分析结果表明,该方法能突破散粒噪声极限,相位精度不再受限于相位自身,且当压缩真空光和相干激光功率相同时,精度在理论上能达到海森堡极限.     

Estimating the model-specific uncertainty of aircraft noise calculations

Aircraft noise contours are estimated with model calculations. Due to their impact, e.g., on land use planning, calculations need to be highly accurate, but their uncertainty usually remains unaccounted for. The objective of this study was therefore to quantify the uncertainty of calculated average equivalent continuous sound levels (L_Aeq) of complex scenarios such as yearly air operations, and to establish uncertainty maps. The methodology was developed for the simulation program FLULA2. In a first step, the partial uncertainties of modelling the aircraft as a sound source and of modelling sound propagation were quantified as a function of aircraft type and distance between aircraft and receiver. Then, these uncertainties were combined for individual flights to obtain the uncertainty of the single event level (L_AE) at a specified receiver grid. The average L_Aeq of a scenario results from the combination of the L_AE of many single flights, each of which has its individual uncertainties. In a last step, the uncertainties of all L_AE were therefore combined to the uncertainty of the L_Aeq, accounting also for uncertainties of the number of movements and of prognoses. Uncertainty estimations of FLULA2 calculations for Zurich and Geneva airports revealed that the standard uncertainty of the L_Aeq ranges from 0.5 dB (day) to 1.0 dB (night) for past-time scenarios when using radar data as input, and from 1.0 dB (day) to 1.3 dB (night) for future scenarios, in areas where L_Aeq ⩾ 53 dB (day) and L_Aeq ⩾ 43 dB (night), respectively. Different uncertainty values may result for other models and/or airports, depending on the model sophistication, traffic input data, available sound source data, and airport peculiarities such as the specific aircraft fleet or prevailing departure and arrival procedures. The methodology, while established for FLULA2 on Zurich and Geneva airports, may be applied to other models and/or airports, but the partial uncertainties have to be specifically re-established to account for individual models and underlying sound source data.     

含噪混沌时间序列预测误差分析

对于含噪混沌时间序列预测问题, 传统方法存在较大的经验性, 对预测误差的构成分析不足, 因而忽略了混沌动态重建与预测模型建立之间的差异性. 本文将实际预测误差分解为预测器偏差和输入扰动误差, 并对整体最小二乘和正则化两种全局预测方法进行分析比较, 进而说明整体最小二乘适用于混沌动态的重建, 对预测器偏差影响较大, 而正则化方法能够改善预测器敏感性, 对输入扰动误差影响较大. 通过两个仿真实例, 展示了混沌动态重建与预测模型建立之间的差异, 在对比最小二乘和正则化方法的同时验证了实际预测误差受预测器偏差和输入扰动误差共同作用. 并指出, 在实际操作时应在二者间寻求平衡, 以便使模型预测精度达到最优. 关键词： 混沌时间序列预测 噪声 整体最小二乘 正则化     

Research of multiple wavelength light source based on super-continuous spectrum

In order to meet the requirements of the multi-wavelength light source of large-capacity, high-speed, long-distance optical communication system, we researched the multi-wavelength light source based on super-continuum (SC), analyzed the main factors in the SC generation, such as dispersion, nonlinear effects. The SC simulation and optimization around the input pulse width, peak power, fiber length, non-linear coefficient parameters for analysis. The optimized results: SC input achieved 25 GHz repetition rate, amplified by high power EDFA, input average power did not exceed 33 dBm. The output of the SC 3 dB bandwidth was greater than 70 nm, after AWG, output 320 wavelengths, wavelength spacing is 0.2 nm (25 GHz), the signal-to-noise ratio was greater than 30 dB.     

脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定

为开展脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定,分析了应用黑箱概念建立测量不确定度模型的方法,给出了脉冲分压器测量与标定的不确定度模型。依照不确定度传播率,对完善后的模型进行不确定度合成,并与通常采用的按照方差进行相对不确定分量合成的结果进行比较。计算结果表明:当不确定度模型中仅仅存在不同变量的乘除形式,或虽然存在加减项,但是其数学期望值为0,相对不确定度合成可以得到正确的结果。对通过测量2个电压间接计算电位差的方法以及用分贝表示衰减的不确定度合成开展分析,验证了相对不确定度合成的适用范围。在分压器标定实验中,为了减小信号源输出值的分散性对评定结果的影响,对电压比值开展A类不确定度评定,合成后得到分压比不确定度。     

Probabilistic approaches to compute uncertainty intervals and sensitivity factors of ultrasonic simulations of a weld inspection

For comprehension purpose, numerical computations are more and more used to simulate the propagation phenomena observed during experimental inspections. However, the good agreement between experimental and simulated data necessitates the use of accurate input data and thus a good characterization of the inspected material. Generally the input data are provided by experimental measurements and are consequently tainted with uncertainties. Thus, it becomes necessary to evaluate the impact of these uncertainties on the outputs of the numerical model. The aim of this study is to perform a probabilistic analysis of an ultrasonic inspection of an austenitic weld containing a manufactured defect based on advanced techniques such as polynomial chaos expansions and computation of sensitivity factors (Sobol, DGSM). The simulation of this configuration with the finite element code ATHENA2D was performed 6000 times with variations of the input parameters (the columnar grain orientation and the elastic constants of the material). The 6000 sets of input parameters were obtained from adapted statistical laws. The output parameters (the amplitude and the position of the defect echo) distributions were then analyzed and the 95% confidence intervals were determined.