边界扫描测试在数字电路自动测试系统中的研究与应用[BT)]

边界扫描测试是当前数字电路模块故障隔离的主要手段,但测试能力受到模块可测试性设计限制,其它方面作用也被忽略。文中对数字电路自动测试系统设计提出了边界扫描测试应用技术,包括系统自检测试,模块功能测试和模块故障隔离。在系统自检测试中应用边界扫描,提高了设备自检故障隔离精度;而对于模块功能测试,边界扫描测试技术提供了一种新的选择;在故障隔离中扩展和延伸应用边界扫描技术,突破了模块自身测试性的限制,提高了边界扫描测试的故障覆盖率和故障隔离精度。通过实际测试验证表明,该设计方法稳定可靠,同时提升了测试系统自身和模块的测试能力和隔离精度。     

Optimisation of damping treatments based on big bang–big crunch and modal strain energy methods

A cost-effective methodology is needed in various applications in order to optimise damping treatments for structures. Although some methods appear to be applicable for structures with relatively simple geometries, it is still difficult to utilise them for general structures. This paper presents an efficient approach for optimisation of passive damping treatments that can be applied to general structures. First, an optimisation procedure based on big bang–big crunch optimisation method is introduced and its effectiveness for damping optimisation is evaluated. Then, a procedure based on modal strain energy method is presented for the prediction of modal damping levels for structures with damping treatments and its performance is assessed. After that, for validation purposes, the proposed optimisation methodology is used to maximise modal damping for a single mode of a structure whose optimised configurations are known for the individual modes. Finally, the performance of the proposed optimisation procedure is demonstrated for the maximisation of damping levels for multiple modes at the same time and the applicability of the approach for general structures with passive damping treatments is demonstrated.     

Normal modes and quality factors of spherical dielectric resonators: I — shielded dielectric sphere

Electromagnetic theoretic analysis of shielded homogeneous and isotropic dielectric spheres has been made. Characteristic equations for the TE and TM modes have been derived. Dielectric spheres of radii of the order of μm size are found suitable for the optical frequency region whereas for the microwave region radii of the order of mm size are found suitable. Parameters suitable for their application in the optical and microwave frequency ranges have been used to compute the frequencies corresponding to the normal modes for the TE and TM modes. Expressions for the quality factors for realistic resonators, i.e., for a dielectric sphere with a non-zero conductivity and a metal shield with a finite conductivity have also been derived for the TE and TM modes. Computations of the quality factors have been made for resonators with parameters suitable for the optical and the microwave regions.     

Calculation of the luminescence of a finite volume with population inversion

Amplified luminescence is examined for a polished cylindrical rod. Nonlinear transport equations are used to examine the distribution of the emission along the rod and the mean density of the amplified luminescence. It is found that the probability of luminescence-induced transitions is of the same order as that for spontaneous transitions for a ruby rod. Calculations are presented for storage in a metastable level and for oscillation. Estimates are presented for the amplified luminescence from a cylinder with nonreflecting surfaces and also for a sphere.I am indebted to B. I. Stepanov for interest and valuable advice.     

蛛丝和蚕丝化学元素X射线荧光光谱分析及其应用

采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)方法研究蛛丝和蚕丝的化学元素组成,探讨成丝机制中金属离子的作用及生物丝性能优良的元素基础。XRF分析蚕丝中C含量是47.10%、O为29.92%、N是16.52%;金属元素包括：Ca含量0.166 2%、Mg含量0.104 0%和K含量0.039 5%,而Na,Zn,Ni,Fe和Cr是微量元素。Ca和Mg元素含量高,在桑蚕吐丝机制中起着重要的作用。在蛛丝中,主要的非金属元素是：C含量44.09%、O含量26.64%和N含量22.34%。高含量的N元素可能是蛛丝优异的刚性和韧性性能的元素基础。在蛛丝中,Na含量0.268 0%、K含量0.081 4%和Mg含量0.011 6%,而Ca,Zn,Fe,Cu和Cr则是微量元素。蛛丝中Na和K元素含量高,在蜘蛛吐丝机制中可能起重要作用。运用数学统计方法研究生物丝元素组成与XRF元素分析结果吻合。     

Surface plasma waves in silver and gold

The dispersion curves for surface plasma waves (SPW) in Ag have been determined from calculated reflectivity minima as exhibited by attenuated total reflection (ATR spectra) for the prism-air-metal (PAM) configuration and from the direct calculation of the dispersion relation for the same configuration. The dispersion curves for Au have been determined by measuring the ATR spectra for the prism-dielectric-metal (PDM) configuration, by calculating the ATR spectra from published optical constants and from the direct calculation of the despersion relation for the PDM configuration. We have found two general types of solutions from the direct calculation of the dispersion relation for both configurations. The two solutions are the surface or Brewster modes and the virtual modes. The characteristics of both modes are discussed. The effect of electronic damping upon the dispersion curves for Ag which exhibits low electronic damping and Au which exhibits moderate electronic damping is demonstrated. Finally the perturbing effect of the dielectric (referred herein as dielectric shift) upon the displacement of the dispersion curves to higher wave number for the PAM configuration for Ag and for the PDM configuration for Au is shown.     

Magnetoreflection studies of graphite intercalation compounds

Magnetoreflection spectra are presented for the first time for donor graphite intercalation compounds and for acceptor compounds of low stage. Analysis of these spectra yields values for the K-point effective masses for the conduction and valence bands. Shifts in Fermi level are determined and a breakdown in selection rules for K-point transitions is reported.     

Application of the Scherer-Blume theory to the intermediate ionization regime

Blume's formula for the time-differential attenuation coefficients for the hyperfine perturbation of ions recoiling in gas is rewritten in a form convenient for numerical solution when the number of precession frequencies is large. Asymptotic expressions for the behaviour of the solutions for very short, and very long correlation time are given. Approximate condition for the existence of a minimum in the pressure dependence of the time differential coefficients, as well as the position and depth of such a minimum, are also derived, and compared with the results of calculations for various physical systems.Supported in part by the Israel Commission for Basic Research.     

Hydrogen defect-level pinning in semiconductors: the muonium equivalent

We have determined locations for the donor and acceptor levels of muonium in six semiconductor materials (Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, ZnSe, and 6H-SiC) as a test of defect-level pinning for hydrogen. Within theoretical band alignments, our results indicate a common energy for the equilibrium charge-transition level Mu(+/-) to within experimental uncertainties. However, this is nearly 0.5 eV higher than the energy at which the equivalent level for hydrogen was predicted to be pinned. Corrections for zero-point energy account for only about 10% of this difference. We also report experimental results for the (negative-U) difference between donor and acceptor levels for Mu to be compared with calculated values for H impurities in the same materials.     

The radio frequency conductivity of some aliphatic alcohols at different temperatures

Activation energies for viscous flow and conductivity are computed from experimental values of RF conductivity (frequency 400 kHz) at different temperatures for eight polar liquids. It is observed that for aliphatic alcohols the activation energy for conductivity is greater than that for viscous flow. However, their ratio is slightly greater than unity and is different for different alcohols whereas for nonassociating polar liquids the ratio is almost equal to unity. The dependence of conductivity on viscosity for the liquid alcohols does not follow the Walden’s law but can be well represented by Adamczewskis relation.     

Search for chargino and neutralino production at \sqrt{s} = 181–184 GeV at LEP

A search for charginos and neutralinos, predicted by supersymmetric theories, has been performed using a data sample of 57 pb at centre-of-mass energies of 181–184 GeV taken with the OPAL detector at LEP. No evidence for chargino or neutralino production has been found. Upper limits on chargino and neutralino pair production (, ) cross-sections are obtained as a function of the chargino mass (), the lightest neutralino mass () and the second lightest neutralino mass (). For large chargino masses the limits have been improved with respect to the previous analyses at lower centre-of-mass energies. Exclusion regions at 95% confidence level (C.L.) of parameters of the Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model are determined for the case of a large universal scalar mass, , implying heavy scalar fermions, and for the case of a small resulting in light scalar fermions and giving the worst-case limits. Within this framework and for GeV the 95% C.L. lower limits on for GeV are 90.0 and 90.2 GeV for and 35 respectively. These limits for all (the worst-case) are 69.1 and 65.2 GeV for and 35 respectively. Exclusion regions are also presented for neutralino masses, including an absolute lower limit at 95% C.L. for the mass of the lightest neutralino of 30.1 GeV for GeV (24.2 GeV for all ), with implications for experimental searches for the lightest neutralino as a dark matter candidate. Received: 19 August 1998 / Published online: 11 March 1999     

Structural and Thermodynamic Peculiarities of Core-Shell Particles at Fluid Interfaces from Triangular Lattice Models

A triangular lattice model for pattern formation by core-shell particles at fluid interfaces is introduced and studied for the particle to core diameter ratio equal to 3. Repulsion for overlapping shells and attraction at larger distances due to capillary forces are assumed. Ground states and thermodynamic properties are determined analytically and by Monte Carlo simulations for soft outer- and stiffer inner shells, with different decay rates of the interparticle repulsion. We find that thermodynamic properties are qualitatively the same for slow and for fast decay of the repulsive potential, but the ordered phases are stable for temperature ranges, depending strongly on the shape of the repulsive potential. More importantly, there are two types of patterns formed for fixed chemical potential—one for a slow and another one for a fast decay of the repulsion at small distances. In the first case, two different patterns—for example clusters or stripes—occur with the same probability for some range of the chemical potential. For a fixed concentration, an interface is formed between two ordered phases with the closest concentration, and the surface tension takes the same value for all stable interfaces. In the case of degeneracy, a stable interface cannot be formed for one out of four combinations of the coexisting phases, because of a larger surface tension. Our results show that by tuning the architecture of a thick polymeric shell, many different patterns can be obtained for a sufficiently low temperature.     

Dimensional resonances and second-harmonic generation in a semibounded nonlinear layered periodic medium

A theory for the nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic waves in a semibounded periodic dielectric structure is developed using the example of second-harmonic generation. One of the layers forming a period is assumed to have nonlinear polarization. The theory is an improved perturbation theory based on the Green theorem. The phase-matching conditions for interacting waves are shown to correspond to dimensional resonances for individual layers or for the structure period. The interaction efficiency is maximum at passband edges for the case of resonance for the entire period. For this resonance, the phase-matching conditions are met for a frequency spectrum rather than for a single frequency. This feature makes it possible to convert spectra from one frequency range to another.     

Intensity cross-correlation in light scattered by the rotational motion of macromolecules

Intensity cross-correlation in light scattered by the rotational motion of macromolecules is discussed in terms of pair- pair correlation. Expressions are given for a single pair for comparison with a rod, an equilateral triangle for comparison with a flat macromolecule, and a regular tetrahedron for comparison with other shapes. Anticorrelation occurs for the pair and triangle and correlation for the tetrahedron.     

Some Observations about the MOLSCAT

For calculation of cross sections for collisional transitions between rotational levels in a molecule, a computer code, MOLSCAT is available. For the transitions between rotational levels in H₂CS due to collisions with He atom, we have calculated cross sections under the CS approximation, for example, for total energy 11 cm^-1. The calculations have been done for the single energy 11 cm^-1 and for ten combinations. We have found that the cross sections for the single energy 11 cm^-1, differ from those in the first seven combinations, but are in agreement with those in the last three combinations. The reason for the difference in the results appears that the MOLSCAT uses the intermediate data of calculations for one energy, in the calculations for other energies. The agreement with the last three combinations may be understood that when the energy of combination is in the decreasing trend, the cross sections for the first (common) energy are equal. It may be suggested to run the MOLSCAT for a single energy at a time.     

Pitch discrimination and phase sensitivity in young and elderly subjects and its relationship to frequency selectivity.

Frequency difference limens for pure tones (DLFs) and for complex tones (DLCs) were measured for four groups of subjects: young normal hearing, young hearing impaired, elderly with near-normal hearing, and elderly hearing impaired. The auditory filters of the subjects had been measured in earlier experiments using the notched-noise method, for center frequencies (fc) of 100, 200, 400, and 800 Hz. The DLFs for both impaired groups were higher than for the young normal group at all fc's (50-4000 Hz). The DLFs at a given fc were generally only weakly correlated with the sharpness of the auditory filter at that fc, and some subjects with broad filters had near-normal DLFs at low frequencies. Some subjects in the elderly normal group had very large DLFs at low frequencies in spite of near-normal auditory filters. These results suggest a partial dissociation of frequency selectivity and frequency discrimination of pure tones. The DLCs for the two impaired groups were higher than those for the young normal group at all fundamental frequencies (fo) tested (50, 100, 200, and 400 Hz); the DLCs for the elderly normal group were intermediate. At fo = 50 Hz, DLCs for a complex tone containing only low harmonics (1-5) were markedly higher than for complex tones containing higher harmonics, for all subject groups, suggesting that pitch was conveyed largely by the higher, unresolved harmonics. For the elderly impaired group, and some subjects in the elderly normal group, DLCs were larger for a complex tone with lower harmonics (1-12) than for tones without lower harmonics (4-12 and 6-12) for fo's up to 200 Hz. Some elderly normal subjects had markedly larger-than-normal DLCs in spite of near-normal auditory filters. The DLCs tended to be larger for complexes with components added in alternating sine/cosine phase than for complexes with components added in cosine phase. Phase effects were significant for all groups, but were small for the young normal group. The results are not consistent with place-based models of the pitch perception of complex tones; rather, they suggest that pitch is at least partly determined by temporal mechanisms.     

Effects of the use of personal music players on amplitude modulation detection and frequency discrimination

Measures of auditory performance were compared for an experimental group who listened regularly to music via personal music players (PMP) and a control group who did not. Absolute thresholds were similar for the two groups for frequencies up to 2 kHz, but the experimental group had slightly but significantly higher thresholds at higher frequencies. Thresholds for the frequency discrimination of pure tones were measured for a sensation level (SL) of 20 dB and center frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 kHz. Thresholds were significantly higher (worse) for the experimental than for the control group for frequencies from 3 to 8 kHz, but not for lower frequencies. Thresholds for detecting sinusoidal amplitude modulation (AM) were measured for SLs of 10 and 20 dB, using four carrier frequencies 0.5, 3, 4, and 6 kHz, and three modulation frequencies 4, 16, and 50 Hz. Thresholds were significantly lower (better) for the experimental than for the control group for the 4- and 6-kHz carriers, but not for the other carriers. It is concluded that listening to music via PMP can have subtle effects on frequency discrimination and AM detection.     

Total cross sections for ve and ve interactions and search for neutrino oscillations and decay

About 200 and 60 candidates for electron neutrino and antineutrino interactions, respectively, have been analyzed in the heavy liquid bubble chamber Gargamelle exposed to the CERN PS neutrino beam. Evidence for scaling has been found for these interactions, with slopes of the cross sections in good agreement with those obtained for muon neutrino and antineutrino events in the same chamber. No evidence appears for oscillations of neutrinos or antineutrinos, which would induce in the present experiment an excess of electron or positron events. The corresponding limits are given as functions of the mixing parameter, for the finite mass Majorana neutrinos. The possibility of a multiplicative law for the lepton number has also been investigated. A search for isolated electron-positron pairs revealed no excess in the forward direction, in contradiction to the expectation for muonic neutrino and antineutrino decays. The corresponding limits on the c.m. half lifetimes are given.