激波作用不同椭圆氦气柱过程中流动混合研究

在激波与气柱相互作用问题中,压力与密度间断不平行产生的斜压涡量会引起流动的不稳定性,从而促进物质间的混合.本文基于双通量模型,结合五阶加权基本无振荡(WENO)格式,求解多组分二维Navier-Stokes方程,分析激波作用面积相同结构不同的椭圆气柱所致的流动和混合.数值结果清晰地显示了激波诱导Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性引起的气柱界面变形和波系演化.同时定量地从界面运动、界面结构参数变化(长度和高度)、气柱体积压缩率、环量及混合率等角度分析激波诱导的流动混合机制,研究椭圆几何构型对氦气混合过程的影响.结果表明,界面及相关参数的演化与气柱初始形状密切相关.当激波沿椭圆长轴作用于气柱时,气柱前端出现空气射流结构,且射流不断增长并渗透到下游界面,致使气柱分离成两个独立涡团,离心率越大,射流发展越快;同时激波作用气柱后在界面处产生不规则反射现象.圆形气柱界面演化与这种作用情形类似.当激波沿椭圆短轴作用于气柱时,界面上游出现类平面结构,随后平面上下缘处产生涡旋,主导流动发展,激波在界面作用产生规则反射,离心率越大,这些现象越明显.界面高度、长度、体积压缩率也因此有所差异.对界面演化、环量和混合率的综合分析表明,激波沿长轴作用于气柱且离心率较大时,流动发展较快,不稳定性导致的流动越复杂,越有利于氦气与环境介质的混合.     

高负荷扩压平面叶栅进口均匀性分析及改进

通过对典型平面叶栅风洞试验段的数值模拟研究了不同来流攻角和不同来流马赫数下某高负荷扩压叶栅进口周向流场的均匀性,分析了影响叶栅进口流场均匀性的主要原因,研究了改变叶栅上壁面形状对于叶栅进口均匀性的改善效果.数值结果表明:向上游倾斜的扩压平面叶栅固有结构决定了栅前周向流场的不均匀分布;随着来流攻角增大,叶栅上侧壁的通道堵塞程度增大,导致栅前速度场和方向场的不均匀性增大,来流攻角和设定值的最大偏差超过5°;通过减小叶栅上侧壁的弯曲程度可以有效提升栅前流场的均匀程度和范围,使来流攻角和设定值的最大偏差减小至2°.     

单/双向进气再入式涡轮内部流动特性研究

利用三维数值计算方法,得到了单/双向进气再入式涡轮总体性能参数,并对其内部流动进行了详细研究。通过对数值模拟结果的分析表明:单向进气再入式涡轮尺寸较大、结构复杂的再入管道,使得流经其中的燃气总压损失大于双向进气结构型式,且单向进气再入涡轮第二级动叶进口负冲角更大,造成更高的进气损失,因而其总静效率较双向进气结构型式低2.37%。单向进气再入涡轮动叶排两侧压力沿周向分布不均匀性参数分别为1.0472和1.6530,双向进气结构型式为1.8497和1.1233,双向进气结构型式压力沿周向不均匀性更大,导致轴向间隙内的燃气沿周向窜流的程度更大,且双向进气结构型式的第一级进气扇区与出口段布置在同侧,使得沿周向窜动的燃气更易直接流出涡轮,降低了再入管道对前面级燃气的收集能力。     

叶轮机通流模型周向脉动应力项建模及分析

为了模化周向平均通流模型中的周向脉动应力项,一种基于势流分析的代数方法被提出,并被整合到通流模型中。通过对具有不同弯角、不同迎角以及不同来流马赫数的叶栅开展三维数值模拟和通流计算,分析结果表明:主要由无黏叶片力所诱发的周向不均匀性会重新组织叶片通道的进口流场,进而改变迎角。并且,随着负荷或马赫数的提高,这种周向不均匀性将加强,其对流动的影响也会进一步提升。加入该代数模型后,通流模型能够很好地实现对周向不均匀性的预测,周向脉动源项在前缘前与三维结果的偏差在5%以内,对叶片通道进口气流角改变量的预测精度提高了50%以上。     

太阳能集热管截面形状对管内超临界CO_2流动换热的影响研究

超临界CO_2的太阳能管式集热器通常在高压、高温、高能流密度且非均匀分布的工况下运行,为了探寻有效的流动换热与吸热综合性能强化措施,本文数值模拟研究了5种集热管截面形状对管内超临界CO_2流动换热与阻力性能的影响规律,获得了流动与换热性能、吸热性能、集热管表面温度较低且分布均匀性较优的强化方式。结果表明:1)对于不同截面形状集热管,椭圆形截面集热管的流动换热与吸热综合性能指标(j/f)(q′/q)最优且随长短轴比K的增大而先增大后减小;2)对于不同截面形状集热管表面温度,K最大的椭圆形C截面(K=2.5)的表面最高温度最低,轴向与周向温度分布均匀性最优且K越大越优。     

进口漩流对透平排汽缸内部流动的影响

使用CFD软件CFX数值模拟了不同漩流条件下大功率汽轮机低压排汽系统实验模型内部的复杂三维流动,定义了衡量非轴对称流场周向不均匀程度的周向不均匀系数.通过对不同漩流条件下计算得到的总压损失系数、静压恢复系数、周向不均匀系数以及缸内流场的对比分析,发现来流在不同径向位置处的漩流角对排汽缸内流动有不同的影响,在此基础上提出了能改善排汽缸气动性能的来流切向气流角分布并进行了数值验证分析.     

椭圆截面战斗部爆炸驱动破片作用过程的数值模拟

为研究爆轰驱动下椭圆截面自然破片杀伤战斗部壳体的膨胀破裂过程以及壳体破片径向速度分布,建立了椭圆截面战斗部三维模型。通过AUTODYN-3D软件,采用Lagrange算法模拟爆轰驱动下椭圆截面自然破片战斗部壳体的膨胀断裂过程,研究了端面单点中心起爆方式下短长轴断裂时间差与短长轴比的关系,以及不同起爆点、不同短长轴比和不同装填比(即装药与壳体质量之比)对椭圆截面战斗部径向破片速度分布的影响。结果表明:与端面中心单点起爆、端面长轴双点偏心起爆和端面短长轴四点偏心起爆相比,端面短轴双点偏心起爆方式对椭圆截面战斗部壳体破片径向速度的增益效果最好。装填比一定时,短、长轴断裂时间以及短、长轴断裂时间差与短长轴比呈线性关系,战斗部壳体膨胀过程中截面形状的实时短长轴比与加载时间呈线性关系;随着短长轴比的增大,战斗部壳体破片径向速度增益逐渐减小。短长轴比一定,装填比小于1时,破片速度随方位角增大呈正弦趋势上升,且短、长轴方向破片速度差与装填比呈线性关系。     

标模外形化学非平衡流场数值模拟

利用三维并行计算代码求解Navier-Stokes方程,数值模拟标模(ELECTRE)化学非平衡绕流,研究真实气体效应对标模气动热特性的影响,反应模型为Dunn和Kang的7组元7反应化学动力学模型.利用典型弹道点的飞行试验数据验证化学非平衡流计算程序的可靠性.在此基础上,研究不同壁面催化条件下攻角和高度变化对热流的影响.计算表明:真实气体效应主要发生在物面附近很薄的激波层内,并使激波脱体距离减小;完全催化壁驻点热流值高于非催化壁热流值;随着攻角增大,热流分布差异明显,而且攻角越大时,物面电子数密度越小;飞行高度越高,O₂和N₂离解程度越低,驻点热流越低.     

水平轴风力机偏航气动性能分析

基于计算流体力学方法(CFD),采用带Gamma-Theta转捩的T-SST湍流模型,对NREL PhaseⅥ风力机在9个偏航角的气动特性进行了全三维非定常数值模拟。计算的功率与实验值吻合较好。提取了叶片截面翼型几何攻角和有效攻角,分析了不同偏航角下风轮的功率、推力,以及叶片沿展向各截面压力分布和法向力载荷系数的变化规律。偏航工况下,在旋转周期内,风轮功率、推力呈现2P波动性质,叶片气动载荷沿旋转方向呈现余弦交变性质。轴向来流工况时,叶片绕流的三维效应不明显。随着偏航角增大,三维迟滞回环越来越明显,且逐渐从内叶展过渡到中叶展,外叶展的迟滞效应不明显。     

亚音速转子中尾涡的影响

压气机的叶片宛如一个机翼,当沿展向的环量分布不均匀时,会有尾涡出现,引起展向环量分布不均匀的原因是多方面的。在亚音速转子中,可能的原因如下:1)原设计的展向环量分布不均匀;2)叶片在非设计工况下工作;3)环壁边界层存在和根部叶片的大折转角诱发的根部叶片通道二次流也能改变此段叶片截面上的环量分布,而叶片的有限展长在顶端截面上也会诱导附加环量,等等。尾涡的存在会产生诱导攻角和改变出气角,最终导致环量沿展向重新分布。文献[1]提出了描述尾涡影响的扰动势场方程。在无粘和稳定条件下,方程可写成     

Numerical study of converging shock waves in porous media

The dependences of the solutions to the hydrodynamic equations of compressed media that describe converging shock waves on the density of a substance ahead of a wave front are studied. The properties of Hugoniot adiabats that can explain the qualitatively different characters of these dependences for the equations of state of perfect gas and condensed matter are analyzed. The one-dimensional problems of converging shock waves in graphite and aluminum are considered, and the two-dimensional problem of the compression of graphite in a steel target with a conical cavity is solved. The latter problem is also investigated in terms of a simple model for a deformable solid that takes into account shear stresses.     

Superspherical cumulation. Converging shock waves with amplitudes increasing faster than in spherical cumulation

Experimental, numerical, and theoretical investigations are made of a gas flow generated by a pulsed high-current discharge in an axisymmetric cavity bounded by a spherical lens adjacent to a flat plate. It is shown that the shock wave forming in the discharge and converging toward the axis is accelerated and amplified as it converges. The amplitude of the shock wave increases faster than does that of a spherical converging shock wave. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 10–18 (March 1999)     

Manifestation of the Gouy phase in vector-vortex beams

Experimental measurements of the twirl and changes in the anisotropy of the constant intensity ellipse, and the rotation of the polarization singular lemon pattern a generalized vector-vortex beam experiences around the two foci due to the converging and diverging conical waves and in between, are presented and interpreted as being due to the universal form of the Gouy phase, φ(G)=mπ/2.     

Interaction of strong converging shock wave with SF<Subscript>6</Subscript> gas bubble

Interaction of a strong converging shock wave with an SF₆ gas bubble is studied, focusing on the effects of shock intensity and shock shape on interface evolution. Experimentally, the converging shock wave is generated by shock dynamics theory and the gas bubble is created by soap film technique. The post-shock flow field is captured by a schlieren photography combined with a high-speed video camera. Besides, a three-dimensional program is adopted to provide more details of flow field. After the strong converging shock wave impact, a wide and pronged outward jet, which differs from that in planar shock or weak converging shock condition, is derived from the downstream interface pole. This specific phenomenon is considered to be closely associated with shock intensity and shock curvature. Disturbed by the gas bubble, the converging shocks approaching the convergence center have polygonal shapes, and the relationship between shock intensity and shock radius verifies the applicability of polygonal converging shock theory. Subsequently, the motion of upstream point is discussed, and a modified nonlinear theory considering rarefaction wave and high amplitude effects is proposed. In addition, the effects of shock shape on interface morphology and interface scales are elucidated. These results indicate that the shape as well as shock strength plays an important role in interface evolution.     

Interaction of strong converging shock wave with SF6gas bubble

Interaction of a strong converging shock wave with an SF6 gas bubble is studied, focusing on the effects of shock intensity and shock shape on interface evolution. Experimentally, the converging shock wave is generated by shock dynamics theory and the gas bubble is created by soap film technique. The post-shock flow field is captured by a schlieren photography combined with a high-speed video camera. Besides, a three-dimensional program is adopted to provide more details of flow field. After the strong converging shock wave impact, a wide and pronged outward jet, which differs from that in planar shock or weak converging shock condition, is derived from the downstream interface pole. This specific phenomenon is considered to be closely associated with shock intensity and shock curvature. Disturbed by the gas bubble, the converging shocks approaching the convergence center have polygonal shapes, and the relationship between shock intensity and shock radius verifies the applicability of polygonal converging shock theory. Subsequently, the motion of upstream point is discussed, and a modified nonlinear theory considering rarefaction wave and high amplitude effects is proposed. In addition, the effects of shock shape on interface morphology and interface scales are elucidated. These results indicate that the shape as well as shock strength plays an important role in interface evolution.     

Imperfections in focal conic domains: the role of dislocations

It is usual to think of focal conic domains (FCDs) as perfect geometric constructions in which the layers are folded into Dupin cyclides about an ellipse and a hyperbola that are conjugate. This ideal picture is often far from reality. We have investigated in detail the FCDs in several materials that have a transition from a smectic A (SmA) to a nematic phase (N). The ellipse and the hyperbola are seldom perfect, and the FCD textures also suffer large transformations (in shape and/or in nature) when approaching the transition to the nematic phase, or appear imperfect on cooling from the nematic phase. We interpret these imperfections as due to the interaction of FCDs with dislocations. We analyze theoretically the general principles subtending the interaction mechanisms between FCDs and finite Burgers vector dislocations, namely the formation of kinks on disclinations, to which dislocations are attached, and we present models relating to some experimental results. Whereas the principles of the interactions are very general, their realizations can differ widely in function of the boundary conditions.     

Der Einfluß einer zylindrisch konvergierenden Stoßwelle auf ein Funkenplasma

The influence of a cylindrically converging shock wave on a spark plasma is investigated. The shock wave is produced by a spark discharge in the axis of a cylindrical vessel. After the reflection at the wall the shock wave returns to the spark channel. The results of time resolved spectroscopic studies of the plasma state are compared with calculations on the basis of a gas-dynamic model. The influences of possible deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium are critically discussed.     

离轴椭圆矢量光场传输中的光斑演变

对离轴椭圆矢量光场的传输特性进行了研究. 推导出离轴椭圆矢量光场在自由空间传输电场和光强的解析表达式. 数值分析结果表明, 离轴高阶圆柱矢量光场具有非对称的光强分布, 传输后的光强分布由传输距离、错位位移、椭圆率决定. 在传输过程中除了光斑会展宽外, 光场中的暗斑会逐渐消失, 最终趋于一种稳态光强分布; 相对于初入射平面的椭圆光斑, 稳态椭圆光斑长短轴互换了. 研究结果有助于深入理解离轴情况下椭圆矢量光场的动态传输特性, 同时可以指导实际椭圆矢量光场的校准.     

法拉第调制技术在微小旋转角检测中的应用

在外磁场中的碱金属原子蒸汽在光泵浦的作用下变成非线性介质,线偏振光经过这种介质时会变成椭圆偏振光,且椭偏光的主轴相对于入射偏振光的偏振面会产生一个微小的旋转。分析了碱金属原子能级结构和在光泵浦下产生的二向色性及其对探测偏振激光的偏振面旋转情况,并介绍了法拉第调制技术对这种旋转的测量方法,得到探测光强与旋转角的关系表达式,可以实现10^-7 rad量级的小角度检测。     

用黑斑的椭圆性质在二值化图像中探测眼睛

在人脸探测过程中 ,双眼的探测非常重要 ,这是因为人的眼睛是人脸上最容易探测到的特征部位。通过双眼探测还可以对人脸进行定位 ,使人脸的尺寸归一化。探讨了一种基于二值化图像中黑斑几何形状分析的双眼探测方法。因为人眼的形状比较接近椭圆 ,故在研究黑斑的几何性质时 ,重点研究黑斑的椭圆性质。所谓黑斑的椭圆性质是指按照黑斑的面积和二阶矩计算出的椭圆参数。椭圆的主要参数有椭圆的面积、质心、长短轴的长度和方向角 (椭圆长轴与水平方向的夹角 )。为了描述黑斑与椭圆的近似程度 ,定义了椭圆硬度的概念。根据眼睛黑斑椭圆参数的测试数据建立了探测眼睛的数学模型 ,并给出了根据此模型得到的双眼探测的实验结果