光声显微成象——一种新型显微成象技术

本文概述了光声显微镜的发展概况、基本原理、装置系统、成象特点以及应用前景.以国内外已经建立的光声显微镜装置及其所取得的研究成果,说明这种成象系统在物理、化学、生物、医学及其它科学研究和生产实际中将发挥重要作用.     

光声显微镜对集成电路的分层成象

利用光声显微镜对集成电路的亚表面结构进行剖析和检测是研究光声显微镜的重要目的之一.本文在理论上从一维热弹模型出发,针对我们的光声成象系统(特别是光声效应的压电接收系统)提出了一些特定的边界条件,计算并分析了利用光声显微镜系统对集成电路实现分层成象的可能性,并且在实验上得到了部分分层成象的结果,显示出光声显微镜作为集成电路生产的监控和检测工具有重要的应用前景.     

基于光声成像的生物组织微结构定征研究进展*

光声成像是一种新兴的复合型生物医学成像技术,它既具有光学成像丰富的光学对比度,又具有声学成像成像深度深、深层组织空间分辨率高的优点。作为一种非侵入式的成像技术,光声成像逐渐显现出极大的生物医学应用潜力。该文首先介绍了光声成像的物理机制,以及光声显微镜和光声计算机断层成像这两种典型的光声成像技术;然后讨论了从光声射频信号中提取组织微结构的尺度、数量密度、弹性等特征参数的研究进展,并展望了其在组织定征和分类上的应用前景。     

生物医学光声成像的研究进展

光声成像是21世纪初发展起来的新兴的生物医学成像技术,它同时具备光学成像和声学成像两者的优点,因而备受关注。本文对生物医学光声成像的发展进行了综述。首先,介绍了光声成像的特点以及相对于广泛应用的光学成像技术和声学成像技术的优点;其次,在成像原理上解释了光声成像优点的成因,并介绍了光声断层成像和光声显微镜这两种典型的光声成像技术;再次,详细介绍了多尺度的光声图像分辨率和成像深度,以及多信息维度的光声成像参数;最后,展望了光声成像在生物医学领域的应用潜力并讨论了其局限性。     

人体神经细胞的红外光学分层成像研究

引言对于生物样品以及固体材料等的成像,就其成像手段来看,有光学显微镜,电子显微镜,超声显微镜,光声显微镜,离子显微镜以及隧道显微镜等等。每一种显微镜都有它的优点和弱点。例如电子显微镜,因为它的放大倍率高,分辨率高等优点而得到了广泛的应用。但是由于它的成像条件所致,也存在不少弱点,典型的例如对微电路以及生     

扫描光声显微镜及其对亚表面结构的检测

扫描光声显微镜是七十年代末发展起来的新型显微成象技术,几年来发展极为迅速.许多国家的重要大学或研究所都先后建立起各种类型的光声显微镜或光声成象系统.     

多参量光声成像及其在生物医学领域的应用

光声成像兼具声学成像和光学成像两者的优点, 因而成为近十年来发展最迅速的生物医学成像技术之一. 本文介绍了光声成像的特点及其相对于广泛应用的光学成像技术和声学成像技术的优点; 其次, 解释了光声成像的成像原理, 在此基础上介绍了光声断层成像和光声显微镜这两种典型的光声成像方案, 并介绍了它们的技术特点; 然后, 介绍了光声成像对生物组织的生化特性、组织力学特性、血液流速分布、温度分布参数、微结构特性等多信息参量的提取能力, 及其在生物系统的结构成像、功能成像、代谢成像、分子成像、基因成像等多领域的应用; 最后, 展望了光声成像在生物医学领域的应用潜力并讨论了其局限性.     

光声效应及其应用

本文简要地介绍了光声检测的特点,以及气体、固体光声效应的原理及其应用.     

光声成像研究进展

本文阐述了光声成像的工作原理,光声信号的产生,传播和探测过程,并总结了光声成像的研究进展,包括时域光声成像和频率域光声成像的研究进展、以及各自的特点,为光声成像领域的研究起到一定的借鉴作用。分析认为光声成像技术有着其他医学成像技术没有的诸多优点,如高分辨率、高对比度、成像深度深等具有广阔的应用前景和较高应用价值,是未来生物医学领域最重要的实时医学成像技术之一,因此得到了国际上的广泛关注。     

光声信号的双谱分析方法研究

基于光声效应的光声光谱技术是光学与声学的有机结合, 可利用不同波长的入射光波, 产生不同的光声信号, 从而为组分识别、组织无损检测等提供高对比度图像, 是一种极具潜力的新型医学诊断技术.但光声光谱检测技术由于受检测方法的制约, 往往扫描时间较长, 而且信号的稳定性和图像识别的准确性也较差. 为了弥补单一光声光谱分析的局限性, 根据光声效应原理和振动理论, 提出了一种光声光谱与光声频谱相结合的双谱分析方法. 该方法通过光声频域信息的定量分析, 可以有效地提高不同组织的光声图像对比度, 从而提高光声成像的组分识别能力, 为光声频谱功能成像奠定理论基础. 实验结果显示, 光声光谱与光声频谱相结合的双谱分析方法可以较好地识别实验组织样品, 可实现高速、高分辨率的组分识别、组织探伤等, 具有广泛的应用前景和重要的临床诊断意义. 关键词： 光声成像 光声光谱分析 光声频谱分析     

X射线显微术

综述了Ｘ射线显微术的基本原理，成像模式和技术及其在生命科学，材料科学等方面应用的新进展，同时简述了Ｘ线射显微术应用过程中应注意的几个问题。     

Spring school on magnetic properties of condensed matter

The sixth joint Stanford-Berkeley summer school on synchrotron radiation and its applications in physical science was held on August 17?22, 2008, at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The Stanford-Berkeley summer school is jointly organized by the Stanford University, University of California Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL). Anders Nilsson (Stanford) and Dave Attwood (Berkeley) have been the organizers of this one-week summer school since 2001. It alternates between Stanford and Berkeley. The summer school provides lecture programs on synchrotron radiation and its broad range of scientific applications in the physical science, visits to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and the Advanced Light Source, where the students also have the opportunity to join a beamline. The program is designed to introduce students and postdocs to the fundamental properties of synchrotron radiation and how to understand and use spectroscopic, scattering and microscopy techniques in various scientific applications. Particular emphasis is given to examples from physics, chemistry, and material science.     

When optical microscopy meets all-optical analog computing: A brief review

As a revolutionary observation tool in life science, biomedical, and material science, optical microscopy allows imaging of samples with high spatial resolution and a wide field of view. However, conventional microscopy methods are limited to single imaging and cannot accomplish real-time image processing. The edge detection, image enhancement and phase visualization schemes have attracted great interest with the rapid development of optical analog computing. The two main physical mechanisms that enable optical analog computing originate from two geometric phases: the spin-redirection Rytov-Vlasimirskii-Berry (RVB) phase and the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase. Here, we review the basic principles and recent research progress of the RVB phase and PB phase based optical differentiators. Then we focus on the innovative and emerging applications of optical analog computing in microscopic imaging. Optical analog computing is accelerating the transformation of information processing from classical imaging to quantum techniques. Its intersection with optical microscopy opens opportunities for the development of versatile and compact optical microscopy systems.     

单分子科学进展

综述了新兴边缘学科－－单分子科学的进展。对单分子科学的基本实验技术即扫描探针显微术、荧光技术和光镊技术进行了介绍。结合众多的实例（如：对单原子的直接操纵、直接测量化学键强度、在DNA链上“拔河”、用单个C60分子作放大器等）评述了单分子科学方法在各学科领域的广泛应用,以及单分子科学对它们产生的深远影响。最后对单分子科学的发展前景进行了展望。     

Optimization of the Acoustic Pressure Distribution in a Resonant Photoacoustic Cell

The size of a cylindrical photoacoustic cell with suitable size was selected so that the resonant frequency of the first radial mode was equal to that of a longitudinal higher mode. By maintaining two thin coaxial tubes at each end, a enhanced photoacoustic cell was constructed with two tubes of 1/2 and 1/4 of the wavelength. In this enhanced photoacoustie cell, both the first radial resonance and the higher longitudinal resonance were excited adequately. Coupling of two acoustic modes makes the acoustic energy concentrating in the middle of the cell. The surface loss was decreased, the acoustic quality factor and pressure amplitude increased obviously as compared with conventional cylindrical cell.     

Electron Microscopy in Polymer Science

In many fields of research in science, engineering, and medicine, electron microscopy as a method for directly imaging submicroscopic structures has become increasingly important in recent decades. Electron microscopy (EM) includes several different techniques: conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), highvoltage electron microscopy (HVEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), analytical electron microscopy (AEM), emission electron microscopy (EEM), and others. In the past the central aim of using electron microscopy was structure determination, but recently it has been of growing importance for also investigating different processes, i.e., changes in materials by interaction with several influential factors (e.g., heat, electric or mechanic fields, mechanical loading). Of particular interest is the study of the micromechanical processes of deformation and fracture. Therefore, electron microscopy is a very powerful tool for materials science. The present review reports on some capabilities and limitation of the application of electron microscopy to solid polymers. In Section II the techniques of electron microscopy are briefly reviewed, followed by a section that describes the main methods of specimen preparation of solid polymeric materials. In Section IV the results of several applications of electron microscopy are discussed to reveal the morphology as well as the micromechanical deformation processes of several polymeric materials.     

非损伤微测技术及其在生物医学研究中的应用

“非损伤微测技术”或称“无损微测技术”是上世纪末产生的一种用非损伤性的方法获取物体表面特异性离子和分子动态信息的新技术平台。该技术平台是微电子、计算机、精密机械加工、物理、数学、高分子化学、纳米技术及光学显微技术等多学科优秀成果的集成。“非损伤微测技术”可使研究人员在被测样品上获得其他技术难以测到的生理特征和生命活动规律，从而在理论研究和应用领域方面产生实质性的突破。“非损伤微测技术”平台还可以方便地与细胞和分子生物学技术、其他电生理技术和显微荧光成像技术配合使用，从而更全面地揭示各种生命现象及其本质。目前，“非损伤微测技术”平台已被多家科研机构、医院和制药公司所采用，其应用范围涵盖了生物学、生理学、神经生物学、环境科学、药理学、材料科学等诸多领域。文章较详细地介绍了非损伤微测技术及其在生物医学中的应用，其中包括植物、动物研究领域中与生物医学相关问题研究中的应用以及与其他技术结合的应用等。     

Applications of nanostructures in wide-field,label-free super resolution microscopy

Super resolution imaging capable of resolving details beyond the diffraction limit is highly desired in many scientific and application fields, including bio-medicine, nanomaterial science, and opto-electronic integration. Up to now, many different methods have been proposed, among which wide-field, label-free super resolution microscopy is indispensable due to its good applicability to diverse sample types, large field of view(FOV), and high imaging speed. In recent years,nanostructures have made a crucial contribution to the wide-field, label-free subdiffraction microscopy, with various working mechanisms and configuration designs. This review summarizes the recent applications of the nanostructures in the wide-field, label-free super resolution microscopy, with the emphasis on the designs of hyperlens with hyperbolic dispersion, microsphere with "nano-jets", and nanowire ring illumination microscopy based on spatial frequency shift effect. The bottlenecks of the current techniques and possible solutions are also discussed.     

Correlative microscopy: providing new understanding in the biomedical and plant sciences

Correlative microscopy is the application of two or more distinct microscopy techniques to the same region of a sample, generating complementary morphological, structural and chemical information that exceeds what is possible with any single technique. As a variety of complementary microscopy approaches rather than a specific type of instrument, correlative microscopy has blossomed in recent years as researchers have recognised that it is particularly suited to address the intricate questions of the modern biological sciences. Specialised technical developments in sample preparation, imaging methods, visualisation and data analysis have also accelerated the uptake of correlative approaches. In light of these advances, this critical review takes the reader on a journey through recent developments in, and applications of, correlative microscopy, examining its impact in biomedical research and in the field of plant science. This twin emphasis gives a unique perspective into use of correlative microscopy in fields that often advance independently, and highlights the lessons that can be learned from both fields for the future of this important area of research.     

Thermal-wave microscopy and its application to imaging the microstructure and corrosion of cold-rolled steel

Thermal-wave microscopy (TWM), which employs heat flow to probe variations in the thermal properties of solid materials, can provide micron-level resolutions of subsurface features of opaque samples, this paper describes the principle of TWM, reviews its applications in material science, and presents the results of studies using this technique to imaging the microstructure and corrosion of cold-rolled steels. Preliminary results indicate that TWM can image the microstructure of cold-rolled steel with or without a corrosion layer. The results obtained also suggest that the technique can monitor and assess corrosion in its early stage of formation.