熔锥型光纤耦合器拉制过程的仿真和实验研究

基于熔锥型光纤耦合器在拉锥过程中光纤锥形的渐变特性和光纤之间熔融度的变化特点,构建了光纤耦合器在拉制过程中波导结构的变化模型.利用光束传播法对耦合器的拉制过程进行数值模拟,得到耦合器输出光功率随拉伸长度的变化规律以及耦合器的能量分布图.理论模拟和实验结果表明,光纤间熔融度与制作耦合器时的氢气流量及拉伸速度有关,氢气流量大,拉伸速度小,熔融度就大;光纤之间的耦合作用与拉伸长度及熔融度有关,拉伸长度增加或熔融度增大,都会使光纤间的耦合更加显著;拉伸长度不大时,锥形区的耦合可以忽略;随着拉伸长度的增加,光纤变细,耦合作用逐渐增强,锥形区的耦合现象越明显,同时光场也逐渐由纤芯向外发散,产生附加损耗.     

拉伸法制备微纳光纤的设计与研究

微纳光纤通常采用光纤拉锥法制备.对原有装置进行改进,增加电机和控制器搭建火焰加热电机拉伸法制备微纳光纤的实验平台,实现了微纳光纤的自动化制备.探究了光纤直径与拉伸距离、拉伸速度、火焰高度等的关系.理论推导出单侧拉伸过程中锥区直径与拉伸长度的关系,通过对不同速度下锥区形状的测量,解释了拉伸速度影响光纤直径的原因.     

掺铒光纤非线性耦合器的实验研究

提出一种耦合参量可用光调控的掺铒光纤非线性耦合器.用熔融拉锥法熔合两根掺铒光纤，拉制成工作波长为155nm的3dB掺铒光纤耦合器.通过调变输入耦合器一臂的980nm泵浦光功率，可以改变两臂的传播常量差，从而改变耦合器两臂信号光的相对输出功率.通过测量输入泵浦光功率和两臂信号光输出功率，得到直通臂耦合比依赖于泵浦光功率的实验曲线.实验研究表明，当泵浦光功率从0 mW变化至20 mW时，耦合比的变化可达到40％.与理论模拟的结果一致.     

熔融侧面泵浦耦合器光纤夹角对耦合效率的影响

泵浦耦合器是高功率光纤激光器的关键无源光器件,其制作工艺是采用泵浦光纤和主光纤侧面熔融的方法,该方法可以保持主光纤中信号光的低插入损耗,但泵浦光纤和主光纤之间的夹角对耦合效率影响较大。为解决这一问题,根据熔融侧面泵浦耦合器的结构特点,建立了物理模型,推导出各光纤中光功率与夹角关系的方程组,进行了数值仿真和实验论证,结果是随着泵浦光纤和主光纤之间夹角的减小,耦合效率会逐渐增大,但存在临界值,NA值小的泵浦光纤耦合效率高且临界角大,NA为0.22的泵浦光纤,夹角小于9.7时耦合效率最大值为96.9%,NA为0.15的泵浦光纤,夹角小于11.5时耦合效率最大值为97.8%。     

激光熔融拉锥型微型光纤耦合器设计

采用聚焦红外激光光束进行熔融加热,针对激光熔融拉锥型光纤耦合器设计了一种熔融区域长度为200 μm的微型光纤耦合器.使用光束传输法对拉锥长度和耦合区域的宽度进行了模拟并与实验结果比较,在1320 μm的拉锥长度和14 μm的耦合宽度处找到了最优化且低损耗的耦合器尺寸配置.     

高性能三端口全光纤开关

提出采用２×２和３×３单模光纤耦合器组合成的马赫－陈德尔干涉仪来制作全光纤开关。解决了在连续熔融拉伸两个耦合器组成马赫－陈德尔干涉仪的过程中，由于干涉的作用而无法监视光功率来控制第二个耦合器的分束比的问题。并且由于是连续熔融拉伸，保证了两条单模光纤干涉臂长度的一致，从而提高了单模光纤马赫－陈德尔干涉仪的性能，使得用其做成的三端口压电陶瓷电控全光纤开关具有宽频带的特性，其最小交调达到３０ｄＢ，附加损耗为０．２３ｄＢ。     

用两段式波导模型研究3dB宽带光纤耦合器

报道了用两段式组合波导模型分析研究３ｄＢ宽频带熔锥型单模光纤耦合器。根据文献［１］用两根阶跃型单模光纤，使其中一根光纤的熔锥区腐蚀变细，熔融拉锥成两段式的准双锥体组合波导，分别用变分理论和传统的耦合波理论分析横截面近似不变的腰部区域和横截面随从向距离变化的梯度区域内的耦合行为，耦合器的耦合功率是这两段区域耦合功率的叠加。从而得到了耦合器中任意点的耦合功率表达式。用光纤参数和适当的组合波导横截面尺寸     

熔锥型光纤耦合器宽带特性研究

报道了在常规熔锥型单模光纤定向耦合器工艺基础上，以氢氟酸腐蚀法，将两光纤耦合区直径腐蚀成适当比例，用水平直接熔融拉锥系统，将耦合区域拉制成非对称臂组合波导，从而获得了具有宽频带特性、且尺寸较小的单模光纤定向耦合器，实验结果说明：通过控制耦合区长度，可以使耦合器耦合功率在某个特定波长附近、预定小于１００％分束比上具有相当平坦（宽带）特性；从而，通过控制组合波导的不同直径比，可望得到不同分束比宽带耦合     

高功率千瓦级(N+1)×1光纤级联泵浦耦合器

分析了泵浦光纤不同锥区长度对(1+1)×1耦合器效率的影响,相同锥区长度不同泵浦臂数量对(1+1)×1耦合器与(2+1)×1耦合器效率的影响,结果表明泵浦光纤锥型区域越长,通过泵浦光纤进入信号光纤的泵浦光越多,泵浦耦合器的耦合效率越高和相同锥区长度下,泵浦臂数量越多,泵浦耦合器耦合效率越低.根据分析结果制作了(1+1)×1耦合器与(2+1)×1耦合器,通过两个(N+1)×1耦合器级联方式形成级联泵浦耦合器.测试了由两个(1+1)×1耦合器组成的级联泵浦耦合器,在总注入泵浦功率602W的情况下输出泵浦功率564W,级联泵浦耦合效率高达93.6%.由两个(2+1)×1耦合器组成的级联泵浦耦合器,在总注入泵浦功率1 210 W的情况下输出泵浦功率1 120 W,级联泵浦耦合效率高达92.5%,实现了千瓦级泵浦功率输出,且两种级联泵浦耦合器信号光损耗均小于0.4%.利用此方法将耦合器形成级联结构可有效提高光纤激光器系统泵浦输出能力,实现千瓦级高功率输出.     

2×6熔融拉锥型单模光纤耦合器的特性分析

以线性耦合模方程为基础,推导了在弱熔、弱耦条件下2×6熔融拉锥型单模光纤耦合器的传播常量、本征模以及各端口的功率分布情况,并利用“熔融拉锥”法研制成功了两层排列结构的2×6单模光纤耦合器,实验得到的功率分布与理论分析结果基本一致。     

微米光纤耦合型环境折射率传感器

本文展示一种由两根微米光纤构成的耦合型环境折射率传感器。微米光纤表面存在倏逝波,芯外介质折射率微小的改变将引起倏逝场分布变化,从而导致能量在耦合器两臂中的重新分配。本文通过测量耦合器两端出射光功率的比值来对葡萄糖溶液的浓度进行传感,实验结果表明该微米光纤耦合型传感器的浓度传感灵敏度可达1.58 mol·L~(-1)。本文用耦合模理论详细分析了两根相邻微米光纤的耦合效率与芯外介质折射率之间的关系,发现减小耦合区的光纤的直径,增大入射光波长或增大耦合长度,都可以进一步提高这种传感器的灵敏度。     

Characterization of coupling power for single-mode fiber fusion

Fabrication of single-mode fiber coupler by heating fibers on a flame is very common and popular. However, controlling the input and the output power quantities of the fiber coupling process is neither easy nor similar. Power losses occur at the coupling length as the effect of the geometry and structure of fibers during and after fusion. In application, the power losses will affect sensor devices, e.g. optical switch. This paper proposes power splitting into the second fiber junction as a new model by deriving and integrating the coupling power with two conditions of refractive index changes. First is the change in the vertical part and second is the change in the vertical and the horizontal parts. Both conditions are studied by perpendicular and parallel directions of coupling power. The model is examined with a linear change of refractive index where power absorption and reflection are accumulated by power losses. The result shows that power increases as the effect of losses by simulation. These power losses are lost by radiation out of cladding and fiber heating.     

全光纤型微环谐振器的研制

环形谐振器因体积小、功能强、结构简洁等优点长期以来一直在光无源、有源器件的设计和制作中发挥着重要的作用。对光纤的弯曲损耗特性进行了深入分析,指出只有采用微细光纤才能降低全光纤法所制作的环形谐振器的尺寸,加宽器件的自由光谱范围(FSR)获得更好的精细度和品质因子。然后,在改进熔融拉锥技术的同时,保持慢变、绝热条件拉制出在80 mm长度范围内具有良好均匀性、半径为5μm的高质量微细光纤,在此基础上采用自缠绕法研制出半径仅为500μm,谐振效果明显加强的全光纤型微环谐振器,从而很好地解决了集成型微环谐振器较高的弯曲损耗和连接损耗问题。     

硅基二维光子晶体耦合器理论研究

光子晶体是一种具有光子带隙的新型人工材料,利用其具有控制和限制光子运动的特性可以制成新颖的光学器件。利用硅基二维光子晶体,提出了一种4端口耦合器。采用时域有限差分法作为研究工具,TM模作为研究对象,从理论上分析了这种器件的特性。在不同的耦合长度下研究光在输出端的功率透射率。结果表明选择适当的耦合长度可以使光在器件中呈现不同的状态。进一步研究表明,通过改变器件内部介质柱的半径,可以改变光在输出端的输出功率。从而证实了这种器件不仅具有波长选择性,而且具有潜在的可调节性,这些特性使得这种器件在全光开关的应用上具有潜在的优势。     

Novel optical directional coupler based on surface plasmon polaritons

In this paper, finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and perfect matching layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition are adopted to simulate and analyze a novel optical directional coupler (ODC) based on surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Transmittance at each output port of the novel ODC with different coupling region lengths shows it follows the general regulations of a conventional ODC. Especially, its transverse size is of nanoscale. The extreme power position offset between the two output ports is proved to be connected with the real part of Ag's complex refractive index. The excess loss and isolation of the ODC are, respectively, 0.57 and 25.9 dB for 1550 nm telecommunication wavelength, when the length of the coupling region equals half of its coupling length.     

Highly selective terahertz optical frequency comb generator

Using a 10.5-GHz resonant electro-optic modulator placed inside a resonant optical cavity, we generated an optical frequency comb with a span wider than 3 THz. The optical resonator consists of three mirrors, with the output coupler being a thin Fabry-Perot cavity with a free spectral range of 2 THz and a finesse of 400. Tuning this filter cavity onto resonance with a particular high-order sideband permits efficient output coupling of the desired sideband power from the comb generator, while keeping all other sidebands inside for continued comb generation. This spectrally pure output light was then heterodyne detected by another laser with a frequency offset of the order of 1 THz.     

Kerr nonlinear switch based on ultra-compact photonic crystal directional coupler

In this paper, an all optical switch based on nonlinear photonic crystal directional coupler has been simulated and analyzed by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The lunched pump signal increases the refractive indices of the central row of the coupler, due to nonlinear Kerr effect, hence the coupler works in the nonlinear conditions and lightwave guides to the other output port. We have tried to increase the coupling efficiency and reduce the required power in the nonlinear status by optimizing the bends structure and increasing the interaction between dielectric and lightwave signal. Therefore, the input signal beam can be controlled to be exchanged between two output ports to earn the highest output power ratio and the smallest amount of power required for nonlinear performance, the physical length of the coupler is determined to be 20a, where a is the structure lattice constant.     

Design of short length and C+L-band mismatched optical coupler with waveguide weighted by the Blackman function

A mismatched optical coupler with waveguide weighted by the Blackman function is numerically investigated in the demand of short length, C+L-band, and low crosstalk. Utilizing the full factorial design, the structure parameters of coupling waveguide are obtained by beam propagation method. In the condition of crosstalk of −35 dB, the mismatched optical coupler with proper selected waveguide structure parameters is found to have a coupling length of 3.60 mm in the transmission wavelength ranges of C+L-band (1.53-1.61 μm). Obviously, the selection and design of waveguide structure are very important to satisfy the qualities of a mismatched optical coupler for the demand of short length, broad bandwidth, and low crosstalk.     

基于光纤耦合器的声发射传感器

为检测变压器内局部放电产生的声发射信号,介绍了一种基于特殊光纤熔融拉锥耦合器型声发射传感器。它是利用声波引起的扰动改变耦合器两臂光功率输出的特点来检测声发射信号。实验结果表明：此种传感器在10kHz～250kHz范围内对声发射信号有良好响应,在155kHz灵敏度为5.6×10^-6V/Pa,噪声为1.8Pa声压,有望在复合材料与结构、电力无损检测方面得到应用。