矢量拖线阵不同形状水听器流噪声响应特性

拖线阵声呐流噪声大小与水听器形状密切相关,为了揭示矢量拖线阵流噪声响应特性,研究了不同形状矢量水听器滤波特性及其噪声抑制特点。基于波数-频率谱分析方法,导出了圆柱形、球形、胶囊形矢量水听器的波数响应函数以及噪声功率谱解析表达式;并根据湍流边界层压力起伏Carpenter模型数值计算了矢量水听器波数响应函数、流噪声响应特性与水听器形状和几何尺寸之间的变化规律,得到了不同形状矢量水听器抑制流噪声特点。研究结果表明,细长胶囊形矢量水听器具有较好的流噪声抑制性能。     

水听器非轴线布放时的拖线阵流噪声响应

对拖线阵流噪声理论做出两项改进.(1)对Corcos/Carpenter两种压力起伏模型以及相应的拖线阵流噪声响应进行了全面的比较; (2)讨论了有限水听器非轴线布放时的拖线阵流噪声响应,并导出了噪声功率谱的解析表达式.结果表明,这两种压力起伏模型的波数谱、流噪声响应具有一定差别;流噪声响应与拖曳速度、套管外径以及轴线偏移距离有着密切关系.基于Carpenter模型的数值分析表明,拖曳速度提高一倍,噪声功率谱增加约24 dB,且随着套管外径的增大而减小、轴线偏移距离的增大而增大.套管外径以及轴线偏移距离对高频噪声的影响要大于其对低频噪声的影响.     

基于矢量水听器的声压和质点振速的空间相关系数

矢量水听器同步测量声场空间一点处的声压和质点振速的三个正交分量,由此得到的幅度和相位信息有利于改善声呐的检测和估计性能。对三维球形各向同性噪声场中声压和质点振速的时空相关性本文进行了研究,推导了矢量水听器的噪声协方差矩阵的理论表达式;给出了矢量水听器水平线阵和垂直线阵的协方差矩阵;研究单个矢量水听器的噪声协方差矩阵,并给出了浅海近岸水域的试验结果;利用上述理论结果推导了矢量水听器阵列的声能流阵增益。     

同振球型矢量水听器声波接收理论研究

对同振球型矢量水听器声压和质点振速的声波接收理论进行了研究.以同振球型振速水听器测量原理为基础,推导了自由运动刚性球体和弹性球体的声波接收响应数学表达式,分析了振速水听器几何尺寸、平均密度与其频响特性曲线之间的关系;另外,根据球面接收器的声波接收理论,推导了矢量水听器声压接收响应数学表达式,通过理论分析和数值计算,研究了振速水听器表面上的声压分布规律以及声压水听器的声波接收压力系数与其接收面的大小、质点振速水听器的半径、布放的位置和半径等参数之间的关系;从理论上建立了矢量水听器声波接收理论模型和分析方法,为矢量水听器的设计和研制提供了理论依据.     

矢量拖曳线列阵声呐流噪声的空间相关性研究

根据湍流边界层脉动压力谱的Corcos模型,采用频率-波数域上的二维谱分析方法对矢量拖曳线列阵声呐拖缆护套管内的流噪声场进行了研究,得到了流噪声声压和振速的一般表达式。在此基础上,计算了管内流噪声场的空间相关性。数值计算结果表明:(1)流噪声的轴向相关性随阵元间距的增加而迅速衰减,不同矢量阵元所接收的流噪声可近似认为是彼此互不相关的;(2)在拖缆的径向上,流噪声的低频分量是高度相关的,而其高频分量的相关性则可近似忽略。     

TBL压力起伏激励下粘弹性圆柱壳内的噪声场：Ⅱ．有限水听器和阵

有限水听器和水听器阵是一种波数滤波器，它们能够降低流噪声。本文研究粘弹性圆柱壳内圆柱面和双圆片形水听器和阵对于TBL（湍流边界层）压力起伏的响应。用波数-频率谱分析方法导出：1）单个水听器的噪声功率谱，2）两个水听器噪声的空间相关函数，3）水听器阵的噪声功率谱。通过数值积分估计了噪声降低值与水听器的形状、尺寸、阵元数、阵元间距等参数的关系。同时也计算了两个水听器噪声的宽带和窄带空间相关系数。结果表明，水听器阵可有效地降低管内噪声。     

一种基于矢量水听器阵的归一化加权Capon波束形成方法

矢量水听器同时拾取声场的标量信息声压和矢量信息振速。本文在分析了各向同性噪声场下矢量水听器阵Capon波束形成方位谱的基础上，提出了一种归一化加权Capon波束形成的改进算法，并给出了方位谱的表达式。本方法不需要特征分解，并且得到的是通常意义上的功率谱(可用于估计信号的能量)。仿真计算表明，此方法的性能优于Capon法，可大大提高方位估计的精度。     

一种矢量水听器基阵模拟器的设计

矢量水听器的每个阵元同时测量声场中声矢量和质点振速的3个分量,相对于声压水听器阵来说,矢量阵获取声场中更多的信息。利用矢量阵所获得速度场的信息可以去除目标方位估计中的 180°模糊。模拟器可以模拟实际海洋环境中目标的辐射特性和噪声特性,应用模拟器可以有效地缩短声纳的研制周期。本文提出一种矢量水听器基阵模拟器的设计方案,该方案解决了矢量阵中宽带信号的90°移相问题、时延精确控制问题和宽带噪声的谱状控制问题。     

声矢量圆阵宽带相干目标MVDR方位估计*

针对宽带相干目标的远程探测问题，本文提出一种基于声压振速联合处理和矢量重构的声矢量圆阵MVDR波束形成方法。该方法利用相位模态变换技术，将声矢量圆阵变换为与信号频率无关的虚拟线阵，并构建虚拟线阵声压与组合振速的互协方差矩阵，利用声压与振速各分量间的空间相关性有效地抑制各向同性环境噪声；并对宽带相干信号的互协方差矩阵进行矢量重构，即将最大特征值对应的特征向量划分为相互重叠的子向量，从而构建前/后向Hermitian矩阵；最后，基于MVDR波束形成器实现宽带相干目标的方位估计。仿真计算和实验数据处理结果表明，该方法具较强的解相干能力和噪声抑制能力以及较高的方位估计性能。     

弱反射光纤光栅水听器拖曳线列阵

提出一种细尺寸、大孔径、高增益的弱反射光纤光栅水听器拖曳线列阵。根据匹配干涉方法选用反射率一致、中心波长相同以及3 dB带宽较宽的弱反射光纤光栅阵列;根据水声传感原理确定弱反射光纤光栅阵列的栅距以应用于5～10 Hz甚低频水声信号探测。采用光纤涂覆机对弱反射光纤光栅阵列二次涂覆,阵列中心波长整体一致漂移,栅距基本不变。采用扎纱机和护套机在二次涂覆弱反射光纤光栅阵列外铺设凯夫拉纤维和聚氨酯保护套形成水听器拖曳线列阵。测试拖曳线列阵水听器单元的声压-相位灵敏度在1 rad/μPa条件下分别为-136.97 dB@5 Hz、-139.64 dB@7.5 Hz、-139.36 dB@10 Hz;分析流噪声引起的水听器自噪声功率谱,拖速为8 m/s、频段为1～100 Hz的谱值在45～95 dB(1μPa~2/Hz)范围内。实验和分析结果表明,所提出的弱反射光纤光栅水听器拖曳线列阵甚低频段灵敏度高、流噪声低,有望增强无人航行器的甚低频水声信号探测功能。     

Investigation of the spatial correlations of flow noise in vector hydrophone towed linear array

Following the wall pressure spectrum of the turbulent boundary layer developed by Corcos, a method in the frequency-wavenumber space was presented to analyze the flow noise in the vector hydrophone towed linear array. The general forms of the acoustic pressure and particle velocity in the flow noise field were obtained, and the spatial correlations of the flow noise were calculated. The numerical analysis results based on wavenumber integration show that： （1） The spatial correlations of flow noise drops rapidly with increasing axial separation between the elements, so the flow noise received by different vector hydrophones usually sampled in a half-wavelength rate can be considered as independent; （2） The flow noise is highly correlated in the radial direction at low frequency, and only those of high frequency componet can be neglected.     

Flow induced noise calculations for non-axially distributed hydrophones in towed arrays

Two improvements are put forward on the analyses of flow induced noise in towed arrays. First, the differences between Corcos/Carpenter pressure fluctuation models have been discussed at length, as well as flow induced noise calculated with these two models. Second, flow induced noise received by the finite hydrophones distributed non-axially is discussed and the relevant power spectrum is deduced. The results show that there are some disparities between the wavenumber spectrums and the responses of flow induced noise of these two models. Flow induced noise is closely related with the tow speed, the tube radius and the off-axis distance. The numerical analyses with Carpenter model indicate that the power spectrum of flow induced noise will increase 24 dB approximately with the tow speed doubled, decrease with the radius of the tube, and increase with the off-axis distance. The tube radius and the off-axis distance have greater influence on the high-frequency components than on the low-frequency components.     

浅海舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性

浅海环境中,确定性声源的多途声信号干涉使得接收点处声强流的方向发生改变,不再与声源位置处的声强流方向一致。只测量声场的标量声强时,无法得到接收点处声强流的垂直方向性,而基于简正波矢量场建模和仿真,可获得理想条件下宽带点声源激发声场声强流的垂直方向性。本文采用单矢量水听器进行海上实验,获得了海洋环境噪声和干扰条件下舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性。仿真和实验结果表明:远场条件下,浅海干涉现象引起接收点处声强流的方向(极角)随频率和距离变化,其时间-频率分布呈现与LOFAR谱干涉条纹相似的条纹,声强流的极角值主要分布在70?～110?范围内。     

基于四水听器的充水弹性管声速测量方法*

实验室中水声材料声学参数的测量主要在水声声管中进行。管内平面波声速是正确测量这些参数的基础。该文提出一种基于四水听器结合不同边界的测量充水弹性管中声速的新方法。该方法利用4个固定位置处的水听器,采用最小二乘的方法,使得两组水听器分别得到的声管末端入射波声压差值的平方最小的声速即为管内平面波声速。该方法利用单频信号,在每一频率点均可测得声速,可以在任一种声管末端边界下进行测量,同时无需知道各水听器到边界的精确距离,在文中的3种边界下声速测量结果具有很好的一致性,实验操作简单、误差很小。该方法的仿真结果与管内声速的理论值吻合得很好,同时实验测量结果与仿真值之间的误差很小,证明了方法的准确性以及鲁棒性,为声管声速测量提供一个很好的思路。     

压差式矢量水听器方位估计中的干扰抵消

矢量水听器由于能获取声场中标量（声压）和矢量（振速）信息，因此单个的矢量水听器就可实现目标方位估计。单个矢量水听器是利用信号的声压和质点振速之间相关性进行信号方位估计，但是当存在干扰，并且干扰和信号之间相关时，如果对运用能量流进行方位估计的方法不加改进，则会出现很大的误差，甚至出现错误的估计。本文提出一种存在已知噪声干扰情况下的干扰抵消方法，并针对该方法进行了仿真试验，最后运用湖试数据进行了验证。结果表明，该方法能有效地减弱相千千柑对信号的影响，实现对信号的方位估计。     

Geoacoustic Inversion Based on a Vector Hydrophone Array

We propose a geoacoustic inversion scheme employing a vector hydrophone array based on the fact that vector hydrophone can provide more acoustic field information than traditional pressure hydrophones. Firstly, the transmission loss of particle velocities is discussed. Secondly, the sediment sound speed is acquired by a matchedfield processing （MFP） procedure, which is the optimization in combination of the pressure field and vertical particle velocity field. Finally, the bottom attenuation is estimated from the transmission loss difference between the vertical particle velocity and the pressure. The inversion method based on the vector hydrophone array mainly has two advantages： One is that the MFP method based on vector field can decrease the uncertain estimation of the sediment sound speed. The other is that the objective function based on the transmission loss difference has good sensitivity to the sediment attenuation and the inverted sediment attenuation is independent of source level. The validity of the inverted parameters is examined by comparison of the numerical results with the experimental data.     

Tracking sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) dive profiles using a towed passive acoustic array

A passive acoustic method is presented for tracking sperm whale dive profiles, using two or three hydrophones deployed as either a vertical or large-aperture towed array. The relative arrival times between the direct and surface-reflected acoustic paths are used to obtain the ranges and depths of animals with respect to the array, provided that the hydrophone depths are independently measured. Besides reducing the number of hydrophones required, exploiting surface reflections simplifies automation of the data processing. Experimental results are shown from 2002 and 2003 cruises in the Gulf of Mexico for two different towed array deployments. The 2002 deployment consisted of two short-aperture towed arrays separated by 170 m, while the 2003 deployment placed an autonomous acoustic recorder in tandem with a short-aperture towed array, and used ship noise to time-align the acoustic data. The resulting dive profiles were independently checked using single-hydrophone localizations, whenever multipath reflections from the ocean bottom could be exploited to effectively create a large-aperture vertical array. This technique may have applications for basic research and for real-time mitigation for seismic airgun surveys.     

匹配垂直质点振速的浅海地声参数反演

海底声学参数对海洋波导中的声场特性研究和相关应用具有重要意义。针对一次夏季黄海声传播实验,分析了浅海负跃层环境下垂直质点振速的传播特性和简正波结构,说明当声源和接收器均位于负跃层下时,除海底附近外的大部分深度上垂直质点振速能量较高,且与声压相比,号数高的简正波对垂直质点振速的贡献更大,利用垂直质点振速进行匹配场反演能获得更高的海底参数敏感性。分析了海底吸收系数对垂直质点振速匹配场反演的影响,结果表明只有当进行匹配场反演时设置的海底吸收系数接近真实值时,才能获得准确的海底声速、密度和海深反演结果。利用实验中矢量水听器获取的垂直质点振速信号进行匹配场反演,将海底吸收系数在变化范围内取不同值对海底声速、密度和平均海深进行全局搜索,根据代价函数值最大确定了海底声速、密度及平均海深的反演结果,并利用不同距离上的声压传播损失反演出不同频率下的海底吸收系数。根据反演得到的海底声学参数计算声压传播损失,与实验中声压水听器测量结果符合较好。     

Array gain for a conformal acoustic vector sensor array:An experimental study

An acoustic vector sensor can measure the components of particle velocity and the acoustic pressure at the same point simultaneously, which provides a larger array gain against the ambient noise and a higher angular resolution than the omnidirectional pressure sensor. This paper presents an experimental study of array gain for a conformal acoustic vector sensor array in a practical environment. First, the manifold vector is calculated using the real measured data so that the effects of array mismatches can be minimized. Second, an optimal beamformer with a specific spatial response on the basis of the stable directivity of the ambient noise is designed, which can effectively suppress the ambient noise.Experimental results show that this beamformer for the conformal acoustic vector sensor array provides good signal-tonoise ratio enhancement and is more advantageous than the delay-and-sum and minimum variance distortionless response beamformers.