超表面上表面等离激元波的光栅衍射行为研究

本文利用严格数值仿真研究了550~700 nm波段的可见光通过金属光栅耦合方式激发的表面等离激元(SPP)波在金属表面的光栅衍射行为与现象。研究结果表明:SPP波在金属表面的衍射行为与自由空间光相比有极大不同,由于SPP波的近场属性,经金属光栅衍射后在近场可表现出明显的光栅分光现象,但经过一段传输距离后则分光现象消失而表现为不同级次的光合为同一束光;在近场衍射情况下,其情况与自由空间光衍射行为类似,对SPP亚波长金属光栅来说同样只有零级透射光;而当金属光栅周期大于SPP波长时,高级衍射级次则开始出现。研究结果对下一步在金属表面上实现微米级片光谱仪器具有重要借鉴意义。     

表面等离子体激元纳米集成光子器件

纳米集成光子学的核心关键技术之一在于新型高效纳米光耦合器、纳米光波导等纳米光子器件的设计与制备.表面等离子体激元（SPPs）是由外部电磁场与金属表面自由电子相互作用形成的一种相干共振,除具有巨大的局部场增强效应外,还具有将激发电磁场能量限制在纳米尺度范围的特点.基于SPPs的各种纳米光子器件被誉为当今最有希望的纳米全光集成回路的基础,成为目前国际上的一个研究热点.文章对基于SPPs的纳米集成光子器件的最新研究进展和研究成果进行评述。     

基于表面等离激元的金属波导全光开关设计

利用金属表面等离激元(SPP)对光波的束缚和局域增强作用,设计了一种基于金属-电介质-金属波导布拉格光栅的全光开关。根据波导的电介质材料及其结构对有效折射率的调制作用,确定了开关各结构组成部分的材料和尺寸。通过引入金属波导滤波结构对抽运光和信号光进行了有效地分离,防止了抽运光对信号光及后续光路的干扰。使用时域有限差分算法(FDTD)对开关性能进行仿真,结果表明:新设计的全光开关在抽运光的光强为50 MW/cm2时其消光比达到7.32 d B,开关响应时间小于2 ps,结构的横向尺寸约为400 nm。     

径向偏振光下的长焦、紧聚焦表面等离子体激元透镜

表面等离子体激元透镜(plasmonic lens, PL)是一种通过激发和操控表面等离子体激元 (SPPs), 突破衍射极限, 实现亚波长紧聚焦的纳米光子器件. 如何实现高效率的紧聚焦及调控, 一直是研究PL的重点. 如果选取电矢量沿径向振动的径向偏振光作为PL的入射光, 可从各个方向激发SPPs, 提高紧聚焦的能量效率. 本文提出了一种在径向偏振光激发下的长焦深、长焦距、亚波长紧聚焦的表面等离子体激元透镜, 该透镜由中心T 形微孔、阶梯形同心环和同心环结构组成. 本文首先利用有限元方法数值分析了中心微孔-同心环结构透镜的聚焦特性, 结果显示径向偏振光由底部入射可高效激发SPPs, 并且中心微孔透射光与散射至自由空间的SPPs由于多光束干涉形成了紧聚焦. 为进一步压缩焦斑、增加焦距、加深焦深、改善透镜聚焦特性, 本文引入中心T形微孔-阶梯形同心环结构, 从而对阶梯表面的SPPs同时提供了相位调制和传播方向的控制. 经过参数优化, 该透镜结构实现了光斑焦深、半高宽、焦距分别是入射光波长的2.5倍、0.388 倍、3.22倍的亚波长紧聚焦; 而且该透镜具有结构紧凑、尺寸小、易于集成的优点, 满足了纳米光子学对于器件微型化和高度集成化的要求. 该研究结果在纳米光子集成、近场光学成像与探测、纳米光刻等相关领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

基于SPPs-CDEW混合模式的亚波长单缝多凹槽结构全光二极管

全光二极管是集成光子回路上最基本的光子器件,如何有效增强全光二极管的单向透射性,提高消光比一直是学者们研究的重点.当前,利用表面等离极化激元(surface plasmon polaritons,SPPs)和复合衍射衰逝波(composite diffracted evanescent wave,CDEW)的亚波长金属微纳结构构建全光二极管器件还鲜有研究.因此,开发出一种可调制的全光二极管,对未来制备复杂的光子回路具有重要意义.本文提出了一种基于SPPs-CDEW混合模式设计全光二极管的方法和结构,该结构结合纳米缝中的类法布里-珀罗共振效应,利用结构参数对SPPs进行调控,实现了光束单向透过的功能.首先,利用理论推导和有限元算法分析了单缝-对称双凹槽纳米结构的透射增强现象,提出了透射增强和削弱的物理机理.其次,计算出规约化透射率随单狭缝和凹槽对之间距离变化的远场透射谱,给出的理论和数值计算结果符合得很好.最后,通过此透射谱精确确定凹槽的位置和数量,得出上表面对称分布五对增强透射凹槽、下表面六对抑制透射凹槽的最优全光二极管结构,有效增强了全光二极管的单向透射性,提高了消光比,最大消光比可以达到38.3 dB,即正向透射率是反向透射率的6761倍,比已有文献提高了14.6 dB,并在850 nm左右有70 nm宽的工作波长带宽(20 dB).本文提出的光二极管结构简单,宽带宽工作,易于集成,耦合效率高,研究结果对光学信号传输、集成光回路、超分辨率光刻等相关领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

基于金属表面等离子激元控制光束的新进展

表面等离子激元(Surface plasmon polaritons,SPPs)是一种在金属-介质界面上激发并耦合电荷密度起伏的电磁振荡,具有近场增强、表面受限、短波长等特性,在纳米光子学的研究中扮演着重要角色。近年来表面等离子光学和基于SPPs的纳米光子器件的研究引起了国际上科学家们的广泛关注。讨论了SPPs的基本原理和在亚波长结构下的光学特性,介绍了基于亚波长金属结构的表面等离子激元在空间光束准直与聚焦、平面内光束聚焦与传导和在近场纳米光束的控制等方面的研究情况,以及在纳米光子学器件中的潜在应用。     

基于光折变双光束耦合的刚性全息明孤子的温度依赖特性研究

研究了基于双光束耦合的光折变耗散系统中全息明孤子的温度演化特性.数值计算结果表明，晶体温度与刚性全息孤子的稳定性密切相关.在一定温度下，全息孤子能在晶体中传播足够远的距离；当晶体温度漂移不大时，入射孤子能演化成稳定的全息孤子继续传播；而当晶体温度变化足够大时，孤子波强度随传播距离增加或减小，入射孤子不能以稳定的全息孤子态传播.讨论了将刚性全息孤子的温度特性应用于光学衰减、中继器件的可能性. 关键词： 空间光孤子 光折变非线性光学 耗散系统 全息聚焦     

基于空间编码结构光源的2 bit光控可编程太赫兹超表面

设计了一种可由空间编码结构光控制的多功能太赫兹超表面单元，该单元由嵌有光敏半导体材料的金属裂环-二氧化硅介质层-金属底板组成。超表面单元通过结构光源的编码控制光改变单元顶层金属裂环内嵌光敏半导体的电导率来模拟不同形状的C形环，实现了具有2 bit相位编码的光控超表面单元设计。将超表面单元组成阵列，通过编码结构光的空间分布进一步实现了角度可控的异常反射，并获得不同阶数的涡旋波束。所提出的基于空间编码结构光源的新型太赫兹超表面光控方式解决了现有光控超表面功能单一、加工难度大等问题，为光控可编程太赫兹超表面技术发展提供了新的思路。     

基于表面等离子激元波导透射性能的环形滤波器设计

当前对表面等离子体激元(SPP)耦合性能及其传播的研究已成为这一领域急需改进的课题。为了进一步使SPP纳米器件成为可能,利用SPP波导结构设计了一种表面等离子体激元环形滤波器,建立了SPP波导结构传输模型和金属光栅SPP传输模型。透射率仿真分析表明,透射率会随着金属薄膜厚度的变化而变化,当金属薄膜厚度降低时,透射带宽会明显变窄,且透射的峰值也会降低。滤波器结构仿真结果表明,滤波器具有很强的消光效果,在具有有效谐振频率的同时可以更好地实现阻碍非谐振频率。该研究对纳米等离子激元器件的实际应用具有一定的理论和实际意义。     

表面等离子体亚波长光学原理和新颖效应

表面等离子体是沿着导体表面传播的波，当改变金属表面结构时，表面等离子体激元（surface plasmon polaritons，SPPs）的性质、色散关系、激发模式、耦合效应等都将产生重大的变化．通过SPPs与光场之间相互作用，能够实现对光传播的主动操控．表面等离子体光子学（plasmonics）已成为一门新兴的学科，它的原理、新颖效应以及机制的探究，都极大地吸引研究者们的兴趣．SPPs具有广阔的应用前景，例如，应用于制作各种SPPs元器件和回路，制作纳米波导、表面等离子体光子芯片、耦合器、调制器和开关，应用于亚波长光学数据存储、新型光源、突破衍射极限的超分辨成像、SPPs纳米光刻蚀术、以及生物光学（作为传感器和探测器）．文章介绍了表面等离子体光子学原理、新颖效应和物理机制，并简述若干应用。     

Spin-controlled directional launching of surface plasmons at the subwavelength scale

In this paper, we demonstrate a spin-controlled directional launching of surface plasmons at the subwavelength scale.Based on the principle of optical spin's effect for the geometric phase of light, the nanostructures were designed. The inclination of the structures decides the spin-related geometric phase and their relative positions decide the distance-related phase. Hence, the propagation direction of the generated surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs) can be controlled by the spin of photons. Numerical simulations by the finite difference time domain(FDTD) method have verified our theoretical prediction. Our structure is fabricated on the Au film by using a focused ion beam etching technique. The total size of the surface plasmon polariton(SPP) launcher is 320 nm by 180 nm. The observation of the SPP launching by using scanning near-field optical microscopy is in agreement with our theory and simulations. This result may provide a new way of spin-controlled directional launching of SPP.     

Surface plasmon polaritons frequency-blue shift in low confinement factor excitation region

Surface plasmon polaritons' (SPPs') frequency blue shift is observed in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation of parallel electron excitation Au bulk structure. Comparing with cold dispersion of SPPs, an obvious frequency blue shift is obtained in low confinement region excitation simulation results. Then, according to SPPs' transverse attenuation characteristics, the excited frequency mode instead of cold dispersion corresponding frequency mode matches it. Thence, this excited mode is confirmed to be SPPs' mode. As is well known the lower the frequency, the smaller the confinement factor is and the lower the excitation efficiency, the wider the bandwidth of excited SPPs is. And considering the attenuation in whole structure, the excited surface field contains attenuation signal. In a low confinement factor region, the higher the SPPs' frequency, the higher the excitation efficiency is, while broadband frequency information obtained in attenuation signal provides high frequency information in stimulation signal. Thence, in the beam-wave interaction, as the signal oscillation time increases, the frequency of the oscillation field gradually increases. Thus, compared with cold dispersion, the frequency of excited SPP is blueshifted This hypothesis is verified by monitoring the time domain signal of excited field in low and high confinement factor regions and comparing them. Then, this frequency-blue shift is confirmed to have commonality of SPPs, which is independent of SPPs' material and structure. Finally, this frequency-blue shift is confirmed in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) experiment. Owing to frequency dependence of most of SPPs' devices, such as coherent enhancement radiation and enhancement transmission devices, the frequency-blue shift presented here is of great influence in the SPPs applications.     

Morphological effects on surface-plasmon-polariton waves at the planar interface of a metal and a columnar thin film

A theoretical study predicts that surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves may propagate along the interface of a columnar thin film (CTF) and a metal over a range of propagation directions relative to the morphology of the CTF. The range of propagation directions depends on the tilt of the columns in the CTF. The phase speed of the SPP wave varies mainly as a function of the tilt of the CTF columns. Both the confinement of the SPP wave to the interface and the decay of the SPP wave along the direction of propagation depend strongly on the direction of propagation relative to the morphologically significant plane of the CTF. The greater the columnar tilt in relation to the interface, the shorter is the range of propagation. Because of CTF porosity and the ability to engineer this biaxial dielectric material, the CTF–metal interface may be more attractive for sensor applications than the traditional dielectric–metal interface used for SPP-wave-based sensors.     

Profile calculation of gold nanostructures by dispersed-nanosphere lithography through oblique etching for LSPR applications

Nanosphere lithography is an inexpensive method used to fabricate gold nanostructures on a substrate. Using dispersed-nanosphere lithography, in which the nanospheres are dispersed on a substrate, 2D or 3D nanostructures can be fabricated by obliquely depositing a gold film on the nanospheres and etching the gold film afterward. These nanostructures are tunable and acute, and are thus good emitting elements for the localized surface plasmon resonance applications. So far, for the fabrication of nanostructures on a substrate with dispersed nanospheres, only 2D nanostructures have been reported through perpendicular etching. We report in this paper that the 3D nanostructures fabricated by dispersed-nanosphere lithography are rigid non-conformal structures, and perpendicular gold etching can be expanded to oblique etching, which provides more possibilities for fabricating the gold nanostructures in various shapes. The profiles of gold nanostructures after several varying angle depositions, and their final profiles after perpendicular or oblique etching, are calculated in this paper. Our profile simulations are applicable for nanospheres (or microspheres) within the range of tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers, and are consistent with our fabricated nanostructures observed using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Complex Modulation in Plasmon-Assisted Transmission Spectra of a Two-Slit Structure

We study the plasmon-assisted transmission of two kinds of slit structures in a 290-nm-thick silver film on a glass substrate. For the two-slit structure, the total transmission intensity spectra displays a complex modulation, which is attributed to different propagation constants of the surface plasmon polaritons （SPPs） on the silver-air and silver-glass interfaces. Replacing one of the two slits by a shallow corrugation results in a simple sinusoidal intensity modulation because of the only effective SPP excitation and propagation on the silver-air interface. These confirm the role of different SPP propagations and interference in the transmission properties of metal nanoslits.     

Active modulation of plasmonic signal with a subwavelength metal/nonlinear dielectric material/metal structure

<正>Light propagation through a metal/nonlinear dielectric material/metal(M-NL-M) structure is numerically studied.The design parameters of the M-NL-M structure are found with the waveguide theory so that the structure only supports the symmetric surface plasmon polaritons(SPP(0)) mode and the antisymmetric surface plasmon polaritons(SPP(1)) mode.The coupling between the two modes within the M-NL-M structure is exploited.Through controlling the propagation constants of the two modes with the intensity-dependent dielectric constant of the nonlinear Kerr material,an effective all-optical control of plasmonic signal modulator can be realized with this M-NL-M structure.     

Inward electromagnetic wave coupling in hybrid subwavelength structures illuminated with secondary imaging

Subwavelength structures hybridized with slits and grooves in metallic films exhibit extraordinary optical properties for manipulation of light. A Green method is developed to investigate the wave coupling physics in the hybrid subwavelength structures, while source-image arrangement in bounded spaces is employed to obtain the Green's functions for the hybrid units. We find that secondary imaging is induced at a horizontal boundary to provide an inward wave propagation mechanism to couple the wave scattered by groove back into slit. Sophisticated self-consistent framework derived from our method that involves the wave couplings is then developed to study the physics origin of the extraordinary optical properties. The case of a slit in a metal film with patterned grooves on the output side for beaming and that of a two-layer metal film with indented double slit for beyond-limit focusing are analyzed. Our Green method, which automatically includes the Fourier high-order modes, is concise in formulation and thus yields accurate solutions. Explicit analytical models are rigorously developed to address wave coupling physics problems in subwavelength structure.     

基于石墨烯加载的不对称纳米天线对的表面等离激元单向耦合器

本文设计并数值研究了一种石墨烯加载的不对称金属纳米天线对结构.利用石墨烯费米能级的动态调控特性,实现了电控表面等离激元的单向传输.类似于传统的三明治型纳米天线结构,设计的不对称金属纳米天线对结构可以等效为两个共振的磁偶极子,由于磁偶极子辐射电磁波的干涉,将导致单向传输效应.通过计算腔中的电场分布,发现石墨烯的调谐能力与石墨烯区域的电场强度成正比关系.以上现象都可以通过等效电路模型进行理论解释.此外,该结构具有小尺寸、高效率、宽带宽和易于光电集成等优点,在未来的光子集成与光电子学领域将具有重要的应用.     

Coupling effect of surface plasmon polaritons in single-negative lamellar heterostructure

Propagation characteristics of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in the lamellar heterostructure, which is actually a SPP waveguide array, constructed by two kinds of single negative (SNG) material layers stacked alternatively are investigated. Based on the finite element method (FEM), the negative-refraction (NR) property is demonstrated when the electromagnetic wave penetrates through free space into such SNG lamellar structure. A clear view of the underlying physics of NR is presented qualitatively that is mainly related to the coupled SPPs. The strong coupling effect leads to the novel SPP dispersion curves and then the anomalous propagation characteristics.