拓扑声子晶体

拓扑物态是当前凝聚态及材料物理领域的关注焦点.声子晶体是具有周期性结构的人工材料,其中的声子态或声波态也可具有拓扑性质.从声子晶体的背景知识出发,介绍了2类拓扑声子晶体的研究进展,即能谷声子晶体和外尔声子晶体,它们具有良好鲁棒性及超导传输特性的拓扑界/表面波,这种无障碍的传输特性具有广阔的应用前景.     

声子晶体中的声谷态输运

如同自旋电子学中的自旋,固体中的能谷自由度可视为新的信息载体,从而用于未来的电子器件设计。最近,作者将谷态的概念引入到声子晶体中,揭示其涡旋属性并建立激发选择定则。有趣的是,声谷态可由外部声场直接激发,并通过探测声子晶体内外的声场分布展示其极化特性。这种涡旋手性锁定的谷输运将为人们提供全新的声波操控方式。考虑到声和物质的相互作用,也可预期谷涡旋态的其它新奇应用,如旋转操纵微颗粒等。进一步研究发现,存在两类拓扑非平庸的声谷霍尔相,它们之间的界面可以支持拓扑保护的边缘态。研究表明,该边缘态具备各种新颖的性质,如谷选择性激发、边界拐弯抗反射等。     

声子晶体板中的第二类狄拉克点和边缘传输

在弹性板波体系中设计了一种具有第二类狄拉克点的声子晶体板.不同于第一类狄拉克点,第二类狄拉克点附近的色散具有大的倾斜,以致于等频面的几何形状由点状变成交叉的线状.微调结构的几何参数破缺该镜面对称性,可打开第二类狄拉克点简并,实现体系的能带反转.能带反转前后的二维声子晶体板属于不同的能谷拓扑相,不同拓扑相之间存在无带隙的拓扑保护界面态.不仅如此,由于弹性板波界面态的特殊应力分布,单一能谷相声子晶体板的边界上同样支持无带隙的弹性波传输.本文拓展类石墨烯体系中的二维狄拉克点和能谷态到第二类情形中,在同一结构中获得了界面和边界上的弹性波无带隙边缘传输.由于结构设计简单,可在微小尺寸下加工获得,为高频弹性波器件的设计和构造提供了可行的途径.     

人工带隙材料的拓扑性质

近年来,人工带隙材料(如声子晶体和光子晶体)由于其优异的性能,已成为新一代智能材料的研究焦点.另一方面,材料拓扑学由凝聚态物理领域逐渐延伸到其他粒子或准粒子系统,而研究人工带隙材料的拓扑性质更是受到人们的广泛关注,其特有的鲁棒边界态,具有缺陷免疫、背散射抑制和自旋轨道锁定的传输等特性,潜在应用前景巨大.本文简要介绍拓扑材料特有的鲁棒边界态的物理图像及其物理意义,并列举诸如光/声量子霍尔效应、量子自旋霍尔效应、Floquet拓扑绝缘体等相关工作;利用Dirac方程,从原理上分析光/声拓扑性质的由来;最后对相关领域的发展方向和应用前景进行了相应的讨论.     

声子晶体和声学超构材料

声子晶体和声学超构材料进一步拓展了自然界中声学材料的弹性波性质．这种人工的复合结构材料,由于其周期结构的布拉格散射和局域共振特性,使得其具有奇异的色散特征,在某些频段具有负的有效弹性参数,带来了许多新颖的声学传播效应,例如声子带隙效应、负折射效应、超棱镜效应、超透镜效应、异常透射效应、异常隔声效应等．与此同时,在声子晶体和声学超构材料表面,一类具有亚波长特性的声表面倏逝波也引起了人们的关注,研究其激发、传播、耦合的过程对揭示声子晶体和声学超构材料的奇异声传播效应的物理本质具有重要意义．声子晶体和声学超构材料作为一类新型的人工声学结构材料,在隔声、防振、热控制以及新型声学器件研发等方面具有巨大的应用前景．文章综述了近十几年来国际国内关于声子晶体和声学超构材料的研究进展,并对其未来的研究发展方向做一评述．     

基于手性声子晶体的谷拓扑声输运

研究手性风车形散射体构建的谷拓扑声波导。具有右手与左手手性风车形散射体的声子晶体具有截然不同的声谷拓扑特性。当两种手性风车形散射体从-60°旋转到60°时,其所构建的声子晶体均出现2次偶然简并的狄拉克点与谷霍尔相变。基于两种具有相反谷霍尔相的手性声子晶体构建的谷拓扑声波导,在其重叠体带隙内存在一对局域在波导分界面处的谷态边缘态。实验研究表明,该边缘态可以很好的支持谷拓扑声输运,且对弯曲与无序两种缺陷具有一定的鲁棒性.      

Dirac光子晶体

Dirac费米子作为粒子物理中的基本粒子之一，其理论在近年来蓬勃发展的拓扑电子理论领域中被广泛提及并用来刻画具有Dirac费米子性质的电子态.这种特殊的能态通常被称为Dirac点，在能谱上表现为两条不同能带之间的线性交叉点.由于Dirac点往往是发生拓扑相变的转变点，因而也被视为实现各种拓扑态的重要母态.作为可与拓扑电子体系类比的拓扑光子晶体因其独特的潜在应用价值也受到人们的广泛关注，实现包含Dirac点的光子能带已成为研究拓扑光子晶体的核心课题.本文基于电子的拓扑理论，简要地回顾了Dirac点在光子系统中的研究进展，特别介绍了如何在光子晶体中利用不同晶格对称性实现在高对称点/线上的Dirac点，以及由Dirac点衍生的Weyl点.     

二维声子晶体中简单旋转操作导致的拓扑相变

构建了一种简单的二维声子晶体:由两个横截面为三角形的钢柱所组成的复式元胞按三角点阵的形式排列在空气中,等效地形成了一个蜂巢点阵结构.当三角形钢柱的取向与三角点阵的高对称方向一致时,整个体系具有C_(6v)对称性.研究发现:在保持钢柱填充率不变的条件下,只需要将所有三角柱绕着自己的中心旋转180°,就可实现二重简并的p态和d态在布里渊区中心Γ点处的频率反转,且该能带反转过程实质上是一个拓扑相变过程.通过利用Γ点的P态和d态的空间旋转对称性,构造了一个赝时反演对称性,并在声学系统中实现了类似于电子系统中量子自旋霍尔效应的赝自旋态.随后通过k·p微扰法导出了Γ点附近的有效哈密顿量,并分别计算了拓扑平庸和非平庸系统的自旋陈数,揭示了能带反转和拓扑相变的内在联系.最后通过数值模拟演示了受到拓扑不变量保护的声波边界态的单向传输行为和对缺陷的背向散射抑制.文中所研究的声波体系,尽管材料普通常见,但其拓扑带隙的相对宽度超过21%,比已报道的类似体系的带隙都要宽,且工作原理涵盖从次声波到超声波的很大频率范围,从而在实际应用上具有较大的优势和潜力.     

二维声学系统中的拓扑相变及边界传输

拓扑声学的发现产生了一种可以有效抑制反射的声学边界传输态,不仅让人们重新认识了声传输现象,也扩展了声学新原理功能器件的研究领域。文章将介绍二维系统中拓扑声学的基本概念以及一些拓扑非平庸体系。主要关注利用背景流体构造的声类量子霍尔效应,利用共振耦合环形波导构造Floquet拓扑绝缘体,声类量子自旋霍尔效应以及声谷霍尔效应等。     

声学超构材料及其物理效应的研究进展

声学超构材料作为一种新型的人工结构材料,拥有天然材料所不具备的超常物理特性,进一步拓展了材料的声学属性.同时,声学超构材料可以实现对声波精准的、可设计的操控,以及许多新颖奇特的物理现象,如声准直、声聚焦、声场隐身、声单向传输、声学超分辨成像等,具有重要的理论研究意义和应用价值.另外,拓扑材料的研究已延伸至声学领域,声学超构材料的拓扑性质成为近年的研究热点,受到人们的广泛关注.其鲁棒性边界态具有缺陷免疫、背散射抑制的特性,应用潜力巨大.本文综述了近十几年来声学超构材料的研究概况,介绍了相关的代表性工作,包括奇异等效声学参数的超构材料、声学超构表面、吸声超构材料、声学超分辨成像、宇称时间对称性声学和拓扑声学等,阐述了声学超构材料的设计理念和方法,并对其技术挑战和应用前景进行了讨论和总结.     

Double topological edge states investigation in sonic metamaterials

We investigate the topologically protected sound propagation in sonic metamaterials, analogous to quantum spin hall effect (QSHE). The sonic metamaterials consist of circular rods and meta-molecules arranged in air with a honeycomb-lattice. The on-demand inversion in topological phase can be achieved by two ways of scatterer controls at locally resonant frequency and Bragg frequency. The Helmholtz resonators in the structure are contributed to the formation of subwavelength double Dirac cones which are more likely to appear due to local resonance enhancement with more number of resonators. By combining two sonic metamaterials with different topological invariants, we demonstrate the robust sound propagation and pseudospin-dependent one-way acoustic propagation at the interface. Experimental measurement of the topologically protected acoustic wave transmission matches well with the simulation result.     

Tailoring edge and interface states in topological metastructures exhibiting the acoustic valley Hall effect

In this study, we investigate the acoustic topological insulator or topological metastructure, where an acoustic wave can exist only in an edge or interface state instead of propagating in bulk. Breaking the structural symmetry enables the opening of the Dirac cone in the band structure and the generation of a new band gap, wherein a topological edge or interface state emerges.Further, we systematically analyze two types of topological states that stem from the acoustic valley Hall effect mechanism;one type is confined to the boundary, whereas the other type can be observed at the interface between two topologically different structures. Results denote that the selection of different boundaries along with appropriately designed interfaces provides the acoustic waves in the band gap range with abilities of one-way propagation, dual-channel propagation, immunity from backscattering at sharp corners, and/or transition between propagation at interfaces and boundaries. Furthermore, we show that the acoustic wave propagation paths can be tailored in diverse and arbitrary ways by combing the two aforementioned types of topological states.     

Analysis of dispersion characteristics of phononic structures

A general theory for calculating the dispersion of bulk acoustic waves in 3D and 2D phononic crystals made of anisotropic materials is presented, which is based on the plane-wave expansion method. Two approaches to separating acoustic modes in the dispersion diagrams are proposed. The pattern of the acoustic field distribution is studied as depending on the wavevector direction for various types of modes. Degeneracy of acoustic modes in directions different from the axes of symmetry of the phononic crystal is demonstrated. Possibilities of the proposed method are illustrated by the application to 3D and 2D silicon-based phononic crystal structures.     

Double Dirac cones at k = 0 in pinned platonic crystals

In this paper, we compute the band structure for a pinned elastic plate which is constrained at the points of a hexagonal lattice. Existing work on platonic crystals has been restricted to square and rectangular array geometries, and an examination of other Bravais lattice geometries for platonic crystals has yet to be made. Such hexagonal arrays have been shown to support Dirac cone dispersion at the center of the Brillouin zone for phononic crystals, and we demonstrate the existence of double Dirac cones for the first time in platonic crystals here. In the vicinity of these Dirac points, there are several complex dispersion phenomena, including a multiple interference phenomenon between families of waves which correspond to free space transport and those which interact with the pins. An examination of the reflectance and transmittance for large finite gratings arranged in a hexagonal fashion is also made, where these effects can be visualized using plane waves. This is achieved via a recurrence relation approach for the reflection and transmission matrices, which is computationally stable compared to transfer matrix approaches.     

弹性波通过一维复合材料系统的透射性质

提出了不同结构的一维弹性波复合材料系统模型，包括一维周期结构声子晶体、标准Fibonacci准周期结构声子晶体、广义Fibonacci准周期结构声子晶体以及完全无序结构的复合材料系统. 采用模式匹配理论法，数值计算了弹性波通过一维复合材料系统的透射系数. 计算结果表明，利用特殊的准周期结构声子晶体可获得比周期结构声子晶体更宽的带隙范围，准周期结构排列的复合材料系统相当于在周期结构中引入了缺陷体一样，带隙内出现了丰富的局域模式. 对弹性波/声波在复合材料系统中局域态性质的研究有助于弹性波/声波滤波器、导波器 关键词： 弹性波复合材料 局域化     

Vector valley Hall edge solitons in the photonic lattice with type-II Dirac cones

Topological edge solitons represent a significant research topic in the nonlinear topological photonics. They maintain their profiles during propagation, due to the joint action of lattice potential and nonlinearity, and at the same time are immune to defects or disorders, thanks to the topological protection. In the past few years topological edge solitons were reported in systems composed of helical waveguide arrays, in which the time-reversal symmetry is effectively broken. Very recently, topological valley Hall edge solitons have been demonstrated in straight waveguide arrays with the time-reversal symmetry preserved. However, these were scalar solitary structures. Here, for the first time, we report vector valley Hall edge solitons in straight waveguide arrays arranged according to the photonic lattice with innate type-II Dirac cones, which is different from the traditional photonic lattices with type-I Dirac cones such as honeycomb lattice. This comes about because the valley Hall edge state can possess both negative and positive dispersions, which allows the mixing of two different edge states into a vector soliton. Our results not only provide a novel avenue for manipulating topological edge states in the nonlinear regime, but also enlighten relevant research based on the lattices with type-II Dirac cones.     

k=0处的类狄拉克锥

狄拉克锥在电子和经典波体系中分别被发现, 由于其线性能带关系, 伴随着很多独特的现象. 除了一般存在于布里渊区边界处的狄拉克锥, k=0处也存在包含线性能带关系的类狄拉克锥. 这个类狄拉克锥可以由单极子和偶极子的偶然简并而形成. k=0处的类狄拉克锥可以通过两维电介质光子晶体来实现, 利用等效媒质理论, 此时的光子晶体在类狄拉克点频率可以等效为介电常数和磁导率都为零的材料. 电介质双零折射率材料既可以避免阻抗的不匹配, 也可以避免体系推广到高频所引起的强烈损耗. 此外, k=0处的类狄拉克锥与双零折射率的概念可以从两维体系拓展到三维体系, 而且还可以从电磁波体系推广到声波和弹性波体系. 利用具有类狄拉克点的两维光子晶体, 在材料参数都偏离类狄拉克点条件的两个半无限大光子晶体所构成的界面中, 一定存在界面态. 这些界面态的存在可以通过层状多重散射理论得到的表面阻抗以及体能带的几何相位来彻底解释.