A Pseudo Detailed Term Accounting Method for Radiative Opacity of Laser—Produced Plasmas

A statistical method is introduced to deal with the two-electron energies of a configuration in the detailed term accounting (DTA) approximation for the spectral line absorption in the radiative opacity of laser-produced plasmas in local thermodynamics equilibrium.The relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater self-consistent field average atom model is used to select the reference ion with most probability and providing basically atomic data.In this way,fully frequency-dependent and spectral resolved opacity for heavy elements can be obtained readily for the primary design of radiation transfer in the inertial confinement fusion simulation.Opacities of Au plasmas are given.     

Phase Desynchronization as a Mechanism for Transitions to High—Dimensional Chaos

Phase is an important degree of freedom in studies of chaotic oscillations.Phase coherence and localization in coupled chaotic elements are studied.It is shown that phase desynchronization is a key mechanism responsible for the transitions from low-to high-dimensional chaos.The route from low-dimensional chaos to high-dimensional toroidal chaos is accompanied by a cascade of phase desynchronizations.Phase synchronization tree is adopted to exhibit the entrainment process.This bifurcation tree implies an intrinsic cascade of order embedded in irregular motions.     

Elemental Analysis of Tea Leaves (Camellia Sinensis) and Their Own Soils at Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey

People consume tea brewed from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant for about 50 centuries. Health benefits of the tea have been investigated for about three decades. Especially green tea shows antitoxic and lots of properties with its determined ingredients. Turkey is not only the one of the best consumer and but also good producer of the tea as being 5 th producer all over the world. It grows eastern region of the Turkey and high quality tea is imported and exported. To have quality tea, grooving soils are also crucial. In the current research, Tea leaves and their own grown soils were collected from 20 stations where the most tea producer cities as Trabzon, Rize and Artvin tea fields of the eastern of Black Sea Region in Turkey. The cultivated tea and their own grown soil samples were analysed by using EDXRF Spectrometry. In the soil samples, the elements Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb on percent level and the elements Mg, Al, Si, P, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Sr in the tea leaves were detected by using SKRAY 3600-EDXRF.and also the obtained data were evaluated with the Kriging interpolation of geostatistical method. Element content were investigated in the soil and tea samples according to the geological situations and also the relation of elemental difference between the tea and the own grown soil. Pb/Zn ratio was also anaysed in the samples.     

Investigating the light stability of solid-solution-based AgCl-AgBr and AgBr-T1I crystals

For the development of mid-infrared fiber-optical elements,one needs light-stable,flexible materials that are transparent within this spectral band.Solid solutions of silver and monadic thallium halides prove to be the most suitable crystalline media for these needs.We study the light stability variation of high-purity AgCl_(1-x)Br_x(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) and Ag_(1-x)Tl_xBr_(1-x)I_x(0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05) crystals by measuring the optical transmission change as functions of the composition and UV exposure time.The former is executed in a broad spectral range from6500-350cm~(-1),within which we choose three wavelengths to trace the transmission change.For thalliummonoiodide-containing samples,an effect is observed that we assumed to be translucence.     

Transfer characterization of sulfur from coal-burning emission to plant leaves by PIXE and XANES

The impact of coal-burning emission on sulfur in camphor leaves was investigated using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and synchrotron radiation technique X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The PIXE results show that the sulfur concentrations in the leaves collected at the polluted site are significantly higher than those in controls. The Sulfur XANES spectra show the presence of organic (disulfides, thiols, thioethers, sulfonates and sulfoxides) and inorganic sulfur (sulfates) in the leaves. The inorganic sulfur in the leaves of camphor tree polluted by coal combustion is 15% more than that of the control site. The results suggest that the long-term coal-burning pollution resulted in an enhanced content of the total sulfur and sulfate in the leaves, and the uptake of sulfur by leaves had exceeded the metabolic requirement of plants and the excess of sulfur was stored as SO₄^2－. It can monitor the sulfur pollution in atmosphere.     

Closely packed dense frequency selective surface

In order to realize wideband filtering properties of frequency selective surface(FSS),FSS of closely packed elements is presented.The Y loop elements are chosen as the graphics elements.Based on the spectral domain method,the frequency response is analyzed for different incident angles and polarizations.The result of the numerical analysis shows that the dense FSS has wide passband with better independence of angle and polarization.     

Closely packed dense frequency selective surface

In order to realize wideband filtering properties of frequency selective surface （FSS）, FSS of closely packed elements is presented. The Y loop elements are chosen as the graphics elements. Based on the spectral domain method, the frequency response is analyzed for different incident angles and polarizations. The result of the numerical analysis shows that the dense FSS has wide passband with better independence of angle and polarization.     

Counter-Rotating Transition Mediated Coherent Effects in Spontaneous Emission in a Three-Level Atom

The coherent effects including counter-rotating coupling on spontaneous emission are presented for a microwave driven V-type three-level atom. Novel coherent effects are realized： （i） There is an infinite series of spectral lines, which are separated by the microwave frequency, independent of the separation of the excited states, no matter whether the microwave transition is resonant or not. This is in sharp contrast to the case of the weak coupling, where the spectral interval is mainly determined by the separation of the excited states. （ii） Selective appearance and inhibition of the spectral lines are obtained simply by varying the microwave Rabi frequency. （iii） Spectral lines have a twofold structure. The physical mechanisms are analysed by employing the dressed states representation.     

Semiclassical calculation of Rydberg He2^＋ molecular of recurrence spectra ion in a magnetic field

Making use of the molecular closed-orbit theory and a new model potential for the Rydberg molecule, we have calculated the recurrence spectra of He^2＋ molecular ion in a magnetic field for different quantum defects. The Fourier transform spectra of He^2＋ molecular ion may be used to perform a direct comparison between peaks in the spectra and the scaled action values of closed orbits of the excited electron in external fields. We find that the spectral modulations can be analysed in terms of the scattering of the excited electron on the molecular core. Unlike the case of the Rydberg atom where the elastic scattering is predominant, modulations produced by inelastic scattering are also vital to the photoabsorption spectrum of the Rydberg molecule. Our results are in good agreement with the quantum results, which suggests that our method is correct.     

Infrared synchrotron-accelerator diagnostic methods

Methods for measuring the current and geometric parameters and estimating the energy parameters of an annular bunch of relativistic low-energy electrons are presented. The methods employ the optical (predominantly infrared) part of the spectral distribution of the synchrotron radiation with the use of fast infrared detectors capable of detecting radiation in the spectral range Δλ⋍0.3–45 μm. A number of data acquistion and processing systems developed and produced at the Joint of Institute of Nuclear Research in order to implement the infrared synchrotron-accelerator diagnostics are described. These systems employ specially developed infrared optics elements. The radiation is detected with cooled Si, Pb, Se, InSb, GeAu, and LiNbO₃ infrared detectors operating at room temperature. Examples of the implementation of these methods in accelerator experiments are presented. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 60–67 (April 1997)     

农用地土壤As元素与叶片光谱特征关系研究

重金属污染是土壤环境污染中亟待解决的问题之一,重金属通过土壤向植物富集,危及人体健康,对生态环境产生巨大隐患。传统的土壤污染监测以化学方法为主,不仅费时费力且监测范围有限,而基于植被高光谱技术的土壤重金属监测方法能够快速准确地获取土壤重金属含量,突破植被屏障,提高土壤重金属监测效率。近年来,国内外许多学者致力于使用盆栽实验定量研究土壤污染物对植物光谱特征影响,而野外环境下的实验研究相对缺少,因此建立合适准确的野外土壤重金属预测模型具有重要意义,为改善耕地土壤质量提供参考。以北京市优势经济果树桃树为研究对象,在研究区均匀设置了50个采样点,利用FieldSpec 4便携式地物波谱仪测量桃树叶片光谱数据,同时采集土壤样本带回实验室检测分析获得土壤重金属含量数据。通过分析不同污染下桃树叶片在重金属胁迫下的叶片光谱特征,计算不同土壤重金属与叶片光谱之间的相关关系,确定土壤As元素与光谱反射率相关性更大,因此选择土壤As元素计算其与不同植被指数之间的相关系数,并用合适的植被指数构建土壤As元素预测模型。结果表明：污染区桃叶光谱反射率总体上比背景区的光谱反射率更高,其中760~1 300 nm波长范围内对土壤重金属更加敏感,土壤重金属对叶片红、蓝、黄边位置干扰不明显,对红、蓝、黄边斜率敏感,且均呈正向相关性。光谱反射率与土壤Cr,Cu和Hg元素相关性较弱,与As,Pb和Cd元素在某些波段范围内达到0.1级显著相关,且总体相关曲线趋势相同,相关性大小依次排序为As>Pb>Cd。以相关性更强的土壤As元素与植被指数进行相关分析表明,土壤As元素与PRI1和PRI3均显著相关。使用SPSS数据分析软件以PRI1和PRI3为自变量,土壤As元素为因变量分别进行回归分析,检测结果发现,PRI3的指数预测模型(y=e43.644x-39.386, R2=0.937, RMSE=0.161)效果最好且具有更好的稳定性。     

不同含水量条件下树种叶片光谱差异分析

叶片含水量是影响树种光谱特征的一个重要因素,探索不同叶片含水量条件下相同树种叶片光谱特征的变化规律及相同叶片含水量条件下不同树种叶片的光谱差异,不仅是高光谱植被遥感信息识别的关键,也为研究植被光谱随着叶片含水量变化产生的差异提供理论支撑。利用地物光谱仪对6个树种叶片进行观测,获取了不同含水量叶片的反射光谱,同时进行一阶微分光谱变换,从而分析不同叶片含水量条件下各树种叶片的光谱变化特征,对比了相同叶片含水量条件下不同树种叶片的光谱差异,探索高光谱遥感识别树种叶片含水量的可能波段。结果表明：各树种叶片光谱都随着叶片含水量的改变而产生较大差异,但变化规律各有不同;相同叶片含水量条件下,不同树种叶片的光谱在部分波长范围差异较大,为实现树种高精度识别提供了可能。本研究旨在为植被叶片光谱库的构建以及植被的高光谱识别提供理论支撑和基础数据。     

玉米叶片铜铅污染元素种类光谱判别的EC-PB规则

随着人类生活质量的提高,农产品重金属污染问题备受关注。农作物中的重金属元素会通过食物链侵害人体健康,而不同重金属元素对人体毒害差别较大,因此农作物中含有重金属元素的类别识别至关重要。传统重金属元素检测方法存在环节多、耗时长、成本高等缺点,但高光谱遥感技术具有信息使用量大,理化反演能力强,分析速度快,无损监测等优势,逐渐成为农作物重金属污染分析的重要手段之一。以不同CuSO₄·5H₂O和Pb(NO₃)₂浓度梯度土壤胁迫下典型农作物玉米生长的叶片光谱为研究对象,引入光谱包络线去除（CR）、光谱比值（SR）、分数阶微分（FOD）同时结合改进红边比值指数（MSR）构建铜铅元素识别指数（CLI）;通过挑选与铜铅元素种类相关性最强的三个分数阶微分阶数的CLI值建立铜铅元素判别特征点（CLDFP）;再利用欧式聚类（EC）将训练集样本分为铜污染与铅污染两类并结合圆心连线的垂直平分线（PB）,建立基于EC-PB识别铜铅元素种类的二维坐标系下判别规则线（CLDRL）和三维坐标系下判别规则面（CLDRP）,从而实现玉米叶片光谱信息的重金属铜铅元素种类准确识别。研究结果表明,CR-SR-FOD光谱变换处理增加了玉米叶片光谱信息与铜铅元素种类之间的相关性;各阶次FOD对应的CLI与铜铅元素种类相关系数各不相同,随着阶次的增加,相关性呈现先递增后递减的趋势,其中相关系数最高的三个阶次分别为1.2阶,0.7阶,1.0阶;在二维坐标系下训练集样本判别正确率为78.95%,验证集样本判别正确率为75.0%;在三维坐标系下训练集样本判别正确率为76.32%,验证集样本判别正确率为75.0%,证明了基于EC-PB构建的二维CLDRL和三维CLDRP光谱判别规则可以有效识别玉米叶片中铜铅污染元素种类。     

X射线荧光光谱法快速分析盐湖粘土矿物元素含量

以低压聚乙烯粉镶边垫底粉末压片法制样,用X射线荧光光谱法测定盐湖粘土矿物中主次组分含量的定量分析曲线,测量了粘土矿物中As, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Dy, Ga, Mo, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sr, Ba, Cs, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr, MgO, K₂O, Na₂O , CaO, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, SiO₂含量。研究了各元素的谱线干扰特别是谱线的间接干扰,同时提出了元素周期表中各周期元素相互之间干扰的判别方法; 使用α经验系数法及康普顿内标法校正基体效应,经对国家标准物及实际样品进行分析,测量值与标准值结果吻合。方法的检出限和准确度均满足分析要求,除了Mo,Cs,Ta ３个元素RSD较高,其他元素RSD 为0.01%～5.45%。     

杨树叶片的飞秒等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱研究

开展了杨树叶片的飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱研究, 定性比较分析了长春市区的第一汽车厂、火车站、净月潭公园及长春理工大学四个地理区域的杨树叶片中重金属元素Ca, Fe和Cr. 实验结果表明, 通过分析杨树叶片中Ca Ⅱ 393.37 nm和Fe Ⅰ 422.87 nm光谱谱线可知叶茎中Ca和Fe元素浓度均高于叶肉. 比较长春四个地理区域的杨树叶的飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱, 发现汽车厂附近的杨树叶内重金属Ca, Fe和Cr 元素浓度最高, 净月公园的杨树叶重金属浓度最低. 由于飞秒激光等离子体丝光强度的“光学钳箍”效应, 对于杨树叶片这种表面不平整样品, 仍可获得稳定性较好的等离子体光谱. 飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导光谱技术有望在环境污染在线检测具有广泛的潜在应用.     

固态检测器－ICP－AES中的计算机差谱改进技术──Ⅰ．原理和实验

本文使用固态检测器－光电二极管阵列（ＰＤＡ）或电荷耦合器件（ＣＣＤ）在ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ上实现了无需知道基体浓度情况下对复杂组分中微量元素进行测定的计算机差谱改进法。用Ｃ语言编写了实施差谱技术以及实验室例行分析的软件，探讨了方法的原理，对Ｖ基体中Ａｌ，Ａｌ和Ｍｇ基体中Ｖ的测定结果表明，该差谱技术能准确消除复杂基体产生的光谱干扰。     

模拟酸雨胁迫与植物叶片光谱反射率特征间的关系

酸雨是一个严重的全球环境问题,中国亚热带地区的严重酸雨污染对森林生态系统的健康构成了潜在的威胁。文章研究了中国亚热带地区常见的6种常绿阔叶树种幼树在不同强度的模拟酸雨(pH 2.5, pH 4.0和pH 5.6)作用下,其叶片的叶绿素含量及可见光部分的光谱反射率的变化特征。结果表明,随模拟酸雨强度的增加,受试树种在pH 2.5和pH 4.0处理下的叶绿素含量均高于pH 5.6的处理;而可见光部分的光谱反射率则普遍低于pH 5.6的处理;pH 2.5和pH 4.0间的差异无显著规律。在经不同强度模拟酸雨作用后,各树种叶片在可见光部分的光谱反射率的差异主要集中在绿光反射峰及红边附近。受试树种对酸雨胁迫均表现出了一定的耐受性,较强的酸雨可在一定程度上对植物生长起到正的生物效应。     

北京市平谷区桃林土壤重金属元素含量反演估测

矿产资源开采中产生的废渣废液长期堆存后产生的渗滤液向土壤中扩散易造成周围土壤的重金属污染,影响作物生长;人类通过食物链食用含重金属元素的果实后,会引起神经系统的神经衰弱、手足麻木,消化系统的消化不良,血液中毒和肾损伤等症状;这种对生态环境和人身安全的污染和损害是十分严重的。因此如何快速有效摸清矿区周围农作物土壤污染情况尤为重要。多光谱遥感由于具备光谱分辨率高、实时无损、大面积监测等优势,在突破植被屏障监测土壤重金属上具有巨大的潜力。以平谷区主要的农作物桃树为研究对象,利用桃叶的高光谱数据、土壤采样数据,分析桃叶光谱曲线的响应特性,对桃叶反射光谱进行一阶／二阶微分、标准正态、连续去统等四种变换,结合相关分析及多元线性回归模型确定光谱特征变量,构建植被指数HMSVI;结果表明HMSVI与土壤中Cd,AS和Pb含量的相关性较常用植被指数高。运用线型回归方法进行元素含量与植被指数HMSVI建模后,选取拟合较好的模型,实现了叶片高光谱与土壤重金属含量的统计建模, 最后利用Sentinel-2遥感影像反演三种重金属含量空间分布,并对结果进行精度验证。结果表明：受重金属胁迫叶片的平均光谱反射率高于正常叶片且红边位置发生了“蓝移”现象。780,945和1 375 nm三个波段对三种重金属污染都较为敏感,利用三个波段构建的植被指数建立的反演模型能较好的用于桃林土壤重金属元素含量预测,其预测模型分别为Y=0.44X+0.193,Y=7.436lnX+13.161,Y=-15.359X+13.583X2+23.541,且具有较好稳定性和适宜性。空间反演结果表示,三种重金属高值区均大面积的分布在平谷区刘家店尾矿库、万庄尾矿库、金海湖尾矿库附近,西部相比东部矿区重金属污染更为严重。研究结果可以为北京平谷区桃林重金属污染的预防与治理提供基础数据支持。     

ICP-AES测定米中多种微量元素

以全谱直读光谱法测定了米中11种微量元素。对米的消化方法、元素分析谱线的选择、背景校正、仪器分析参数等因素进行了研究,综合确定了最佳试验条件。试验表明测定元素的回收率在96%—109%之间。     

Application of nuclear techniques to study of trace elements

Trace elements in various materials using nuclear techniques are studied. Results obtained by using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) are examined. The EDXRF method is used to quantitatively evaluate trace elements such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb and Sr in tea leaves. Correlation of trace elements in tea leaves and in the corresponding soil is studied.