Q235钢板局部腐蚀声发射信号特性研究

为解决腐蚀声发射源特征提取和识别的难题,直接从理论上证明了腐蚀声发射监测的有效性并推导出声发射信号特征。气泡破裂声发射信号幅值近似与气泡半径平方和液位高度成正比,频率与气泡半径成反比;钢板及其腐蚀产物开裂声发射信号幅值与开裂位置局部应力强度成正比,频率与裂纹扩展速度成正比,与裂纹扩展距离成反比。用低频和高频两套声发射系统,同时长时间监测Q235钢板在10%FeCl_3·6H_2O、10%FeCl_3·6H_2O加0.01 mol/L HCl混合液、5%CuSO_4·5H_2O溶液中的腐蚀情况,辅以监测钢板及钢板腐蚀产物开裂作为验证实验。通过对声发射信号的参数及谱分析,得出不同声发射源可以通过撞击数及功率谱在频域的分布来有效区分。实验结果与理论分析相吻合,研究结果对腐蚀声发射监测技术具有重要指导意义。     

SPV490Q钢焊接冷裂纹声-磁定位方法研究

声发射源定位方法可以精准判断信号发生时间及位置,但由于其检测数据量大,难以进行实时评价,而磁记忆定位方法能实时观察数据结果,所以用声-磁结合的方法对冷裂纹进行定位分析。焊后即进行声发射监测,待焊缝冷却后,按一定时间间隔用磁记忆技术进行检测,这样既能精确得到冷裂纹起裂时间及其位置,又能实时观察冷裂纹扩展走向。同时,通过SPV490Q钢斜Y型坡口焊接冷裂纹实验验证了该方法的可行性。     

声发射特性与材料断裂韧性相关性研究

以高强度铝合金的断裂过程为研究对象，利用先进的声发射试验系统，考察了拉伸试样和带有预制疲劳裂纹的DCB试样在断裂时的声发射事件特性，揭示了材料断裂韧性和声发射特性 间的关系.试验结果表明，材料稳态裂纹扩展起始于K_1C并发射出许多幅值超过 阈值35 dB的信号，材料裂纹失稳扩展时爆发出强烈的声发射信号，材料断裂的累积声发射能与宏 观断裂能呈线性关系. 关键词： 声发射 断裂韧性 铝合金     

基于多基因遗传规划的储层岩石静态模量预测

声发射技术作为一种动态无损检测手段,主要实现对材料产生的缺陷进行动态监测及损伤位置的预测。微机电系统声发射传感器在检测材料疲劳裂纹位置和扩展方向上应用广泛,实现其对材料裂纹的3-D动态位移检测,对于无损检测技术的发展具有重要意义。该文提出了一种新型3-D微机电系统声发射传感器,首先对3-D微机电系统声发射传感器进行了结构设计和性能分析,结构方面主要包括z方向响应传感单元和x、y方向响应传感单元设计;其次通过传感器的阻尼、谐振点处灵敏度计算,证明传感器的性能良好;最后采用有限元软件ANSYS对z方向响应传感单元做了模态和谐响应分析,x、y方向响应传感单元做了模态分析和谐响应分析,仿真结果与理论值吻合较好,验证了结构设计的合理性,对实现材料裂纹的三维动态检测具有一定的参考意义。     

三维微机电系统声发射传感器设计及性能分析

声发射技术作为一种动态无损检测手段,主要实现对材料产生的缺陷进行动态监测及损伤位置的预测。微机电系统声发射传感器在检测材料疲劳裂纹位置和扩展方向上应用广泛,实现其对材料裂纹的3-D动态位移检测,对于无损检测技术的发展具有重要意义。该文提出了一种新型3-D微机电系统声发射传感器,首先对3-D微机电系统声发射传感器进行了结构设计和性能分析,结构方面主要包括z方向响应传感单元和x、y方向响应传感单元设计;其次通过传感器的阻尼、谐振点处灵敏度计算,证明传感器的性能良好;最后采用有限元软件ANSYS对z方向响应传感单元做了模态和谐响应分析,x、y方向响应传感单元做了模态分析和谐响应分析,仿真结果与理论值吻合较好,验证了结构设计的合理性,对实现材料裂纹的三维动态检测具有一定的参考意义。     

铝合金材料腐蚀损伤的声发射评价

为了研究如何利用声发射(AE)技术监测飞机主结构件的腐蚀损伤从而为确定飞机日历寿命提供科学依据。首先介绍了航空铝合金材料在加速腐蚀过程中的AE信号特征,说明如何利用AE技术来监测腐蚀损伤,进而讨论如何对材料的安全性能和剩余寿命进行评估。试验表明, AE能比超声和涡流等常规无损检测方法更早地发现铝合金材料的腐蚀损伤。通过研究加速腐蚀过程中腐蚀损伤程度及腐蚀AE信号随加速腐蚀时间的变化规律,获得了腐蚀损伤与AE参数之间的变化关系。说明AE技术可用于探测早期腐蚀、研究腐蚀发展规律及监测和评估腐蚀损伤方面。     

高强度钢手工焊接后过程的声发射实时监测研究

本针对实际工艺中使用的高强度钢，重点对手工焊接的冷却过程利用声发射技术进行实时监测。本次试验是和先前在不同型号的钢板在手工焊接过程中所产生的声发射信号进行比较的基础上进行的，主要目的是寻找高强度钢在手工焊接的冷却中所产生的活性裂纹在冷却阶段的声信号特征。     

蒸养再生骨料混凝土断裂声发射特征*

为研究蒸汽养护对再生骨料混凝土断裂过程损伤特征的影响,开展了再生骨料混凝土三点弯断裂试验,并采用声发射技术对损伤过程进行了监测分析。结果表明,蒸养降低了再生骨料混凝土断裂峰值荷载,断裂过程中声发射信号强度低于标准养护试件。声发射振铃计数、撞击数、b值等参数能够准确反映再生骨料混凝土断裂过程损伤演变规律。加载上升阶段,声发射信号活动性很低,试件内以微裂纹的形成为主,加载至荷载峰值,声发射振铃计数累计值增长呈现平缓阶段,混凝土内微裂缝的聚合会持续一段时间。峰值后荷载迅速降低阶段声发射信号最活跃,为裂缝迅速发展的过程。峰后荷载缓慢降低的过程,声发射信号活跃性降低,裂缝扩展至试件顶部区域,主要是宏观裂缝的开展,不再产生新的裂缝。     

声发射技术在铁路系统检测中的研究和应用

高速铁路的快速发展,给我国经济和社会发展带来了巨大的推动作用,同时对铁路系统的安全性提出了更高的要求。针对声发射技术在铁路系统安全检测中的研究和应用,介绍了声发射技术及其在检测应用中的优点,综述了目前国内外声发射技术在铁路系统检测研究中的情况,包括钢轨伤损检测、车轮伤损检测、轮轴轴承伤损检测、铁路结构安全监测以及车体材料安全监测等,特别针对钢轨裂纹伤损引起的钢轨断裂这一铁路安全中的主要事故,着重分析了声发射技术在钢轨裂纹伤损检测研究中的情况,并介绍了在高速铁路方面的应用探索。最后在上述分析总结的基础上,指出了声发射技术在铁路系统特别是高速铁路检测研究中的前景及研究难点。     

基于局部线性嵌入的特征融合方法在岩石破裂 状态分类的应用*

为了获取岩石破裂过程有效的声发射信号特征,更好的对岩石破裂状态进行分类,提出一种基于流形学习算法的LLE特征融合方法进行数据降维。以红砂岩为研究对象设计室内单轴压缩实验采集信号,然后对原始声发射信号预处理并对信号进行特征提取,以时域、频域下的特征向量重新组合成一组新的多维特征向量,采用线性主元(PCA)和流形学习LLE算法分别进行降维。比较两种算法降维后融合特征的聚类效果二维和三维分布图,使用LLE算法降维后,四种状态分布相对更近,呈一条水平线趋势,且各状态交叉混叠数目较少,第一状态没有一个样本错判,且四个状态相比于PCA降维后的聚类效果更集中。再比较两种算法降维后融合特征的敏感度之和,LLE算法融合特征敏感度之和远大于PCA算法,说明经过LLE算法降维后得到的融合特征更多地表征了原始信号包含的局部信息同时证明了LLE算法相比PCA算法具有更好的聚类效果。最后经LLE特征融合下的砂岩破裂状态分类实验验证,融合特征后的识别率相对单一的时域特征识别提高了6%。表明该方法能显著提高岩石破裂状态分类的识别率,降维性能相对突出。     

Modern acoustic emission technique and its application in aviation industry

This paper proposes the concept of modern acoustic emission (MAE) technique and describes its application in aviation industry. Modern AE is characterized by the combination of AE parameter and waveform analysis based on the understanding of AE source mechanism, the property of sound wave propagation and the interaction between sound wave and the medium in which the sound wave is propagating. Another feature of MAE is characterized by the application of so-called fully digital AE apparatus with low noise, high speed of data transmission and accurate AE source locating capability. MAE is merely an imagination without the realization of the advanced fully digital AE instrument. The application of MAE in monitoring the conditions of aircraft structures during a fatigue test was taken as an example for showing the important role played by AE. Roles of AE in the evaluation of (environment-related) corrosion damage of aircraft were also presented.     

Comparison of structural response and fatigue endurance of aircraft flap-like box structures subjected to acoustic loading

The results of an extensive test program to characterize the behavior of typical aircraft structures under acoustic loading and to establish their fatigue endurance are presented. The structures tested were the three flap-like box-type of structures. Each structure consisted of one flat (bottom) and one curved (top) stiffener stiffened skin panel, front, and rear spars, and ribs that divided the structures into three bays. The three structures, constructed from three different materials (aircraft standard aluminum alloy, Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic, and a Glass Fibre Metal Laminate, i.e., GLARE) had the same size and configuration, with only minor differences due to the use of different materials. A first set of acoustic tests with excitations of intensity ranging from 140 to 160 dB were carried out to obtain detailed data on the dynamic response of the three structures. The FE analysis of the structures is also briefly described and the results compared with the experimental data. The fatigue endurance of the structures was then determined using random acoustic excitation with an overall sound pressure level of 161 dB, and details of crack propagation are reported.     

飞机激光雷达散射截面测量与分析

飞机激光雷达散射截面的测量,对于研究飞机激光散射特性以及评估探测系统至关重要.本文介绍了飞机激光雷达散射截面测量理论,设计了飞机激光雷达散射截面测量装置和测量方法,并通过实验验证了该装置与测量方法.在全尺寸真实飞机试验与测量过程中,通过对原始数据高斯补偿与背景修正,获得了误差小于7%的飞机激光雷达散射截面数据.实验结果表明,本文提出的飞机激光雷达散射截面测量与分析方法是正确的和有效的.     

On the sonic fatigue life estimation of skin structures at room and elevated temperatures

Fighter/trainer empennages and STOL (Short Take-Off and Landing) aircraft flap systems are subjected to severe acoustic pressure levels as high as 150–170 dB. As a result, acoustic fatigue has become one of the major factors in design. Empennages and flap systems are also subject to high temperatures and thus the influence of thermal buckling on fatigue life must be taken into consideration. To estimate the sonic fatigue life of skin structures, combined use is made of the Monte Carlo method of non-linear panel response analysis and local stress-strain simulations with rheological models. Calculations were conducted and comparison of the results with experimental data shows that the method estimates the sonic fatigue life accurately when adequate values of fatigue notch factors are chosen. Example calculations with thermal as well as static pressure effects were also carried out and the effect of thermal buckling on sonic fatigue life is clarified.     

正交异性钢桥面板声发射波三维谱元法模拟及损伤定位*

针对大跨度桥梁正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳损伤评估与结构健康监测需求,开展基于声发射波场谱元法模拟的大型复杂板类结构损伤定位研究。采用Legendre高阶插值三维时域谱元法模拟声发射波在正交异性钢桥面板中的传播过程,验证了其内部显著的反射、衍射和频散现象,并代替人工预断铅实测试验获得大量声发射数据。然后,利用赤池信息准则判定声发射波到达各传感器的时间,通过高斯过程回归建立到达时差与声发射源位置的关系模型,用于未知损伤的定位监测。数值模型实验结果表明,赤池信息准则和高斯过程回归改进的时差图法在正交异性钢桥面板中的平均定位误差为37.3 mm(25 dB信噪比工况),平板的定位精度高于U肋。谱元法模拟有望代替繁琐的预断铅实测试验,提升声发射时差图系列损伤定位方法的实用性。     

基于光纤光栅的冲击激励声发射响应机理与定位方法研究

在对冲击激励声发射应力波在铝合金板上的传播机理进行分析的基础上,利用ABAQUS软件构建了钢球冲击铝合金板几何模型,仿真分析了冲击应力波传播过程.理论分析了冲击应力波与FBG传感器的作用机理,基于边缘滤波原理构建了声发射传感系统,采集冲击激励声发射应力波,建立了声发射区域定位模型,提出了基于扩散映射与支持向量机(SVM)的声发射区域定位方法并进行了实验验证.在300 mm×300 mm×2 mm的铝合金板上对36个测试区域进行了多次声发射区域定位实验,实验结果表明,扩散映射结合SVM的定位结果较优,区域定位精度为30 mm×30 mm,定位正确率为97.5%,耗时0.781 s.研究结果为声发射区域定位检测提供了一种有效方法.     

Mechanical behavior and acoustic emission technique for detecting damage in sandwich structures

The present study investigates the mechanical behavior under static and dynamic loadings and assesses damage by the acoustic emission method of two types of sandwich composite materials. The sandwich structures under study are both made of cross-ply laminates as skins and PVC closed-cell as foam with different densities: 60 kg m⁻³ and 100 kg m⁻³. The mechanical behavior tests were conducted in static and cyclic fatigue loadings under 4-point bending. The sandwich structures considered in fatigue tests were damaged by a various number of shear damages in the foam. Static tests were performed to determine the failure parameters and characteristics used in fatigue tests. The damage density effect on the stiffness, hysteresis loops, dissipated energy and damping of sandwich structures, were studied for various numbers of cycles during cyclic fatigue tests. The acoustic emission method was used to identify and characterize the local damage in both types of sandwich materials under static 4-point bending tests.     

Fatigue behaviour and structural health monitoring by acoustic emission of E-glass/epoxy laminates with piezoelectric implant

This paper represents the continuation of our research on built-in piezoelectric sensor for structural health monitoring of composite materials. Experimental research is focused on examining the effects of the embedded sensors on the structural integrity of composite laminates subjected to mechanical tests. A series of composite specimens with and without embedded sensor are tested in fatigue loading while constantly monitoring the response by acoustic emission technique. The acoustic signals are analysed using the classification k-means method in order to identify the different damage mechanisms and to follow the evolution of these mechanisms for both types of composite materials (with and without sensor). The mechanical behaviour of composites with and without embedded sensor shows no difference in the form. The incorporation of piezoelectric sensor causes low degradation of mechanical properties of composites. Comparing embedded sensor to sensor mounted on the surface, the embedded sensor showed a much higher sensitivity. It is thus verified that the embedded acoustic emission sensor had great potential for acoustic emission monitoring in fibre reinforced composite structures.     

Turboprop and rotary-wing aircraft flight parameter estimation using both narrow-band and broadband passive acoustic signal-processing methods

Flight parameter estimation methods for an airborne acoustic source can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the narrow-band lines or the broadband component of the received signal spectrum is processed to estimate the flight parameters. This paper provides a common framework for the formulation and test of two flight parameter estimation methods: one narrow band, the other broadband. The performances of the two methods are evaluated by applying them to the same acoustic data set, which is recorded by a planar array of passive acoustic sensors during multiple transits of a turboprop fixed-wing aircraft and two types of rotary-wing aircraft. The narrow-band method, which is based on a kinematic model that assumes the source travels in a straight line at constant speed and altitude, requires time-frequency analysis of the acoustic signal received by a single sensor during each aircraft transit. The broadband method is based on the same kinematic model, but requires observing the temporal variation of the differential time of arrival of the acoustic signal at each pair of sensors that comprises the planar array. Generalized cross correlation of each pair of sensor outputs using a cross-spectral phase transform prefilter provides instantaneous estimates of the differential times of arrival of the signal as the acoustic wavefront traverses the array.     

一种基于K means改进聚类的图像增强算法

在低光照环境下,CMOS成像器件无法拍摄出清晰的图像。为了提升低照度条件成像器件输出图像的质量,根据低照度图像的特点,提出一种基于K means聚类的图像增强算法。通过改进的K means算法将图像分块,并根据每一块图像的信息量分别进行直方图均衡。该方法与CMOS成像器件进行实验,可以在保留约98.6%图像细节（信息熵）的前提下,将图像的对比度提升至原图像的17倍,平均梯度提升至原图像的4倍。