闪光照相散射定量技术初步研究北大核心CSCD

高能MeV闪光照相所针对的客体通常具有极高的面密度。当X射线穿过客体时,直穿X射线的强度将被极大衰减,到达成像面的直穿信号可能被散射“噪声”所淹没,若直接对图像进行反演将严重影响照相重建精度。从散射抑制角度出发,目前主要采用网柵相机即阵列型准直孔阻挡散射,但网栅相机的应用效果受光源位置稳定性影响较大,且网栅不易加工。提出了一种可实时定量散射强度的照相方案,该方案利用狭缝准直器对散射的抑制能力不随散射强度变化而改变这一特点,对现有照相布局进行小改进,利用已知客体实验结果标定狭缝准直器对散射的抑制能力,进一步自洽确定待测客体的散射量大小。基于蒙卡方法的仿真照相实验结果表明,当采用低面密度客体标定散射抑制系数时,高面密度客体散射强度的估计值与模拟真实值偏差可小于2%。     

一种中能闪光照相降散射网栅的设计及实验验证

利用蒙特卡罗方法提出了一种厚度2 mm的钨制降散射网栅设计方法,采用精密机械钻孔技术实现了幅面52 mm×52 mm网栅研制,并基于450 k V中能X光机实验平台开展了网栅降散射能力闪光照相实验,同时采用蒙特卡罗方法进行了数值模拟验证。成像实验结果显示,使用该网栅后中能闪光照相图像质量发生实质性改善,样品芯部界面清晰度得到显著提升。数值模拟结果表明,使用降散射网栅后,辐射成像任意位置的散射灰度均低于直穿灰度,二者之比较无网栅状态下降约74.7%。     

闪光照相中FXRMC和MCNP4B的散射比较研究

 散射问题是高能辐射成像研究中的一个重要问题，采用蒙特卡罗模拟来确定散射对提取客体信息的影响是一种重要的研究手段。简单介绍了FXRMC和MCNP4B程序的特点及其记录方式；在确保相同输入参数的条件下，针对不同的照相模型进行了对比计算。结果表明两个程序计算的散射照射量相对差别小于5%，说明这两个程序具有较高的符合程度。通过与实验结果的比较发现，这两个程序模拟的散射分布与实验结果基本一致，均可用于高能闪光照相的模拟研究。还给出了在散射检验方面的一些建议。     

高能闪光照相中网栅相机的性能分析

针对闪光照相基本布局, 从照相物理过程出发, 确立网栅相机下含各种物理参量的成像公式。为了获得尽量简化的成像公式, 采用数值模拟和理论分析方法, 探讨了网栅相机在抑制噪声、散射和模糊等方面的能力及其使用方法。结果表明:网栅相机不仅具有灵敏度高、降散射能力强和模糊小的特点, 采用有/无陡坡准直器和客体的两次照相可以获得主要含光源模糊的透射率图像, 极大减少了图像分析中的不确定性因素。     

高能闪光照相中的能谱优化

在高能闪光照相技术中,提高图像接收平面上直穿与散射的比值有利于有效信息的提取。利用蒙特卡罗方法对法国实验客体的照相过程进行模拟,得到图像接收区域直穿分量与散射分量的能谱分布,依据其分布的特点提出了利用能谱优化来提高接收区域直散比的方法,指出添加衰减屏可以达到能谱优化的效果。依据线吸收系数的变化趋势以及实际加工的难度选择钽作为优化能谱的材料,并根据最小照射量的限制得到了最大的衰减屏厚度。最后通过蒙特卡罗模拟,指出添加9 mm的衰减屏能够对照相结果的优化程度最好,照射量满足要求,而直散比上升到原来的3倍左右。     

一种中能辐射照相降散射网栅的改进及验证

为提高中能闪光照相实验能力，给高能闪光照相的网栅设计制造提供新的思路，结合前期2 mm厚网栅降散射的研究成果，通过同时考虑网栅投射立体角的有阻挡和无阻挡部分，分析了不同光子能量下网栅厚度对降散射效果的影响，并设计制造了一种具有更高网栅比的网栅。采用100 kV光源对空心球体成像的实验验证其降散射效果，结果表明，网栅使图像对比度获得近1倍提升。采用实际的实验布局作为输入开展了蒙特卡罗模拟，验证比较了新设计网栅降散射效果，其降散射比高达1000∶1。     

基于法国实验客体的X射线准直技术研究

通过研究法国实验客体(FTO)的闪光照相过程,设计了静态照相过程中采用的准直措施,除传统的一二级准直体外,还通过添加三级准直体来进一步控制入射到客体边缘部分的X射线,从而降低散射的影响。蒙特卡罗方法模拟结果表明,采用三级准直技术可以有效地控制散射的影响,图像接收平面各边界的直散比有了明显的提升。     

闪光照相底片成像非线性校正技术研究

介绍了利用黑密度~穿透光程关系曲线对底片接收方式下的闪光照相图像进行非线性校正的方法. 根据闪光照相成像原理, 在光场均匀、散射均匀的条件下, 图像的黑密度是照相客体的穿透光程的单调函数. 当有一定的散射分布时, 相当于校正图像中叠加了一本底成分, 利用先验知识可以扣除. 因此可以用黑密度~穿透光程关系曲线进行闪光照相图像的非线性校正. 利用本方法对一三棱柱照相客体的图像进行了非线性校正, 处理结果证实了该方法的有效性.     

由边界退化确定模糊尺寸

在高能闪光照相流体动力学实验中,模糊问题严重影响诊断结果的精度。模糊图像的边界检测结果与真实边界之间往往存在位置偏移,称为边界退化量。在照相布局和客体确定的条件下,模糊尺寸越大,边界退化量越大。利用边界退化量与模糊尺寸的这一关系,提出一种从边界检测中测量系统模糊尺寸的新想法,从闪光照相成像物理过程角度阐释了方法的原理,然后通过数值实验分析了方法的处理过程,建议测量实验利用倒锥准直器对球形客体成像。模拟结果表明:采用该方法模糊函数的FWHM误差小于1个像素。最后借助数值模拟对台阶客体照相实现了对模糊尺寸测量结果的验证。     

用于闪光照相的准直器设计及性能

为了实现高度准直同时较好地保留飞层界面信息,针对高能闪光照相实验中常用的准直技术,改进了设计方法,以法国实验客体(FTO)为例,利用蒙特卡罗程序对光子电子耦合输运过程进行数值模拟实验,验证了所提出的准直器的性能,对采用该准直器技术下的模拟照相结果进行了准直器光程扣除方法研究,结果表明:改进的准直器将客体芯部区域的散射照射量降低99.8%,接收平面处的客体信号动态范围降低99.7%,同时在图像中完整地保留了客体外界面信息;对准直器轴向分层照相的方法可以获得误差小于0.1的客体光程。     

金属基及涂层表面粗糙度的测量方法研究

本文用干涉显微镜法，触针法，总体积分散身镜向反射光强法对未抛光铝基。抛光微粗糙铝基，微粗糙不锈钢基，微粗糙钢基和涂漆表面的粗糙度进行了实验测量和对比分析，从粗糙面激光散射角度讨论了各种方法的适用范围和局限性。     

Nuclear photoabsorption and Compton scattering at intermediate energy

Intermediate energy nuclear photoabsorption and Compton scattering within the Δ-hole approach are studied. The same Δ-nucleus dynamics used to describe a variety of pion-induced reactions are employed. A dynamical model for the photon-nucleon amplitude is constructed, including both resonant-channel and nonresonant backgrounds in addition to Δ-excitation. Medium corrections to the full amplitude are included for nuclear seattering. A doorway state expansion allows one to discuss quantitatively the role of various contributions to the Δ-hole Hamiltonian, thereby clarifying the level of sensitivity to the structure of the Δ spreading potential. The reactive content of the total cross section is diseussed. The results are compared with available photoabsorption data for ⁴He, ¹²C and ¹⁶O. We present results for the Δ contribution to the electron seattering transverse response function, for coherent π⁰ photoproduction, and for nuclear elastic Compton seattering. The photoabsorption strength is spread over a larger energy range by the Δ dynamics, in agreement with the data, but is centered at too high an energy. The helicity flip Compton cross section is especially sensitive to the Δ-nucleus interaction, such as the spin-orbit potential strength.     

Nucleation barriers for the liquid-to-crystal transition in Ni: experiment and simulation

Nucleation in undercooled Ni is investigated by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. By systematically varying the sample size in the DSC experiments, nucleation rates J over a range of 8 orders of magnitude are obtained. Evidence is given that these rates correspond to homogeneous nucleation. Free energy barriers ΔG*, as extracted from the measured J, are in very good agreement with those from the MC simulation. The MC simulation indicates a nonspherical geometry of crystalline clusters, fluctuating between prolate and oblate shape at a given size. Nevertheless, the temperature dependence of ΔG* is well described by classical nucleation theory.     

高能质子照相的成像方程

与X射线闪光照相相比,GeV级质子照相因质子的穿透能力更强而更能满足流体动力学最佳光程、更小不确定度的要求。质子照相用于提取阴影客体信息的过程比X射线闪光照相复杂。为了便于分析质子照相过程及其特性,以质子照相的输运过程为基础,逐步考虑了质子与物质相互作用的各种过程——核反应、多次库仑散射、准弹性散射和弹性散射,并获得含各种过程的质子照相理论计算表达式。在含准直的系统中,理论计算公式中包含了多次弹性散射和准弹性散射项。通过与QMCPrad计算结果的对比得知弹性散射高斯近似下的理论计算结果与蒙特卡罗方法(MC)计算结果一致,与更准确的"黑体"模型的相对误差为3%~5%。这意味着在某种程序上,当研究质子照相规律或设计系统时,高能质子照相的理论计算公式能够替代MC模拟。     

Analysis of diffuse scattering of single crystals using monte carlo methods

While conventional crystal structure analysis using Bragg intensities reveals only information about the average structure of the crystal, diffuse scattering contains additional information about the disorder, i.e. departure from the average structure, of the studied material. Two different approaches to the analysis of diffuse scattering based on Monte Carlo methods are described in this paper: the direct Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique and the Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method. The MC method requires the construction of a model for the disorder based on physical and chemical considerations and the selection of a set of near-neighbour interactions. The given model is realized by minimizing the total energy of the crystal via MC simulations. Next, the corresponding diffraction pattern is calculated and compared with the experimental data. By adjusting the near-neighbour interaction and repeating the process, a qualitative “match” between observed and calculated diffuse scattering is obtained. In contrast, the RMC method minimizes the difference between observed and calculated diffuse scattering intensities directly. This method leads to one real space structure consistent with the observed diffuse scattering but does not automatically result in a chemically sensible structure or further insight into the particular disorder problem.

The first example given in this paper demonstrates the viability of the RMC method by refining diffuse scattering data calculated from simulated structures with known disorder parameters. These structures were generated using the MC technique. As a second example MC and RMC simulations of the diffuse scattering of stabilized zirconias (CSZ) are shown, modelling occupational disorder as well as displacements.     

Monte Carlo simulation code for confocal 3D micro‐beam X‐ray fluorescence analysis of stratified materials

Stratified materials are of great importance for many branches of modern industry, e.g. electronics or optics and for biomedical applications. Examination of chemical composition of individual layers and determination of their thickness helps to get information on their properties and function. A confocal 3D micro X‐ray fluorescence (3D µXRF) spectroscopy is an analytical method giving the possibility to investigate 3D distribution of chemical elements in a sample with spatial resolution in the micrometer regime in a non‐destructive way. Thin foils of Ti, Cu and Au, a bulk sample of Cu and a three‐layered sandwich sample, made of two thin Fe/Ni alloy foils, separated by polypropylene, were used as test samples. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation code for the determination of elemental concentrations and thickness of individual layers in stratified materials with the use of confocal 3D µXRF spectroscopy was developed. The X‐ray intensity profiles versus the depth below surface, obtained from 3D µXRF experiments, MC simulation and an analytical approach were compared. Correlation coefficients between experimental versus simulated, and experimental versus analytical model X‐ray profiles were calculated. The correlation coefficients were comparable for both methods and exceeded 99%. The experimental X‐ray intensity profiles were deconvoluted with iterative MC simulation and by using analytical expression. The MC method produced slightly more accurate elemental concentrations and thickness of successive layers as compared to the results of the analytical approach. This MC code is a robust tool for simulation of scanning confocal 3D µXRF experiments on stratified materials and for quantitative interpretation of experimental results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沙尘大气电磁波多重散射及衰减

为了使干旱沙漠地区的电子系统能够全天候的工作, 必须开展沙尘大气的电磁波多重散射及衰减特性研究. 根据Mie理论、沙尘大气粒子尺寸分布和能见度的关系得到了电磁波沙尘大气传播衰减的计算方法, 计算了不同沙尘大气能见度的37 GHz电磁波的衰减, 与其他经验公式及文献中的实验结果进行比较, 文中方法得到的结果更接近于测量结果. 为了研究较低能见度沙尘暴中电磁波的传播特性, 需研究沙尘大气的多重散射效应. 应用Monte Carlo模拟方法, 在沙尘粒子为干燥和5%水含量时, 模拟了37 GHz和93 GHz电磁波在沙尘大气中传播时考虑多重散射效应的衰减, 并与基于Mie理论的计算结果进行比较, 结果显示, 在37 GHz时, 沙尘大气的多重散射对衰减的影响小, 在93 GHz时多重散射显著, 沙尘大气能见度越低, 多重散射的影响越显著. 粒子水含量增加使电磁波的衰减显著增大, 对多重散射的影响不明显. 因此, 在相同大气能见度下, 沙尘天气越干燥, 多重散射影响越大, 电磁波衰减减小越显著.     

A coupled-channel treatment of baryon resonances in nuclei

A coupled-channel treatment of the two-baryon system is carried out in order to study the effects of baryon-resonance components in nuclear states. The coupling potentials are derived in a static one-pion-exchange model, and a one-boson-exchange interaction is used in the two-nucleon channel. For the deuteron, the wave function of the Δ(1236)-Δ(1236) component is calculated and found to have high Fourier components. For N-N scattering the Δ(1236) components are shown to account for much of the intermediate range attraction for which scalar mesons are introduced in one-boson-exchange models.     

14MeV中子照相中散射中子对成像影响的Monte Carlo模拟

依据实验参数，建立了14MeV快中子照相的物理模型，并利用Monte Carlo方法对照相过程进行了模拟. 分析了经聚乙烯样品散射的中子对快中子图像的影响随样品与探测器间距及样品参数的变化. 计算结果表明，样品与探测器的距离d<5cm时，样品中的散射中子对图像的影响强烈依赖于d，而当d>20cm时，样品散射中子对图像的影响可忽略；当样品密度为3—5g/cm³时散射中子对图像的影响相对最大；样品宽度越大，图像中的散射成分越多，当宽度在3cm以上时散射成分的强度趋于饱和. 关键词： 14MeV中子 快中子照相 散射中子 Monte Carlo模拟