60Co-γ-射线辐照法修饰玉米淀粉

采用60Co-γ-射线辐照法修饰玉米淀粉.随着60Co-γ-射线辐照剂量的增加(10-30kGy),扫描电镜(SEM)显示玉米淀粉的分子粒径逐渐变小;X射线衍射法(XRD)表明,玉米淀粉的结晶度逐渐降低.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)表明,60Co-γ-射线的辐照能够破坏玉米淀粉分子的缔合氢键,产生羰基和羧基.随着辐照剂量的增加,羰基和羟基的数量增加,玉米淀粉的溶解度从0.29％(原始玉米淀粉)增加到7.8％(30kGy).     

锆英石的抗γ射线辐照能力和Rietveld结构精修

为研究放射性核素固化介质备选矿物锆英石的抗γ射线辐照结构稳定性,以澳大利亚锆英石为研究对象,通过⁶⁰Co源γ射线辐照装置对样品施以1728 kGy的γ射线辐照.利用X射线荧光光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对样品的元素含量、γ射线辐照前后的微观形貌及物相变化进行表征,同时利用Rietveld方法对γ射线辐照前后的样品进行了结构精修.结果表明:澳大利亚锆英石经1728 kGy剂量的γ射线辐照后未发生物相变化,射线辐照前后样品的晶胞参数仅发生了10^-4 量级的变 关键词： 锆英石 γ射线 辐照 Rietveld结构精修     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究核辐照对丹参粉成分的影响

采用红外光谱法对经不同剂量核辐照的丹参粉样品进行了对比研究,比较了它们红外光谱的异同。丹参粉的红外光谱主要由蔗糖、葡萄糖及含C=O的各种化合物的吸收带组成。低辐照剂量(不高于12kGy)处理的丹参粉的组成成分的化学结构及含量几乎未发生变化;较高辐照剂量(等于或大于15kGy)处理的丹参粉的部分药用有效成分(丹酚酸、丹参素、丹参酮ⅡA 3种有效成分)的化学结构及含量已经发生了变化。表明采用适当剂量(不高于12kGy)的~(60)Coγ射线核辐照杀灭丹参粉中污染微生物和各种寄生虫卵是可取的。     

红外光谱法研究成核剂对聚丙烯光氧化降解的影响

采用红外光谱和显微红外光谱,对添加两种α成核剂(TM-1、TM-3)和一种β成核剂(TMB-5)的聚丙烯(PP)的自然光氧化降解行为及机理进行了研究。结果表明,添加成核剂前后,PP的光氧化降解产物均含有酮、羧酸、酯、醇和不饱和烃等。三种成核剂的加入并没有改变PP的光氧化降解机理和降解产物,但都对PP的光氧化反应起了一定的加速作用。各体系的光氧化速率依次为：PP/TMB-5>PP/TM-3>PP/TM-1>PP。PP与添加成核剂的PP中的光氧化程度沿深度的分布表现出相似的规律：表面处的羰基指数最高,自曝晒表面向内部,羰基指数逐渐降低,到约250 μm处减小到约为0,这个范围称之为表面氧化层。表面氧化层的厚度不随曝晒时间的不同而不同,而是由紫外光的穿透能力、氧气的扩散、尤其是加工时样品中的温度梯度所决定的。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究核辐照对三七总皂苷粉成分的影响

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(卷积谱)法对经不同剂量y-射线核辐照的三七总皂苷粉进行了对比研究.辐照剂量不高于9kGy时,三七总皂苷粉样品的化学成分几乎没有发生变化;三七总皂苷粉样品经15kGy及以上的辐照剂量辐照后,可能产生新的化学成分;经21kGy的剂量辐照,三七总皂苷粉产生了人参、三七粉所含的普通成分(非三七总皂苷成分...     

PMMA光纤辐照特性研究

分析了聚合物光纤在辐照环境下的物理化学变化,实验研究了聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂（PMMA）光纤在不同剂量的γ射线辐照下的辐照损伤和恢复特性,测量了PMMA光纤在可见光波段的辐照光谱和恢复光谱以及在638 nm的辐照前后透过率及辐照损伤.测量结果表明,光纤的辐照损伤和恢复都有波长相关性,辐照剂量低于5 kGy,PMMA光纤在整个可见光波段的辐照损伤情况差别不大,辐照剂量超过5 kGy,PMMA光纤在400 nm~550 nm波段的辐照损伤比600 nm~800 nm的辐照损伤要严重.     

一种新型辐射变色膜的γ射线辐照研究

报道了以高聚物为载体，以有机染料及添加剂为变色指示剂体系，制备一种辐射变色膜。这种辐射变色膜为无色透明固体薄膜，经60Co γ射线辐照后，其颜色变为蓝色。辐照后样品的紫外-可见吸收光谱表明，在可见光区其最强吸收峰出现在624 nm附近。在10～90 kGy的剂量范围内，不含添加剂的辐射变色膜的光密度变化与吸收剂量呈线性关系，而含有添加剂的辐射变色膜对γ射线辐照的响应在50 kGy时就达到饱和。同时还探索了该体系辐照效应的化学反应机理。     

聚丙烯/有机改性蒙脱土纳米复合材料的光氧化降解研究

研究了聚丙烯/有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料在365 nm紫外光辐照下的光氧化降解过程中的结构变化。主要利用红外光谱方法进行表征。在辐照初期(紫外光辐照时间小于11 h),复合体系的光氧化降解速率大于纯聚丙烯体系;随着辐照时间的延长(大于11 h),复合体系的光氧化降解速率小于纯聚丙烯体系。主要原因是蒙脱土既有光屏蔽作用,又有加速光氧化降解的作用,这两种作用共存,但在辐照初期,催化光降解作用占主导地位,随着辐照时间延长,光屏蔽作用占主导。蒙脱土的含量对聚丙烯的光氧化降解速率也存在影响。另外,蒙脱土的加入对聚丙烯光氧化降解产物也产生影响,羧酸类及酸酐类产物增多,酯类产物减少。     

质子和电子对薄膜聚合物改性的研究

用能量为２０和１００ｋｅＶ的质子及８和１２ＭｅＶ的电子辐照低密度聚乙烯和聚丙烯薄膜，发现其作用效果是不同的。一定剂量的质子束使聚丙烯应力强度和相对伸长增加，而使聚乙烯力学性质变坏；电子束可使聚乙烯发生交联，而使聚丙烯辐照降解。Ｘ射线的结构研究表明，电子辐照聚丙烯，存在α和β相的转变，而聚乙烯则不存在这类相变．红外吸收谱的研究说明，在质子辐照聚丙烯时，随着剂量的增加，聚丙烯薄膜内部出现新的结构．这可能是两者根本不同的原因．     

γ射线辐照处理竹材化学组分及结晶度变化研究

利用核磁共振波谱仪和X射线衍射仪,对γ射线辐照处理前后的竹材进行CP/MAS 13C-NMR图谱、XRD光谱分析,得出竹材细胞壁主要化学组分在辐照过程中结构和性质的变化规律。随着辐照剂量升高,竹材纤维素结晶度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,半纤维素发生降解,木质素由非酚型向酚型转变。     

X-ray irradiation-induced structural modifications in PM-355 polymeric nuclear track detector film

Samples from sheets of the polymeric material PM-355 have been exposed to X-rays from a 50 kV X-ray tube in the dose range of 10–300 kGy. The resultant effect of X-ray irradiation on the structural properties of PM-355 has been investigated using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Vickers hardness and refractive index measurements. The results indicate that the X-ray irradiation of PM-355 in the dose range of 10–20 kGy causes initially chain scission. Above 20 and up to 100 kGy, the active free radicals produced from scission contribute to chemical reactions that lead to the crosslinking. Thus, the X-ray irradiation in the dose range of 20–100 kGy leads to a more compact structure of the PM-355 polymer, resulting in an enhancement of its Vickers hardness and refractive index. Moreover, the irradiation in the dose range of 100–300 kGy leads to the predominance of the degradation. This degradation is reported by FTIR spectroscopy and enhances the degree of ordering in the degraded samples as revealed by XRD technique. Additionally, it decreases both the Vickers hardness and refractive index of the PM-355 samples.     

Variation in viscosity and ion conductivity of a polymer-salt complex exposed to gamma irradiation

We study changes in microstructure and resulting changes in the properties of PEO(1 − x)-NH₄ClO₄(x) samples where x = 0.18, when irradiated with gamma doses varying up to 50 kGy. Viscosities of aqueous solutions of the irradiated samples give an idea of the change in molecular weight and show correlation with ion conductivity. On the whole, there is a chain scission on irradiation, though there is evidence of some cross-linking at higher doses. The ion conductivity shows a strong increase for an irradiation of 35 kGy. DSC studies indicate a decrease in crystallinity with gamma dose.     

Interferometric investigation of the effect of gamma radiation on the refractive index of CR-39 polymer

A non-contact and simple interferometric technique has been used to measure the refractive index variation of gamma irradiated CR-39 polymer samples. Six samples of thickness (750 μm) and dimensions of 1.5 × 3 cm², have been irradiated with gamma radiation doses in the range from zero to 600 kGy. It is observed that the refractive index increases by increasing the dose and reaches its maximum value at 40 kGy dose, and then starts to decrease again. This means that the gamma radiation deformation in the CR-39 polymer is a chain scission effect. This interferometric technique could make a contribution to recombination and degradation mechanisms on CR-39 polymer.     

Mechanical Properties and Solid-State Structure of Photodegraded Polyoxymethylene and Effect of UV Stabilizers Modification

Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure can lead to photodegradation of polyoxymethylene (POM), resulting in a change of its physical and chemical properties. Benzophenone UV absorber (UV-9), benzotriazole light stabilizer (UV-327), and hindered amine light stabilizer (LD-622) were used as UV stabilizers to improve the photostabilization of POM. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) were employed to characterize POM before and after aging. The change of its solid-state structure during the aging process was investigated. The surface molecular weight and the mechanical properties of modified POM after UV aging were also determined. The results showed that the degradation of amorphous molecules mainly occurred at the surface, while crystalline reorganization occurred in the interior part of the sample as a result of the UV irradiation, both of which led to an increase of the crystallinity. After UV irradiation for 1000 h, the elongation at break and notched Charpy impact strength were only 16.6% and 27.4% of the initial sample, respectively. However, 1%–3% of the additives could reduce the chain scission and restrain the recrystallization of POM after UV irradiation. Furthermore, mechanical properties were maintained to a certain degree by adding the UV stabilizers.     

Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Highly Filled Wood Plastic Composites: Effect of Wood Particles Content and Compatibilizer

The isothermal crystallization behavior and crystal structure of the polypropylene (PP) component in wood plastic composites (WPC) with respect to wood particle content and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAHPP) compatibilizer were studied by means of polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that under the experimental conditions of this research, the speed of crystallization of PP was faster in WPC with MAHPP than in composites without MAHPP. This is ascribed to the difference in undercooling due to the change in the equilibrium melting temperatures (T ⁰ _m ) of the PP component in WPC due to the addition of wood flour and MAHPP compatibilizer. T ⁰ _m decreased with the increase of wood particle content, and it decreased more severely with the addition of wood flour than the addition of compatibilizer. The half-crystallization time was the smallest in PP/wood composites, intermediate in PP/wood/compatibilizer system, and the largest in pure PP under the same undercooling. The fast crystallization in PP/wood composites is ascribed to the heterogeneous nucleation effects of wood particles, which could be hindered by the MAHPP compatibilizers; this was verified by the higher fold surface free energy in WPC with compatibilizer than in WPC without compatibilizer.     

Composites from Brazilian natural fibers with polypropylene: mechanical and thermal properties

Brazil has a well established ethanol production program based on sugarcane. Sugarcane bagasse and straw are the main by-products that may be used as reinforcement in natural fiber composites. Current work evaluated the influence of fiber insertion within a polypropylene (PP) matrix by tensile, TGA and DSC measurements. Thus, the mechanical properties, weight loss, degradation, melting and crystallization temperatures, heat of melting and crystallization and percentage of crystallinity were attained. Fiber insertion in the matrix improved the tensile modulus and changed the thermal stability of composites (intermediary between neat fibers and PP). The incorporation of natural fibers in PP promoted also apparent T _c and ΔH _c increases. As a conclusion, the fibers added to polypropylene increased the nucleating ability, accelerating the crystallization process, improving the mechanical properties and consequently the fiber/matrix interaction.     

Structural and optical modifications in gamma-irradiated polyimide/silica nanocomposite

The structural and optical properties of thin films of polyimide composites with nanosilica particle content of 15?wt%, prepared via sol–gel process, were studied as a function of the gamma dose. The resultant effect of gamma irradiation on the properties of polyimide/silica nanocomposite has been investigated using X-ray diffraction and UV spectroscopy. Absorption and reflectance spectra were collected by a spectrophotometer giving UV-radiation of wavelength range 200–800?nm. The optical data obtained were analyzed and the calculated values of the optical energy gap exhibited gamma dose dependence. The direct optical energy gap for the nonirradiated polyimide/silica nanocomposite is about 2.41?eV, and increases to a value of 2.65?eV when irradiated with gamma doses up to 300?kGy. It was found that the calculated refractive index of the polyamide/silica increases with the gamma dose in the range 50–300?kGy.     

The study of gamma irradiation effects on poly (glycolic acid)

We have investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on chemical structure, thermal and morphological properties of biodegradable semi-crystalline poly (glycolic acid) (PGA). PGA samples were subjected to irradiation treatment using a ⁶⁰Co gamma source with a delivered dose of 30, 60 and 90?kGy, respectively. Gamma irradiation induces cleavage of PGA main chains forming ～O?H₂ and ?H₂COO～ radicals in both amorphous and crystalline regions. The free radicals formed in the amorphous region abstract atmospheric oxygen and convert them to peroxy radicals. The peroxy radical causes chain scission at the crystal interface through hydrogen abstraction from methylene groups forming the ～?HCOO～ (I) radical. Consequently, the observed electron spin resonance (ESR) doublet of irradiated PGA is assigned to (I). The disappearance of the ESR signal above 190°C indicates that free radicals are formed in the amorphous region and decay below the melting temperature of PGA. Fourier transform infrared and optical absorption studies confirm that the groups are not influenced by gamma irradiation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that the melting temperature of PGA decreased from 212°C to 202°C upon irradiation. Degree of crystallinity increased initially and then decreased with an increase in radiation as per DSC and X-ray diffraction studies. Irradiation produced changes in the physical properties of PGA as well as affecting the morphology of the material.     

Fabrication and characterization of jute fabrics reinforced polypropylene-based composites: effects of ionizing radiation and disaccharide (sucrose)

Composites were prepared successfully by compression molding technique using jute fabrics (reinforcing agent) and polypropylene (matrix). Jute fabrics were treated with disaccharide (sucrose) solution and composites were fabricated with the treated fabric and polypropylene. The fiber content of the prepared composites was 40% by weight. It was found that the sucrose (2% solution) decreased the tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break about 6% and 37%, respectively, but tensile modulus and impact strength improved about 27% and 32%, respectively. When gamma radiation was applied through the untreated and treated composites the mechanical properties were improved much higher in non-treated Jute/PP-based composites than that of sucrose treated composites. For 5.0?kGy gamma dose the highest mechanical properties were observed for non-treated composites. At 5.0?kGy gamma dose the improvement of TS was 14% and 2% for non-treated and sucrose treated composites, respectively. The water uptake property of the sucrose treated composites was performed up to 10 days and composites absorbed 18% water. The functional groups of the both composites were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy machine. The scanning electron microscopic images of the both composites were taken for the surface and fiber adhesion analysis.     

Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on isothermal crystallization of biodegradable poly(ethylene succinate)

The effects of gamma-ray irradiation on the isothermal crystallization of biodegradable poly(ethylene succinate) (PESu) and the growth behavior of PESu spherulites have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. The irradiation doses used in the study are 0, 200, 400, and 600 kGy. The kinetic parameters for the isothermal crystallization have been determined, using the Avrami relationship. The nucleation constants and activation energy for the growth of the PESu spherulites have been analyzed, using the Lauritzen-Hoffman growth theory. Triple melting points have been observed for all the irradiated PESu. The gamma irradiation has no observable effect on the Avrami exponent, and the composite rate constant increases first with the increase of the crystallization temperature, reaches maximum at the crystallization temperature of ~35 °C, and then decreases with the increase of the crystallization temperature for both the non-irradiated and irradiated PESu. There exists a transition of the growth of the PESu spherulites from regime II to regime III. Both the nucleation constants and activation energy increase with increasing the irradiation dose. The gamma irradiation increases the energy barrier for the migration of polymer chains.