DNA与组蛋白相互作用的布朗动力学研究

在真核生物中,DNA按左手手征性的方式,缠绕在组蛋白八聚体的周围,形成稳定的核小体结构.文章作者运用布朗动力学,数值模拟了DNA与组蛋白相互作用最终形成核小体的动力学过程,揭示了DNA与组蛋白相互作用的详细图景,并提出了组蛋白八聚体旋转模型,以解释这一过程.文章作者还计算了组成核小体的DNA在受到拉伸力时,组蛋白被从核小体中剥离下来的动力学过程,得到了组装和剥离过程的详细图像,给出了与前人单分子实验一致的拉伸力与拉伸长度的关系曲线和拉伸台阶.此外,还通过建立的组蛋白手征性模型,模拟了核小体手征性的形成过程,发现DNA的缠绕方向强烈依赖于组蛋白的手征性,显示出环境温度对核小体手征性有重要影响.     

利用纳米孔研究DNA

脱氧核糖核酸 (DNA)和蛋白质是构成生命体最为重要的两类生物大分子 .随着科学技术的快速发展 ,越来越多的纳米技术被用来研究这些生物大分子 .文章详细介绍了近来利用纳米孔技术研究DNA的一些进展 .结合作者近期利用聚焦离子束 (FIB)制作纳米孔的工作 ,提出了利用纳米孔解离核小体的设想 .如果能够利用纳米孔将双螺旋DNA从组蛋白八聚体上剥离下来 ,并探测这一过程 ,将揭示核小体中包含的许多生物化学、物理信息 .文章对此进行了较为详细的分析 :处于电场中的核小体在电场的作用下 ,DNA分子穿越纳米孔 ,同时由于纳米孔的阻挡力 ,使组蛋白不能穿越 ,从而诱使DNA从组蛋白八聚体上分离下来 .通过准确检测DNA分子穿孔过程中引起的电流阻塞效应 ,可将DNA与组蛋白的相互作用的一些性质反映出来     

应用分子梳技术对DNA与组蛋白相互作用的研究

利用分子梳技术对λ DNA和组蛋白的相互作用进行了研究. 通过这种简单有效的方法，我们将λ DNA分子拉伸到26—28 μm，相当于其原长（约162 μm）的16—17倍. 当组蛋白与DNA结合后，DNA分子发生凝聚现象，复合体的拉伸长度明显变短，其峰值分布在10—14 μm之间. DNA 组蛋白复合体的拉伸长度与组蛋白的浓度、与碱基对和荧光染料的比例有显著的关系. 关键词： 分子梳 组蛋白 DNA 荧光显微     

染色质的DNA与组蛋白复合和分离的拉曼光谱研究

鸡红血球染色质的DNA与组蛋白复合和分离的拉曼光谱有明显的不同,这主要是由于金属钠、钙离子的影响和DNA与组蛋白的相互作用。本文初步阐明了上述染色质拉曼光谱的不同特征,并进一步表明了钠、钙离子与染色质中DNA和组蛋白的相互作用地点和模式,以及当DNA与组蛋白复合后它们相互作用的地点和模式。     

核酸和组蛋白的高分辨核磁共振研究

本文报道了不同来源的4种DNA和11种组蛋白的核磁共振研究新结果。发现真核生物DNA的核磁共振波谱明显不同;而真核生物组蛋白的波谱却相似。并讨论了放线菌素D与DNA,以及E.B(Ethidiumbromide)与DNA相互作用时质子峰变弱,和化学位移发生变化问题。     

钠离子浓度对核小体纤维结构影响的Monte Carlo模拟

通过核小体纤维模型的构建，利用Monto Carlo方法模拟其在各种钠离子浓度的溶液中结构变化的过程.模拟结果显示当溶液的钠离子浓度增大时，核小体由锯齿状结构转变为螺旋状结构.在常温所得到的核小体结构参数与实验结果接近，较好地解释了溶液中的钠离子浓度对核小体纤维结构的影响. 关键词： 核小体纤维 超螺旋结构 Monte Carlo方法 钠离子浓度     

MRG15与甲基化组蛋白H3K36相互作用研究

人源转录调控因子MRG15（MORF4 related gene on chromosome 15）是在胚胎发育,细胞增殖和衰老过程中具有重要作用的蛋白质. 在分子水平上,MRG15的chromo结构域能够与组蛋白H3甲基化的肽段H3K36me3相互作用. 为了确定二者的作用位点和方式,利用液体核磁共振的方法对MRG15 chromo结构域和H3K36me3多肽进行了研究. 对MRG15 chromo结构域进行归属,用化学位移扰动的方法研究了其与H3K36me3肽段的相互作用,确定了相互作用位点的关键氨基酸为H21,Y46,W49和W53,并计算了解离常数约为1 mmol/L. 研究结果对于阐明MRG15与组蛋白H3的结合和相互作用机制提供了重要的线索.     

抗生物素蛋白与DNA相互作用的单分子研究

抗生物素蛋白(avidin)在生物单分子实验中被广泛用于DNA与修饰表面的连接,同时avidin也可作为一种DNA载体用于基因治疗中.本文利用原子力显微镜(AFM)、动态光散射(DLS)、单分子磁镊(MT)技术系统地研究了avidin与DNA之间的相互作用,以及avidin引起DNA凝聚的机理.首先通过AFM对avidin-DNA复合体形貌进行观察,发现不但有avidin导致DNA凝聚的环状形貌,同时也存在avidin自身聚集引起的DNA凝聚现象,通过定量分析,发现其凝聚尺寸越来越小,而当avidin浓度大于2 ng·μL~(-1)时,其凝聚尺寸又突然变大.DLS实验结果也显示了同样的规律,伴随着avidin浓度的升高,DNA的粒径大小从大约170 nm减小到125 nm左右,其电泳迁移率由-2.76(10~(-4)cm~2·V~(-1)·s~(-1))变化到-0.1(10~(-4)cm~2·V~(-1)·~(-1)).此外,通过MT技术的力谱曲线变化,发现avidin导致的DNA凝聚与其他多价离子相比,长度的变化曲线几乎呈线性变化,偶尔存在少而小的阶跃,这种变化趋势与组蛋白的变化曲线更相似.因此可以判断,avidin导致DNA凝聚是由avidin与DNA的静电吸引和avidin自身聚集两种相互作用引起的.     

生物软物质研究的新进展

文章对近年来中科院物理研究所软物质物理实验室生物软物质研究的部分新进展做一简略介绍,包括DNA单分子研究,DNA与组蛋白的相互作用动力学研究,生物分子马达的运动机制研究,解旋酶与DNA的结合以及解旋DNA的动力学研究,朊病毒片段聚集的分子动力学研究,蛋白质折叠动力学的脉冲升温-时间分辨光谱研究,光合细菌外周捕光天线膜蛋白的拓扑结构研究等.     

电离辐射诱导组蛋白乙酰化引起的染色质结构解聚研究

真核生物的DNA分子经高度压缩以染色质形式存在于细胞核中,染色质动态结构在DNA复制、基因转录和DNA修复等过程中起着重要的调控作用。核内染色质结构的原位高分辨解析和其结构变化定量表征一直受困于显微成像观测分辨率的限制。通过点击化学荧光标记EdU和STORM单分子定位显微成像,实验得到了细胞核内超分辨率染色质结构图像。基于提出的单分子团簇分析和最近邻距离算法分析发现,X射线辐照和TSA处理后的细胞核内核小体团簇数量显著增多,核小体团簇所占细胞核内的面积比相对于对照组增加,且团簇内平均EdU分子数降低。同时,重离子辐照活细胞在线成像实验获得的XRCC1招募动力学速率常数表明乙酰化处理使得DNA损伤密度降低。这些结果表明电离辐射和乙酰化处理均导致了染色质结构的松散化。STORM超分辨成像方法和分析算法及其获得的核小体团簇分布规律为染色质结构的松散提供了直接的定量表征数据支持。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.