利用宇宙线对BESⅢ量能器CsI(Tl)晶体探测器单元的测量

利用宇宙射线进行探测器模型的性能测试是高能物理普遍采用的方法, 其中最重要的步骤之一就是确定宇宙线入射的准确位置和径迹. 多数采用丝室探测器来进行宇宙线的精确定位, 需要很高的造价和复杂的电子学系统. 本文介绍一种简单的定位方法, 采用塑料闪烁体条加波移剂光纤编码读出的方式, 可以实现精度为1cm的定位. 据此建立了一套实验装置, 对BESⅢ电磁量能器CsI(Tl)晶体探测器单元的光输出强度和不均匀性进行了测量.     

闪烁计数器在宇宙线探测中的应用

用闪烁计数器完成对宇宙线信号的采集和转换工作，其输出信号作为原始数据被记录．提出利用动态分析仪进行记录的新方法，应用该方法能够观测到宇宙线与探测器作用的详细情况，并得出一些新的结果．本文介绍这种方法的应用情况，并对观测结果进行分析．     

固体气泡损伤探测器——一种新型的原子核粒子探测器

固体气泡损伤探测器是最近出现的一种新型的粒子探测器．它兼具固体核径迹探测器和气泡室的性质，能探测ｒ射线、中子和各种质量的带电粒子，目前已成功地应用于中子剂量、中子能谱和ｒ剂量测量，有希望成为聚变诊断、高能核物理、宇宙线和粒子物理的研究工具．本文对这种探测器的原理、制作过程、结构、特性、待解决的问题和应用进行介绍，并通过分析．指出这种新型探测器的研究方向．     

利用ICCD定位宇宙线来测量探测器时间分辨的方法研究

本研究采用双层150 mm×150 mm闪烁条阵列定位宇宙线的入射和出射位置. 阵列信号光使用波移光纤吸收传输,在ICCD相机前插入前置像增强器,使信号光延迟大于200 ns, 使ICCD可以由外部高速触发信号控制,有效记录随机触发事例.该宇宙线定位系统可以同时多点密集测量 通用探测器测试平台的时间分辨和闪烁光的渡越时间.该新方法与传统时间分辨测量方法相比提高了30倍以上 的效率.实验结果显示:时间探测器的时间分辨好于200 ps,满足通用探测器测试平台的设计要求.     

BESⅢ端盖TOF本征时间分辨的MC模拟

BESⅢ飞行时间探测器(端盖部分)由2×48个塑料闪烁探测器模块构成. 采用Monte Carlo模拟软件包Geant4，对该探测器测量高能带电粒子的性能进行了模拟研究. 文章讨论了最小电离粒子击中闪烁体不同位置，以及闪烁体形状，闪烁体表面覆盖材料对本征时间分辨的影响，给出了详细的模拟结果，并与宇宙线测试结果进行了比较. 为该探测器研制和工程设计提供必要的参考数据.     

宇宙线探测系统的建立及阻抗板探测器的测试

在实验室内建立了一套宇宙线测试系统(CORTS)，并对一个大面积CMS RE1/2 RPC的完整样品进行了系统的测试. 结果为RPC的探测效率约85%，时间分辨率为0.87±0.08ns，空间分辨本领为1.5根读出条宽度，与CERN束流测试中得到的数据基本吻合. 对比表明采用宇宙线测试可以可靠地获得若干关键的RPC探测器性能指标.     

用蒙特卡罗模拟方法计算EAS阵列的有效探测面积

本文从ＥＡＳ横向分布的经验公式ＮＫＧ结构函数及将平均值由ＮＫＧ函数给定的Ｐｏｓｓｏｎ分布用来对探测器实际测量到的粒子数密度进行随机抽样出发，利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法计算了梁王山宇宙线观测站粒子阵列的有效探测面积Ａｅｆｆ．由Ａｅｆｆ算出的ＥＡＳ阵列的响应函数与实验观测结果相符合。将本文所得结果用于梁王山宇宙线测站的实验数据的分析，效果良好。     

L3宇宙线实验触发系统和触发效率的测量

介绍了在欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)的L3探测器上进行的宇宙线实验的触发系统判选过程,还介绍了使用蒙特卡洛模拟检验触发系统和计算触发效率的方法,并给出了实际数据的测量结果和误差.结果已用于L3宇宙线实验的μ谱的测量中.     

宇宙线的百年研究

二十年的大气电离之谜导致了宇宙线的发现．宇宙线的研究打开了粒子物理学的大门．而今天，宇宙线又为银河系外的天体物理学开启了一扇窗口．     

北京谱仪Ⅱ上利用效率比方法进行μ鉴别的研究

北京谱仪Ⅱ的μ探测器的位置分辨和击中效率与带电粒子的动量和入射位置有关, 利用选取的宇宙线样本和强子样本对μ,探测器逐层进行了标度, 并利用构造的效率比函数在物理分析中有效地识别μ和强子.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.