变温下材料表面近红外双向反射分布函数的测量研究

基于自行研制的双向反射分布函数(BRDF)测量装置,采用绝对测量方法在20～800℃的温度范围内测量了粗糙黄铜表面在近红外波段下的光谱偏振双向反射分布函数,分析了温度对BRDF的影响。结果表明,温度对黄铜表面的BRDF有明显的影响,随着温度的升高,BRDF整体呈现出稳定-增大-减小的变化趋势。对不同温度下材料表面的场扫描电镜、粗糙度和X射线衍射测试表明,温度对样品表面BRDF产生影响的主要原因是表面形貌和化学成分的改变。     

空间相机常用金属材料表面的BRDF特性

为保证空间相机热设计中表面辐射换热计算准确可靠,基于两种金属材料的光学常数,结合Monte Carlo射线跟踪法应用几何光学近似对其粗糙表面的双向反射分布函数(BRDF)进行了研究。分析了不同入射光波长、不同入射角度及不同表面粗糙度对金属铝和钛材料粗糙表面的BRDF的影响。结果表明,金属铝和钛材料粗糙表面的BRDF分布具有明显的镜反射特征,入射平面内的BRDF峰值随入射光波长增加而增大,在本文研究的波长范围内,钛表面的BRDF随入射光波长增大的增幅最高达到41.0%,远高于铝表面的8.7%。当表面粗糙度较大时,光子在粗糙表面内会经历多次散射,粗糙表面内多次散射光子数比例随着表面粗糙度的增大而增加,并且随着入射角度的增大具有增加的趋势。     

驱动光束不均匀性研究中的硅平面薄膜

 介绍以氧化、扩散、光刻等现代半导体技术结合化学腐蚀工艺实现对Si片的定向自截止腐蚀,制备获得用于研究驱动光束不均匀性的自支撑Si平面薄膜的工艺。通过台阶仪测量厚度在3~4 μm的Si平面薄膜,在扫描范围为1000 μm时,它的表面粗糙度在几十nm;SEM测量表明,Si薄膜表面颗粒度在纳米量级;探讨采用控制扩散、腐蚀参数和表面修饰处理来降低Si膜表面粗糙度的方法。     

双向反射率测量中锁相放大器的设计

均匀材料表面除镜反射方向的其他散射方向光辐射强度都较微弱.采用信号参量估计中行的最大似然估计,应用相关检测技术,利用被测信号与背景噪声不相关特性,设计了适于微弱光电信号检测的装置--锁相放大器.对金刚砂反射天顶角-55°～55°范围测量的实验结果与双向反射率(BRDF)模型比较显示,在可见光0.632 8 μm波段,误差为3.43%;近红外1.34 μm波段,误差只有0.01%.该锁相放大器适用于材料表面双向反射率的测量.     

基于微面斜率法的粗糙表面半透明介质层光谱散射特性分析

对具有一维高斯分布粗糙表面的半透明介质层光谱散射,基于微面斜率法建立了考虑遮蔽效应的粗糙表面光谱辐射传递概率模型,采用蒙特卡罗法模拟光谱辐射能束在粗糙表面、半透明介质层介质与镜反射基底之间的多次反射、折射和吸收等传递过程。通过数值模拟,分析了介质层表面粗糙度、光谱光学厚度、折射率和基底反射率对介质层双向反射分布函数(BRDF)的影响。结果表明,表面粗糙程度不同时,反射峰值随入射角度呈现不同的变化趋势;表面粗糙度增加或折射率增大都将导致漫反射份额增大;介质层光谱光学厚度和基底反射率主要影响BRDF的数值大小,而对BRDF的分布形态影响很小。     

靶丸表面轮廓形貌AFM精密测量及特性评价

 建立了由改造的原子力显微镜(AFM)、精密回转气浮轴系、辅助转位轴系等组成的靶丸表面形貌精密测量系统，气浮轴系的回转精度达0.049 μm，实现了对激光核聚变靶丸3个正交方向上完整圆周迹线的测量。对选定靶丸的测量数据进行了球度、表面粗糙度及功率谱分析。结果表明：其球度值为0.42 μm；模数范围为2~10，11~50，51~100及101~1 000对应的表面粗糙度值平均为105.7， 12.2， 6.2, 18.25 nm；并得出了平均1维功率谱-模数关系曲线。     

偏振光谱BRDF建模与仿真

在偏振光条件下,物体的表面反射受到折射率、表面粗糙度、入射角等多种因素的影响。针对粗糙物体表面在不同波段光照下表现出不同的偏振反射特性,提出一种基于Kirchhof理论的偏振光谱BRDF模型。利用已知材质在不同波长下的复折射率,对其折射率和消光系数部分分别反演出的对应光谱模型,进而得到复折射率的光谱模型;同借鉴经典的表面粗糙度测量方法,结合菲涅耳反射公式,推导出表面粗糙度的光谱模型,将得到的复折射率和粗糙度光谱模型与BRDF模型相结合,推导出偏振光谱BRDF建模。模型分别在折射率随波长变化、粗糙度为常量,折射率、粗糙度均随波长变化以及原模型三种情况下进行仿真对比实验,并将所得到的数据与其他资料进行对比。其结果表明,该模型能够较为准确的反映物体表面的偏振反射特性,并且能够描述偏振度随波长变化趋势的光谱特征,能够为偏振遥感、物质分类等方面的应用提供可靠依据。     

基于表面生成法的粗糙基底上半透明涂层的光散射特性

针对光在半透明涂层和粗糙基底构成的两层粗糙面的散射过程,采用表面生成法,考虑入射遮蔽以及多次散射效应,构建表面散射的蒙特卡罗模型,得到粗糙基底上半透明涂层的反射光的能量分布,研究涂层厚度、表面粗糙度、入射光波长等对双向反射分布函数(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function,BRDF)的影响.结果表明,BRDF受表面的粗糙程度影响较大,其峰值随表面均方根斜率的增加线性递减;半透明涂层厚度影响BRDF峰值的大小,厚度为十分之一波长时,BRDF达最小值;近红外光入射时镜反射方向附近BRDF的局部分布曲线相对于可见光入射时有展宽趋势,且方向半球反射率相对于可见光入射时更大.     

空间目标表面材料光谱双向反射分布函数测量与建模

介绍了双向反射分布函数（BRDF）的绝对测量原理和方法,选用光谱分辨率为3 nm的光谱辐射度计及精度为001°的三维转角系统,搭建了BRDF自动测量平台,对空间目标表面包覆材料在400—2500 nm的光谱BRDF进行了测量.结果表明,BRDF曲线极大值所对应的散射角度一般在镜反射方向左右,其余BRDF值随散射角变化很平缓,从中间向两边逐渐变小,近似成余弦分布.测量误差为495%.应用模拟退火算法,结合BRDF五参量统计模型,获得了测量光谱范围内各波长对应的共2101组五参量值,通过对比参量计算结果和 关键词： 双向反射分布函数 绝对测量 误差分析 参量模型     

多辊轧机冷轧技术在靶材料制备中的应用

 叙述了多辊轧机轧制金属薄膜原理，以Ti膜制备为例，借助多辊轧机冷轧技术进行1.5 μm厚钛薄带的制备工艺研究。对薄膜的特性测试结果表明：工作辊的表面粗糙度对于轧制薄膜的表面粗糙度的影响很大，降低工作辊表面的粗糙度可以得到粗糙度为25.2 nm的金属薄膜。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.