综合流动和传热的废轮胎回转窑热解模型

废轮胎在回转窑内的热解主要受到气-固相流动、传质和传热及化学反应动力参数等因素的影响。在对回转窑 内固体颗粒运动、传热传质进行分析的基础上,结合对轮胎热解反应动力学的研究,发展了综合流动、传热的废轮胎回转 窑热解模型,可计算得到回转窑内热解的温度分布、物料转化率、产物得率等。模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

水泥回转窑内NO生成及其分布规律研究

本文在气固流动、煤粉燃烧和NO生成数学模型的基础上,对水泥回转窑内物料烧成过程的物理化学反应热效应采用分区段拟合的方法,建立了一套描述水泥回转窑窑内过程的数学模型。并对某3000吨／天生产能力的带四通道燃烧器的水泥回转窑进行了数值模拟,得到了回转窑内气体速度场、气体温度和组分浓度沿窑长的变化规律,对窑内NO生成进行了深入研究。研究结果表明:水泥回转窑内NO生成按机理可分为热力型NO和燃料型NO,由于窑内存在着高温、富氧环境,热力型NO为主要生成方式;热力型NO和燃料型NO生成过程存在着相互抑制作用。     

回转窑内MSW轴向传输和扩散的数学模型和仿真

本文发展了随机颗粒轨道模型并用来预测ＭＳＷ在回转窑内轴向传输和扩散现象，即停留时间分布。模型创新性在于：（１）首次采用颗粒受力矢量分析而非Ｓａｅｍａｎ倡导的几何分析来确定窑内单历程中颗粒的滚落轨迹；（２）充分考虑了ＭＳＷ在回转窑内分离现象，引入参数来表达颗粒滚落过程的随机分布函数。模型计算值和试验结果取得良好的一致，可以为回转式热解或焚烧炉的设计和运行提供依据。     

炸药脆性材料切削加工数值模拟

目前，公开报道的切削工艺模拟研究中，大多数停留：在二维模拟上，而且是将工件约束，让刀具做直线进给运动，这样实际生产中工件或刀具的回转运动对切削加工过程的影响并没有体现出来。一般柱形件加工时工件做回转运动，刀具做进给运动，需采用更新的Lagrange网格来模拟三维的具有螺旋形运动轨迹的非正交切削。     

考虑接触角滞后的脉动热管工质运动特性研究

将汽、液塞工质接触角滞后毛细阻力引入Ma等的模型中,并在考虑管间压力不平衡影响下建立了描述脉动热管工质运动特性的数学模型。模拟结果发现,脉动热管启动后在小于1 s的短时间内即可进入稳定周期振荡阶段。在稳定振荡过程中,充液率、管长和冷/热段温差对管内工质运动位移及速度影响显著。本研究有助于更好地理解脉动热管振荡运动特性和运行机理。     

回转窑火焰监视及温度测量系统

本文介绍了采用彩色CCD基于数字图像处理测量回转窑内投影温度场的基本原理、系统组成和数据处理方法。通过对燃烧火焰和烧成熟料图像的量化分析和滤波,得到火焰和熟料的特征值及相应温度场,可为窑炉的自动控制提供真实可靠的依据。该系统已在国内某水泥回转窑企业成功运行。     

氢键分子系统中外场与阻尼作用下扭结孤子对的特性研究

运用二分量孤子的振子模型，研究了氢键分子系统中在外场与阻尼存在情况下，质子子晶格与重离子子晶格中扭结孤子形成的孤子对的运动特性，讨论了重离子运动对孤子对迁移率的影响和孤子对的核化特性，得到了孤子对迁移率表达式和平均核化率     

氢键分子系统中外场与阻尼作用下扭结孤子对的特性研究

运用二分量孤子的振子模型,研究了氢键分子系统中在外场与阻尼存在情况下,质子子晶格与重离子子晶格中扭结孤子形成的孤子对的运动特性,讨论了重离子运动对孤子对迁移率的影响和孤子对的核化特性,得到了孤子对迁移率表达式和平均核化率 关键词：     

声场中气泡群的动力学特性

以水为工作介质,考虑了液体的轻微可压缩性,研究了声场中气泡群的动力学特性,对单一型和混合型气泡群内微泡的初始半径、气泡的数目及声频率和声压对气泡动力学特性进行了数值研究．分析了各参数对气泡运动特性和气泡崩溃时所产生压力脉冲的影响．研究了单一型气泡群内气泡动力学的混沌特性,分析了气泡处于混沌特性下两次崩溃压力脉冲特征,结果表明：适合的参数有利于提高声空化处理效果．     

超声空化泡运动特性的研究进展

超声空化是一个极其复杂的物理现象,超声空化泡运动是影响超声空化效应的重要因素,研究超声空化泡的运动特性已受到学术界的极大重视。本文研究了近几年国内外学者基于超声作用下的空化泡运动特性的工作,从空化泡运动方程、数值模拟、实验研究等方面介绍了超声空化泡运动特性的研究进展。最后指出了研究中需解决的关键问题,同时对超声空化泡的研究趋势进行了展望。     

Accelerator-driven Transmutation of Waste

Taking advantage of the recent breakthroughs in accelerator technology and of the natural flexibility of subcritical systems, the Accelerator-driven Transmutation of Waste (ATW) concept offers the United States and other countries the possibility to essentially eliminate plutonium, higher actinides, and environmentally hazardous fission products from the waste stream destined for permanent storage.     

Study on the plasma treatment of waste oil containing PCB

The paper presents the results of treatment of transformer oil containing less than 2 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a plant of high-temperature plasma melting of ash residues after the municipal waste incineration. The content of undecomposed PCBs, dioxins, and other hazardous waste in all secondary products of treatment (off gases; slag; secondary fly ash; process water used for slag granulation) was analyzed by different methods. Performed analytical investigations showed high ecological degree of PCB decomposition in the plant of plasma-thermal treatment of ashes after incinerators.     

Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants: The ways of its implementation in the Russian Federation

The situation in Russia concerning the implementation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) aimed at ending their production and use and reducing emissions is examined. The data on the quantities of POPs accumulated in the Russian Federation are presented: to date, the total amount of polychlorobiphenyls is assessed as up to 30000 tons and of obsolete pesticides as 40000 tons. The total emission of dioxins in Russia is estimated to be ??1.8 kg toxic equivalent, with the main contributions coming from burning waste dumps, forest fires, and hazardous waste incineration. A number of ways to destroy waste POPs are analyzed. Advantages of waste disposal technology by incineration in an excess of oxygen are discussed. The need to elaborate measures for the destruction and disposal of POPs is emphasized.     

Supercritical hydrothermal degradation of hazardous organic wastes with a view to utilizing the potential energy of gaseous products

The method of supercritical hydrothermal degradation was applied to neutralize hazardous organic-containing substances and persistent organic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, wastewater, and agro-industrial waste) in the autothermal and allothermic modes. It has been established that the realizable modes of supercritical hydrothermal oxidation and pyrolysis provide a degree of decomposition of the investigated organic-containing waste not less than 99.5%, accompanied by the formation of a high-enthalpy steam?gas mixture or combustible gases. The possibility of utilization of the potential energy of gaseous reaction products on a specially designed experimental setup with a multi-tubular spiral-type reactor, which is a part of an autonomous energy complex for generating heat and electric power, is examined.     

Plasma-aided manufacturing

The present and potential applications of plasma-aided manufacturing are discussed and described. Plasma-aided manufacturing is used for producing new materials with unusual and superior properties, for developing new chemical compounds and processes, for machining, and for altering and refining materials and surfaces. Plasma-aided manufacturing has direct applications to semiconductor fabrication, materials synthesis, welding, lighting, polymers, anticorrosion coatings, machine tools, metallurgy, electrical and electronics devices, hazardous waste removal, high-performance ceramics, and many other items in both the high-technology and the more traditional industries in the United States     

Evaluation of Cyanex 923-coated magnetic particles for the extraction and separation of lanthanides and actinides from nuclear waste streams

In the magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS) process, tiny ferromagnetic particles coated with solvent extractant are used to selectively separate radionuclides and hazardous metals from aqueous waste streams. The contaminant-loaded particles are then recovered from the waste solutions using a magnetic field. The contaminants attached to the magnetic particles are subsequently removed using a small volume of stripping agent. In the present study, Cyanex 923 (trialkylphosphine oxide) coated magnetic particles (cross-linked polyacrylamide and acrylic acid entrapping charcoal and iron oxide, 1:1:1, particle size=1–60 μm) are being evaluated for the possible application in the extraction and separation of lanthanides and actinides from nuclear waste streams. The uptake behaviour of Th(IV), U(VI), Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid solutions was investigated by batch studies. The effects of sorption kinetics, extractant and nitric acid concentrations on the uptake behaviour of metal ions were systematically studied. The influence of fission products (Cs(I), Sr(II)) and interfering ions including Fe(III), Cr(VI), Mg(II), Mn(II), and Al(III) were investigated. The recycling capacity of the extractant-coated magnetic particles was also evaluated.     

Volt-ampere characteristics of a nitrogen DC plasma arc with anode melting

The characteristics of a nitrogen arc using a graphite cathode and a melting anode in a pilot-scale plasma furnace are investigated. The voltage is examined as a function of current and apparent plasma length. The voltage increases non-linearly with the increase of apparent plasma length, with the current fixed. The experimental data so obtained are compared with the predictions of the Bowman model for the electric arc, and with numerical simulations as well. The level of agreement between the experimental data at the melting anode and the numerical predictions confirms the suitability of the proposed the Bowman model. These characteristics are relevant to the engineering design and evaluation of a DC plasma furnace and reactor for the treatment of hazardous fly ash waste.     

Nonequilibrium volume plasma chemical processing

A review is presented of plasma chemical processes occurring in the volume part of electrical nonequilibrium discharges. The role of energetic electrons as initiators of chemical reactions in a cold background gas is discussed. Different discharge types of (glow, corona, silent, RF, and microwave discharges) are investigated with respect to their suitability for plasma processing. Emphasis is placed on the requirements of initiating and maintaining the discharge and, at the same time, optimizing plasma parameters for the desired chemical process. Using large-scale industrial ozone production as an example, the detailed process of discharge optimization is described. Other applications of volume plasma processing include other plasma chemical syntheses as well as decomposition processes such as flue gas treatment and hazardous waste disposal. The author only deals with plasmas which are not in equilibrium     

THz激光主动图像预处理方法研究

鉴于THz激光主动成像以其较低的光子能量和较高的穿透能力在危险品检测、医疗和食品检验等领域有着广泛的应用前景,将对比度拉伸变换、中值滤波和均值滤波常规图像预处理方法引入到THz激光主动图像处理中,对五元人民币纸币的水印THz面阵图像进行了预处理。处理结果表明,对原始图像进行对比度拉伸变换可以较大地提高图像对比度,在此基础上进行的中值滤波和均值滤波可进一步提高图像的辨识能力,中值滤波可以保护目标边缘细节并使图像平滑。在对比中发现,当窗口大小为9×9像元时滤波后的视觉效果最佳。     

Disposal of hazardous organic substances in supercritical water

Studies devoted to the eco-friendly disposal of hazardous organic substances (OS) and waste through oxidation in supercritical water (SCW) are reviewed. One advantage of using SCW is the possibility of complete and rapid oxidation of OS in closed systems. The oxidation rate is determined by the temperature, proportions between the reagents, bond dissociation energies, and solubility of OS in SCW, decreasing in the series aliphatic > aromatic, heterocyclic > polyaromatic compounds. The main oxidation products are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water; sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens are converted into the respective mineral acids. There are a number of difficulties in the implementation of particular processes on the industrial scale, which impede the achievement of an acceptable performance of installations in terms of safety and stability. These difficulties are mainly associated with heterogeneous processes on the reactor walls, such as the corrosion of constructional materials and deposition of salts, which lead with time to changes in the kinetic characteristic of the main and coupled reactions.