一种非侵入式检测聚焦超声场的方法及装置

介绍了一种用激光通过声光折射法对聚焦超声场进行非侵入式测量的方法及装置. 该方法采用一束 直径小于声波长的平行激光束垂直入射于聚焦焦点, 通过建立焦点声压与光线最大偏转距离间的关系模型, 即可 计算出某点的声压. 通过将激光沿声轴线方向进行微小位置调节, 利用光束在聚焦超声场中由于介质折射率不同 导致的光线折射, 即可测得焦域范围的声压分布以及焦斑宽度. 所得实验测量结果与理论仿真结果对比相差不大, 证明此方法是可行的     

脉冲声测量技术在光纤水听器测量中的应用

本文介绍了脉冲声测量技术在非消声水池中光纤水听器测量中的应用。理论上分析了脉冲宽度的选择标准，并搭建了实验系统，对某一光纤水听器的声压灵敏度进行了测量，实验结果验证了该技术用于光纤水听器测量的可行性。     

基于光频调节的干涉型光纤水听器相位补偿检测方法

提出了一种基于光源频率调节的干涉型光纤水听器主动相位补偿的信号检测方法。详细介绍了该方法的基本检测原理,对信号解调误差进行了理论分析与仿真。为了验证该方法的可行性,搭建了实验系统,并编写了实时的信号采集、处理程序,对某一干涉型光纤水听器的声压灵敏度进行了测试。在频带20 Hz-1.3 kHz上,平均声压灵敏度为-162.2 dB(0 dB=1 rad/μPa),波动小于±0.8 dB,与采用相位载波调制解调方法测量的结果基本吻合。实验结果证明该方法是有效的。由于传感部分不含有源器件,便于实现全光纤化,且解调算法简单、检测频带宽,该方法能被广泛应用到各种干涉型光纤传感器的信号检测当中。     

分布反馈式光纤激光水听器的声压灵敏度频率响应特性

光纤激光水听器的频率响应曲线会在声压传递函数的谐振频率处出现谐振峰,使水听器的工作频带变窄。研制了一种金属膜片端面增敏结构的分布反馈式(DFB)光纤激光水听器。基于电声类比理论,建立了DFB光纤激光水听器的声压传递函数模型,仿真分析了水听器各结构参数对水听器声压传递函数的影响,实现了水听器结构的优化设计,加工制作了水听器原型样品并进行了实验研究。由实验结果可知,DFB光纤激光水听器在2.5~10kHz频率范围内的平均声压灵敏度为-135.99dB,波动幅度小于±0.6dB,且在16kHz附近出现谐振峰,实验结果与仿真分析结果较好地吻合。该研究对DFB光纤激光水听器的研制具有重要指导意义。     

带加速度补偿的DFB光纤激光水听器

针对分布反馈式光纤激光水听器在用于水声探测时极易受加速度效应干扰的问题,设计了一种双膜片对称结构的光纤激光水听器,对该水听器的抗加速度性能进行了研究.建立了双膜片结构水听器的加速度灵敏度理论模型,分析了水听器各部件的尺寸大小、材料参量与水听器加速度灵敏度的关系,实现了对水听器结构的优化设计;加工制作了分布反馈式光纤激光水听器原型样品,并进行了实验研究.测量结果表明,在2.5~10kHz的频率范围内,该结构水听器的平均声压灵敏度为-132.6dB,波动幅度不大于±0.5dB,加速度灵敏度小于-28dB.该水听器在保证了较高声压灵敏度与平坦的响应曲线的同时,抗加速度性能也得了有效改善,可大大提高光纤激光水听器阵列在运动状态下对远距离目标探测的信噪比.     

干涉型光纤水听器伪工作点控制检测方法

提出了一种用于干涉型光纤水听器信号检测的伪工作点控制方法.为了验证该方法的可行性,搭建了干涉型光纤水听器声压灵敏度测量系统,编写了实时信号采集和处理程序,对某一光纤水听器进行了测量.在频带20 Hz~2.5 kHz上,该光纤水听器的声压灵敏度为－156.5 dB(0 dB=1 rad/μPa),频响波动<±0.8 dB,与采用PGC调制解调方法测量的结果基本一致.由于传感部分不含有源器件,该方法实现了无源检测.另外,它还具有解调算法简单、检测频带宽等优点.     

芯轴型光纤水听器声压相移灵敏度响应分析

提出了一种带空气腔芯轴型光纤水听器的结构模型,并对其声压相移灵敏度的响应特性进行了研究.通过对空气腔芯轴型光纤水听器的基本原理和结构进行分析,得出光纤与弹性筒作用的相互关系;建立了动力学等效模型,得出带空气腔芯轴型光纤水听器声压相移灵敏度表达式以及频率特性的理论模型;利用有限元方法,得到芯轴型光纤水听器的响应模型.根据提出的结构和确定的参量制作出相应的探头,经过试验测试,其3 dB带宽约为30 kHz,测试结果验证了提出的理论模型与有限元模型的正确性.     

单模光纤水听器声压灵敏度的研究

光纤水听器是-种新型的声信号探测器。声压灵敏度是它的重要技术指标。70年代末,Peter和Price等人提出了声光转换的理论模型,Price导出了单模光纤水听器的声压灵敏度公式。本文,根据弹性振动理论和光弹理论,对Price公式加以推广,导出了宽频带中适用的新的声压灵敏度公式,并指出Price公式只是新得出的公式在低频声信号下的表达式。     

一种有源型光纤水听器原理与实验分析

分析了一种有源型光纤水听器的水声传感原理,在一段掺铒光纤中写入具有π相移的光纤光栅构成光纤激光器,水声压力作用在激光器上引起激光波长的移位,采用干涉法检测出波长移位引起的相位变化即得到声压的信息.水声探测实验表明,有源型光纤水听器的声压灵敏度为-166.5 dB(参考值1 rad/μPa).将不同工作波长的四元光纤水听器串接于一根光纤内组成水听器阵列,使用带通波分复用器将阵列发出的激光分离至各独立通道后检测出相应的声压信号,测得水听器之间的级串扰小于-60 dB,且单元水听器水声响应的动态范围不受影响.     

光纤Bragg光栅水听器特性及实验研究

论述了光纤Bragg光栅（FBG）水听器探头基元 （FBG）的传感特性,分析了FBG的耦合系数、反射率、反射带宽和栅长对光纤Bragg光栅水听器传感特性的影响.通过改进光纤Bragg光栅水听器探头封装结构,增加了其压力敏感系数.并将实验结果与标准水听器（压电型）比较,标定出光纤Bragg光栅水听器的声压灵敏度；对传感信号进行电路解调,得出了解调结果,结果显示与原始声波信号基本一致.试验表明,在1 kHz~25 kHz的声波检测范围,光纤Bragg光栅水听器响应平坦度好,信号输出稳定,证明文中采取的改进措施是有效的.     

聚焦区域高声强声场分布的测量方法研究

常用的声场分布测量是采用水听器扫描声场的方法,该方法对于声能量密度较大的声场难以测量,因为在这种情况下声振幅比较大,水听器在这种声场中呈现非线性或遭到破坏。设计了一种用辐射压力测量高声强声场分布的方法,该方法利用一根微细管,直接测量声场的冲流压力,通过对声场进行扫描测量可以得到高声强声场压力分布。从理论上分析了这种测量方法的可行性,对测量基本要求及实验装置做了阐述。实验结果证实:该方法可以用来测量高声能密度声场压力分布;测量结果与水听器测量结果基本吻合;测量方法存在测量盲区。     

The Relationship of Cavitation to the Negative Acoustic Pressure Amplitude in Ultrasonic Therapy

The relationship between the cavitation and acoustic peak negative pressure in the high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU)Held is analyzed in water and tissue phantom.The peak negative pressure at the focus is determined by a hybrid approach combining the measurement with the simulation.The spheroidal beam equation is utilized to describe the nonlinear acoustic propagation.The waveform at the focus is measured by a fiber optic probe hydrophone in water.The relationship between the source pressure amplitude and the excitation voltage is determined by fitting the measured ratio of the second harmonic to the fundamental component at the focus,based on the model simulation.Then the focal negative pressure is calculated for arbitrary voltage excitation in water and tissue phantom.A portable B-mode ultrasound scanner is applied to monitor HIFU-induced cavitation in real time,and a passive cavitation detection(PCD)system is used to acquire the bubble scattering signals in the HIFU focal volume for the cavitation quantification.The results show that:(1)unstable cavitation starts to appear in degassed water when the peak negative pressure of HIFU signals reaches 13.5 MPa;and(2)the cavitation activity can be detected in tissue phantom by B-mode images and in the PCD system with HIFU peak negative pressures of 9.0 MPa and 7.8 MPa,respectively,which suggests that real-time B-mode images could be used to monitor the cavitation activity in two dimensions,while PCD systems are more sensitive to detect scattering and emission signals from cavitation bubbles.     

基于纹影法的聚焦超声声场重建算法研究

为了从聚焦超声声场纹影图像直接重建声场声压分布图像,首先根据水中声波与光波的作用规律,利用Zernike相衬技术得到纹影系统中空间声压分布与纹影图像中光强的关系,再通过纹影系统获得聚焦超声声场实时图像,最后根据纹影系统的物理特性经过反投影重建算法重建出凹球壳聚焦超声换能器的空间声压分布。分析可知,理论声焦域横向与声轴大小分别为0.15 mm、1.4 mm,重建声场电功率为12 W时横向最接近为0.25 mm,30 W时声轴最接近为1.35 mm。与球壳换能器的理论声压分布进行对比的结果表明,该方法具有一定可行性,可以用于聚焦超声换能器的声场分布检测。     

The effect of detector distance and beam width in acousto-optical beam deflection probing in air

We investigate the effect of detector distance and beam width in acousto-optic beam deflection probing in air. The study investigates pure refraction regime (beam width? acoustic wavelength). We find that in this regime the increase in beam width can significantly increase the detected signal up to 8 folds higher than previous detection geometries—while the detector distance has a less noticeable effect. Theoretical results are assessed through an experiment with a commercially available ultrasonic transducer. This investigation provides detailed theoretical approaches and quantitative experimental characterization that can be used for numerous applications requiring beam deflection probing in air.     

Characterization of a fiber-optic displacement sensor for measurements in high-intensity focused ultrasound fields

A fiber-optic sensor is presented that is capable of measuring the particle displacement in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) fields. For this probe, a secondary calibration was performed, and the resulting complex frequency response is discussed. As a first practical application, the setup was used to measure the pressure in the field of a weakly focusing ultrasound transducer. The result is compared with that of a membrane hydrophone measurement. The feasibility of measurements in HIFU fields is demonstrated by means of measurements of the spatial distribution of the peak particle velocity within the focus of a HIFU transducer and of the dependence of the peak values on the acoustical power level.     

Characterization of an optical multilayer hydrophone with constant frequency response in the range from 1 to 75 MHz

The performance of an optical multilayer hydrophone for ultrasound measurements is investigated both in theoretical terms and experimentally. The optical measurement system comprises a thin high-finesse dielectric interference filter structure that is deposited onto a plane glass plate. An incident acoustic pressure wave deforms the layer system, and the induced variation of the optical reflectance is determined. Applying the concept of an optical off-axis detection scheme offers good sensitivity and a simple and low-cost setup. A primary interferometric calibration technique is applied to experimentally determine the pressure-voltage transfer function in the range from 1 to 75 MHz. Within the measurement uncertainty a constant transfer factor is obtained for the whole frequency range. Measurements of broadband ultrasound pulses are influenced neither by acoustic resonances of the very thin sensing element nor by diffraction phenomena that are known to cause waveform distortions in small probe hydrophone measurements. High temporal and spatial resolution is combined with high durability of the probe, which is why the optical multilayer hydrophone is well suited for use as a reference for secondary hydrophone calibration.     

Whole field measurements of acousto-optic refraction

A new effect of acousto-optic refraction has been detected. The effect is observed in optical images of sound fields and has the appearance of bright fringes in the images. The fringes are shown to identify contours of equal refraction angle. Since the angle of optical refraction induced by a sound field is—under certain conditions—proportional to the spatial gradient or slope of the acoustic pressure, the name “iso-slope fringes” is applied. This new effect can be used to make optical whole field measurements of sound fields with significantly better spatial resolution than is possible with current measurement methods. The new effect may be of particular interest to investigators analyzing non-linear acoustic propagation phenomena.     

Quantitative measurements of acoustic emissions from cavitation at the surface of a stone in response to a lithotripter shock wave

Measurements are presented of acoustic emissions from cavitation collapses on the surface of a synthetic kidney stone in response to shock waves (SWs) from an electrohydraulic lithotripter. A fiber optic probe hydrophone was used for pressure measurements, and passive cavitation detection was used to identify acoustic emissions from bubble collapse. At a lithotripter charging voltage of 20 kV, the focused SW incident on the stone surface resulted in a peak pressure of 43 +/- 6 MPa compared to 23 +/- 4 MPa in the free field. The focused SW incident upon the stone appeared to be enhanced due to the acoustic emissions from the forced cavitation collapse of the preexisting bubbles. The peak pressure of the acoustic emission from a bubble collapse was 34 +/- 15 MPa, that is, the same magnitude as the SWs incident on the stone. These data indicate that stresses induced by focused SWs and cavitation collapses are similar in magnitude thus likely play a similar role in stone fragmentation.     

Development of an optical fiber hydrophone with fiber Bragg grating

A new type of optical fiber hydrophone is constructed with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based on the intensity modulation of laser light in an FBG under the influence of sound pressure. The FBG hydrophone shows linearity, with dynamic range about 70 dB. It can measure amplitude and phase of an acoustic field in real time, and operates in a wide range of acoustic frequency, at least from 1 kHz to 3 MHz. No signal distortion is observed in the detected signal. Because of the simplicity in its operating principle and geometry, an FBG hydrophone is expected to be an acoustic sensor of high practicality compared to a conventional optical fiber hydrophone.