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1.
中国科学院声学计量测试站于1988年12月16日至17日按“中华人民共和国计量法”的要求通过了国家技术监督局的计量标准考核和计量认证。通过考核的计量标准有:电声检定标准装置(一级)、水声换能器校准测试装置(一级)和压电加速度计检定标准(二级),由此该站可以进行声学量值的传递,检定标准电容传声器、声级校准器、声级计、标准噪声源、标准水听器及压电加速度计等声学计量器具和带通滤波器、声频放大器等声学测量仪器。通过计量认证的有关产品质量检验的测试项目有:声学实验室(消声室、半消声室、混响室等)性能测试、噪声源(机电产品)声功率级测试、环境噪声和工业噪声测试、厅堂音质测试、水  相似文献   

2.
答关洪先生     
沈惠川 《物理》2001,30(9):580
对关洪先生的“关于‘猝量’”一文兹发表看法如下 :(1)关洪先生及其所引文献 [2 ]中谈及的“急动度”(有些讲义中亦称为“急度”) ,不错 ,确在许多文献和专著中提到 ,国内许多大学分析力学或经典力学教材中亦有个别段落描述之 ,其最为实用处是用于讨论速度或加速度的极大值 (或极小值 )问题 ;但必须指出的是 ,关洪先生及其所引文献中涉及的是运动学 (有关洪先生文中的关键词“对单位质量来说”为证 ) ,而吴大猷先生所讨论的则是动力学 .笔者认为吴大猷先生提出猝量理论并将其应用于动力学是一种创新 ,起码他将此理论应用于制动问题就是创新…  相似文献   

3.
尚永辉  李华  孙家娟 《光谱实验室》2011,28(3):1236-1238
采用荧光光谱技术研究了胡椒碱与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用。根据测定不同温度下胡椒碱对BSA的猝灭常数,证实了荧光猝灭过程为静态猝灭,由热力学参数焓变(ΔH)小于零和熵变(ΔS)大于零,推断出胡椒碱与BSA之间主要靠静电引力相结合,生成自由能变(ΔG)为负值,表明胡椒碱与BSA的作用过程是一个自发过程;并应用同步荧光光谱技术考察了胡椒碱对BSA构象的影响。  相似文献   

4.
“调零”是测试过程不可或缺的一个环节.从桥路调零的原理出发,对传感器中的电桥测试系统的“调零”能力进行了深入的理论分析,指出了制约“调零”能力的因素以及在“调零”操作中应当注意的问题.  相似文献   

5.
在物理中,“零”在特定的语言环境里常常表示出一定的物理意义,这与数学中的“零”及日常生活中的“零”有很大区别,本文试就“零”在物理中的意义,做较详细举例说明.1.表示真实存在.如:气温是“零”摄氏度,不能理解为没有温度;当r=ro时,分  相似文献   

6.
运用荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱研究了在Cu2 的参与下农药甲萘威与小牛胸腺DNA(ctDNA)的相互作用.实验结果表明,甲萘威可以嵌入小牛胸腺DNA的双链中形成DNA加合物,从而使甲萘威的荧光光谱发生猝灭.通过计算这种猝灭为静态猝灭.当有Cu2 的参与下,甲萘威的猝灭常数增大,结合位点数n也有很大的增加.通过对热力学函数的计算和分析,在有Cu2 参与时,金属离子可能在甲萘威分子与ctD-NA分子间起"离子架桥作用",使甲萘威分子与ctDNA分子间静电相互作用增强,故△H对△G的贡献增大.  相似文献   

7.
吴大猷先生点评《经典力学》   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
沈惠川 《物理》2000,29(12):743-746,739
文章介绍了吴大猷先生对《经典力学》中一些基本问题的意见以及他的近期工作。吴先生认为,Hamilton原理是一个物理原则,而不仅仅是数学变分问题。他还对“齐次问题”和“猝变运动”作了讨论。  相似文献   

8.
用稳态光谱和时间分辨光谱技术研究了空穴传输材料对CdSe/ZnSe与CdSe/ZnS核壳量子点的荧光影响.结果表明,空穴传输材料对量子点有较强的猝灭作用,随空穴传输材料分子浓度的增加,量子点的荧光强度明显地被猝灭,同时量子点的荧光寿命也被减短.两种不同空穴传输分子对CdSc/ZnSe量子点的荧光猝灭明显不同.在与相同空穴传输分子相互作用时,包ZnS壳层的CdSe核壳量子点荧光猝灭效率明显低于包覆ZnSe壳层的CdSe核壳量子点.量子点的荧光猝灭过程可以解释为静态猝灭和动态猝灭过程,其中静态猝灭来源于量子点表面与空穴传输材料问相互作用,而动态猝灭则主要来源于量子点到空穴传输材料的空穴转移过程.实验结果表明空穴传输材料的种类以及核壳量子点的壳层结构都对其荧光猝灭效应起关键作用.  相似文献   

9.
本文采用稳态与瞬态荧光测量技术,研究了一系列具有不同C/O比率的氧化石墨烯(GO)纳米片猝灭罗丹明6G(R6G)荧光的行为机制.发现GO纳米片上的羰基官能团在R6G的荧光猝灭过程中起主导作用,其静态猝灭机制可用"作用球"模型来描述,并且GO与R6G所形成的基态复合物也是导致R6G荧光静态猝灭的原因之一.本工作为R6G/GO体系的荧光猝灭机理提供了有益的解读.  相似文献   

10.
本文研究了22种非稀土元素对La2O2S:Tb阴极射线激发发光性能的影响,其中周期表第Ⅱ族元素对发光亮度起增强作用,而Fe、Co、Ni、Cr等重金属对发光亮度起猝灭作用,必须从原科中除去.除Fe外,非稀土杂质的量如<0.1%,一般对La2O2S:Tb的色度和余辉无明显的影响.  相似文献   

11.
闫靓  陈克安  金义 《应用声学》2006,25(5):319-325
本文提出分别采用“不愉悦度”和“不愉悦概率”作为衡量低频噪声主观感觉的整体评价指标,并确定出评价等级与相应的计算公式。在此基础上,以人工产生的低频纯音为研究对象,结合“5点4级”评价尺度,采用语义细分法,设计并完成了实验室主观评价实验。分析处理实验数据后发现:(1)“不愉悦度”与“不愉悦概率”两种感觉指标的评价结果之间及其各自所确定的评价等级之间存在较高相关性;(2)A,C及线性声级均可用于衡量低频纯音的不愉悦度,三者的衡量效果基本一致;(3)不同频率低频纯音的不愉悦度随声压级的变化趋势不同。  相似文献   

12.
Effects of sound level on auditory cortical activation are seen in neuroimaging data. However, factors such as the cortical response to the intense ambient scanner noise and to the bandwidth of the acoustic stimuli will both confound precise quantification and interpretation of such sound-level effects. The present study used temporally "sparse" imaging to reduce effects of scanner noise. To achieve control for stimulus bandwidth, three schemes were compared for sound-level matching across bandwidth: component level, root-mean-square power and loudness. The calculation of the loudness match was based on the model reported by Moore and Glasberg [Acta Acust. 82, 335-345 (1996)]. Ten normally hearing volunteers were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (tMRI) while listening to a 300-Hz tone presented at six different sound levels between 66 and 91 dB SPL and a harmonic-complex tone (F0= 186 Hz) presented at 65 and 85 dB SPL. This range of sound levels encompassed all three bases of sound-level matching. Activation in the superior temporal gyrus, induced by each of the eight tone conditions relative to a quiet baseline condition, was quantified as to extent and magnitude. Sound level had a small, but significant, effect on the extent of activation for the pure tone, but not for the harmonic-complex tone, while it had a significant effect on the response magnitude for both types of stimulus. Response magnitude increased linearly as a function of sound level for the full range of levels for the pure tone. The harmonic-complex tone produced greater activation than the pure tone, irrespective of the matching scheme for sound level, indicating that bandwidth had a greater effect on the pattern of auditory activation than sound level. Nevertheless, when the data were collapsed across stimulus class, extent and magnitude were significantly correlated with the loudness scale (measured in phons), but not with the intensity scale (measured in SPL). We therefore recommend the loudness formula as the most appropriate basis of matching sound level to control for loudness effects when cortical responses to other stimulus attributes, such as stimulus class, are the principal concern.  相似文献   

13.
When a test sound consisting of pure tones with equal intensities is preceded by a precursor sound identical to the test sound except for a reduction in the intensity of one tone, an auditory "enhancement" phenomenon occurs: In the test sound, the tone which was previously softer stands out perceptually. Here, enhancement was investigated using inharmonic sounds made up of five pure tones well resolved in the auditory periphery. It was found that enhancement can be elicited not only by increases in intensity but also by shifts in frequency. In both cases, when the precursor and test sounds are separated by a 500-ms delay, inserting a burst of pink noise during the delay has little effect on enhancement. Presenting the precursor and test sounds to opposite ears rather than to the same ear significantly reduces the enhancement resulting from increases in intensity, but not the enhancement resulting from shifts in frequency. This difference suggests that the mechanisms of enhancement are not identical for the two types of change. For frequency shifts, enhancement may be partly based on the existence of automatic "frequency-shift detectors" [Demany and Ramos, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 833-841 (2005)].  相似文献   

14.
The near-ground behavior of the low-frequency (100 Hz to 500 Hz) sound field in the nocturnal sound duct is studied theoretically and experimentally. In the first few meters of the atmosphere, narrow-band sound fields are found to have a characteristic vertical structure. The sound field is the superposition of a "surface mode," whose magnitude decreases monotonically with altitude, with a sum of "higher modes," each of whose magnitudes has a pronounced minimum a few meters from the ground at approximately the same height. The surface mode attenuates to negligible levels after a few hundred meters from the source. Consequently, more than a few hundred meters from a narrow-band source, there is a "quiet height" at which the sound level is reduced by 10 to 15 dB relative to its value on the ground. The narrow-band quiet height is shown to be a robust feature of nocturnal sound propagation.  相似文献   

15.
Maximum sound pressure levels are commonly used for environmental noise and building acoustics measurements. This paper investigates the signal processing errors due to Fast or Slow time-weighting detectors when combined with octave band filters, one-third octave band filters or an A-weighting filter. For 6th order Butterworth CPB filters the inherent time delay caused by the phase response of filters is quantified using three different approaches to establish the following rules-of-thumb: (1) time-to-gradient/amplitude matching occurs when Bt  1, (2) time-to-peak matching occurs when Bt  2 and (3) time-to-settle matching occurs when Bt  4 for octave band filters, and when Bt  3 for one-third octave band filters. Four different commercially-available sound level meters are used to quantify the variation in measured maximum levels using tone bursts, half-sine pulses, ramped noise and recorded transients. Tone bursts indicate that Slow time-weighting is inappropriate for maximum level measurements due to the large bias error. The results also show that there is more variation between sound level meters when considering Fast time-weighted maximum levels in octave bands or one-third octave bands than with A-weighted levels. To reduce the variation between measurements with different sound level meters, it is proposed that limits could be prescribed on the phase response for CPB filters and A-weighting filters.  相似文献   

16.
The steady-state sound field of a sine tone does not provide useful localization information in a room. Nevertheless, listeners can localize a sine tone in a room if it has an onset transient which allows the precedence effect to operate. In the present study, we made a quantitative assessment of onsets and the precedence effect by systematically varying onset duration from 0 s (impulsive), where the precedence effect is maximal, to 5 s, where there is no precedence effect at all. We also assessed listeners' sensitivity to the steady-state sound field under impulsive conditions by varying the total duration of tone pulses. Our experiments were conducted in a room with a single acoustical reflection having various directions and delays, and in an anechoic room. The results for tones of various frequencies (500 and 2000 Hz) and sound-pressure levels (65 and 40 dBA) indicate the following: Localization in rooms is facilitated by onsets even if the onsets are as long as 100 ms. The facilitation depends upon the peak intensity of the tone, as well as the onset duration, suggesting that onset rate is critical for the precedence effect; our results are most consistent with rate expressed as an increase in sound pressure per unit time. The facilitation also depends upon the reflection delay time for a room; gradual onsets take on much more importance for the precedence effect in rooms with long delays. As onsets begin to lose their effectiveness listeners become increasingly "misdirected" by invalid cues in the steady-state sound field. The pattern of misdirection suggests a perceptual averaging of cues over an interval more than an order of magnitude longer than previous estimates of the summation window for the precedence effect. The pattern of misdirection varies with the frequency of a tone, due to frequency-dependent interference effects in a room, but it is independent of signal level. Localization of an impulsive sine tone in rooms is very insensitive to the pulse duration; this suggests that binaural inhibition models of the precedence effect must be supplemented by an evaluative component that we term the "plausibility hypothesis."  相似文献   

17.
Loudness level measurements in human listeners are straightforward; however, it is difficult to convey the concepts of loudness matching or loudness comparison to (non-human) animals. For this reason, prior studies have relied upon objective measurements, such as response latency, to estimate equal loudness contours in animals. In this study, a bottlenose dolphin was trained to perform a loudness comparison test, where the listener indicates which of two sequential tones is louder. To enable reward of the dolphin, most trials featured tones with identical or similar frequencies, but relatively large sound pressure level differences, so that the loudness relationship was known. A relatively small percentage of trials were "probe" trials, with tone pairs whose loudness relationship was not known. Responses to the probe trials were used to construct psychometric functions describing the loudness relationship between a tone at a particular frequency and sound pressure level and that of a reference tone at 10 kHz with a sound pressure level of 90, 105, or 115 dB re 1 μPa. The loudness relationships were then used to construct equal loudness contours and auditory weighting functions that can be used to predict the frequency-dependent effects of noise on odontocetes.  相似文献   

18.
Whenever an acoustic scene contains a mixture of sources, listeners must segregate the mixture in order to compute source content and/or location. Some past studies have explored whether perceived location depends on which sound elements are perceived within a source. However, no direct comparisons have been made of "what" and "where" judgments for the same sound mixtures using the same listeners. The current study tested if the sound elements making up an auditory object predict that object's perceived location. Listeners were presented with an auditory scene containing competing "target" and "captor" sources, each of which could logically contain a "promiscuous" tone complex. In separate blocks, the same listeners matched the perceived spectro-temporal content ("what") and location ("where") of the target. Generally, as the captor intensity decreased, the promiscuous complex contributed more to both what and where judgments of the target. However judgments did not agree either quantitatively or qualitatively. For some subjects, the promiscuous complex consistently contributed more to the spectro-temporal content of the target than to its location while for some it consistently contributed more to target location. These results show a dissociation between the perceived spectro-temporal content of an auditory object and where that object is perceived.  相似文献   

19.
Brief complex tone bursts with fundamental frequencies (F0s) of 100, 125, 166.7, and 250 Hz were bandpass filtered between the 22nd and 30th harmonics, to produce waveforms with five regularly occurring envelope peaks ("pitch pulses") that evoked pitches associated with their repetition period. Two such tone bursts were presented sequentially and separated by a silent interval of two periods (2/F0). When the relative phases of the two bursts were varied, such that the interpulse interval (IPI) between the last pulse of the first burst and the first pulse of the second burst was varied, the pitch of the whole sequence was little affected. This is consistent with previous results suggesting that the pitch integration window may be "reset" by a discontinuity. However, when the interval between the two bursts was filled with a noise with the same spectral envelope as the complex, variations in IPI had substantial effects on the pitch of the sequence. It is suggested that the presence of the noise causes the two tones bursts to appear continuous, hence, resetting does not occur, and the pitch mechanism is sensitive to the phase discontinuity across the silent interval.  相似文献   

20.
There is a close correlation between the sound pressure of tone burst required to affect a primary auditory neuron at its characteristic frequency and that which will produce a detectable N1 response at the same frequency. Units with thresholds from 80--0 db SPL (recorded from damaged and undamaged cochleas) were 0--20 dB , respectively, more sensitive than the action potential response.  相似文献   

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