机场飞机噪声评价方法与控制途径

在确定修建机场之前应进行飞机噪声评价,以便判别是否适于修建机场,并提出控制飞机噪声的措施。近来我国修建的机场很多,但是至今尚未订出一套完整的机场飞机噪声评价方法,更没有一套行之有效的控制飞机噪声污染的措施。本文对这两个问题作了粗浅的探讨,主要介绍机场飞机噪声评价指标、飞机噪声污染预测图的编制、机场飞机噪声控制的措施等。     

我国城市区域环境噪声标准研究

城市区域环境噪声标准,是城市噪声控制与立法的依据.本文论述了环境噪声对人的睡眠和交谈思考的干扰.以1979年我国噪声标准(建议)和国际标准组织关于修订环境噪声标准的原则为科学依据,结合我国城市环境结构和噪声调查现状,提出了我国城市区域环境噪声标准.本文着重指出我国城市建设只要注意合理布局,制定并实行噪声管制立法措施,此标准的实施是可能的.     

粒子成像测速法中询问域大小的选择与粒子位移量的关系

通过分析询问域大小对底片乳剂颗粒产生的散斑噪声及其散斑噪声对干涉条纹识别的影响,推导出了询问域大小的选择与被测粒子位移量之间的关系,并详细讨论和分析了询问域的大小对所能探测的粒子位移量最大值的限止,以及合理选择询问域大小的依据.     

汉语语境下的车辆噪声听觉属性评价与分析

研究了等响度车辆噪声听觉属性的空间维度及其汉语表述。首先通过问卷调查确定评价车辆噪声听觉属性的汉语描述词,然后完成基于成对比较法和语义细分法的主观评价实验,获得听觉属性的不相似度矩阵及描述词的等级顺序。最后,利用多维尺度分析和主成分分析法得到独立的用中文表达的车辆噪声听觉属性,结果表明:对于等响度的车辆噪声,其听觉属性可以用三个维度表示,分别用“粗糙”、“刺耳”和“起伏”描述。     

机场航空噪声暴露-反应关系分析

本文利用我国的机场航空噪声评价量一计权等效连续感觉噪声级LWECPN和机场周边社区遭受机场噪声强烈干扰的人群比例PHA对机场航空噪声的暴露-反应关系进行了详细分析，得到了LWECPN～PHA关系式和关系曲线，并对LWECPN～PHA关系特点进行了分析。     

Road traffic noise - the relationship between noise exposure and noise annoyance in Norway

Exposure-effect relationships between the level of road traffic noise at the most exposed side of a dwelling's façade and the residents' reactions to road traffic noise have been estimated. The relationships are based on five Norwegian socio-acoustic studies featuring 18 study areas from two cities and a total of near 4000 respondents. The survey questionnaires distinguish between noise annoyance experienced right outside the apartment and when indoors. Exposure-effect relationships for all degrees of annoyance are estimated simultaneously from ordinal logit models. These predict road traffic noise annoyance when right outside the apartment and when indoors, respectively, as a function of the road traffic noise level outside the most exposed façade. Separate analyses indicate that Norwegians react stronger to road traffic noise than results from a recent compilation of socio-acoustic surveys would lead one to believe. People having inferior single glazing windows report higher indoor annoyance.     

Effects of urban morphology on the traffic noise distribution through noise mapping: A comparative study between UK and China

Due to the rapid urban development and massive population increase in many eastern cities, the difference in urban density and morphology between typical western and eastern cities is becoming significant. This consequently makes the noise distribution in the eastern cities rather different from typical low density European cities. In this research, two representative cities with different urban densities, Greater Manchester in the UK and Wuhan in China, were selected, which have low and high average urban density respectively, and also have considerable differences in building form and traffic pattern. In the mean time, these two cities have similar urban scale and traffic amount. In each city, based on the urban morphological analyses considering urban land-use, building and road density, and noise source distribution, a number of typical urban areas, 500 * 500 m² each, were sampled. A noise-mapping software package was then used to generate generic noise maps, based on existing digital vector maps for terrain and building, and traffic data obtained by on-site measurements. The comparison results show that the average and minimum noise level in Greater Manchester samples is generally higher than that in Wuhan samples, while the maximum noise level in Wuhan samples is mostly higher. By developing a Matlab program, correlations have been analysed between noise distributions and the urban characteristics relating to urban density, such as the road and building coverage ratio. Overall, comparisons between these two typical cities have shown significant effects of urban morphology on the traffic noise distribution.     

Combining a theoretical approach and practical considerations for establishing aircraft noise charge schemes

This research has developed a systematic aircraft noise charge scheme, based on noise social costs, with a view to its application in Taiwan. The paper starts with a brief review of current structures and applications of noise charges, a market-based measure, in mitigating aircraft noise worldwide. The evaluation of aircraft noise social cost is an attempt at putting noise nuisance into monetary terms. The total and average noise social cost per flight at one airport is clearly different from another, depending mainly on the size of the noise contour and the number of residents affected. This research estimates the average noise social costs at various airports, using nine Taiwanese airports as case studies. Depending on the marginal impact of a flight and the mixture of aircraft types at each airport, the noise social cost per landing and take-off is then estimated for different aircraft types. The results of this study can inform airport, airline and local administration policies for taking environmental concerns into account when setting up noise charges, revising noise insulation schemes, and developing strategies for airport expansion and airline operations.     

Utilizing noise mapping for environmental impact assessment in a downtown redevelopment area of Seoul, Korea

In environmental impact assessment, noise impact assessment usually consists of three stages: surveying the existing noise levels, predicting noise levels induced by future construction works and predicting noise levels after the completion of a project. The distance-attenuation relation of a point source, which has been used in Korea to predict the noise level due to its simplicity, does not consider complex acoustic phenomena like multi-reflections, diffractions and absorptions that arise due to the complex topographic configurations of surrounding buildings and terrains. To consider such physical and acoustical complexities, a noise mapping tool is adopted to produce a series of three noise maps: for the present environment, for the planned construction works and for the future. For meaningful noise mapping, both acoustically- and topographically-good information is essential. Standard sound power levels and directivities of various construction equipments are required. Exact scheduling of construction processes and equipment locations must be provided. When the legal limit is exceeded, mitigation measures are applied to satisfy these limits and a subsequent noise map is constructed to verify the effect of these measures. Foreign prediction models are adopted for the situations in Korea if a certain validation condition is satisfied.     

An improved method and experimental results of noise used as reliability estimation for semiconductor lasers

The low-frequency noise is a sensitive non-destructive indicator of semiconductor devices reliability. In this paper, the noises in InGaAsP/InGaAs/GaAlAs double quantum well semiconductor laser diodes (LDs) are measured, and the correlation between the noise and device reliability is studied. The insults indicate that the noise level in the LDs operating in low bias current is very important for estimating device reliability. So when noise is used as reliability indicator, the noise levels in LDs operating in both low and higher bias current should be considered, which improves the validity of reliability estimation.     

Estimation of directivity and sound power levels emitted by aircrafts during taxiing, for outdoor noise prediction purpose

Integrated noise model (INM) is the most internationally used software to calculate noise levels near airports. Take off, landing or pass by operations can be modeled by INM, but it does not consider aircrafts taxiing, which, in some cases, can be important to accurately evaluate and reduce airports’ noise assessment.Aircraft taxiing noise emission can be predicted using other prediction tools based on standards that describe sound attenuation during propagation outdoors. But these tools require data inputs that are not known: directivity and sound power levels emitted by aircraft during taxiing.This paper describes methods used to calculate directivity indexes and sound power levels, based on field measurements made in Madrid-Barajas Airport (Spain). Obtained results can be used as inputs for general purpose outdoor sound prediction software, which will be able to evaluate noise at airports vicinity as industrial noise.Directivity and sound power levels have been estimated in octave and third octave band terms, for several aircraft families.     

墨粉灌装车间噪声测试分析与控制

本文应用峰值频率声压级对比方法并结合相干分析技术对某墨粉灌装车间主噪声源进行了诊断，分析了声源特性，在此基础上提出了经济合理的治理措施，实施后取得了满意的结果，车间噪声达到了相应的国家标准。     

Scenario analysis and noise action planning: Modelling the impact of mitigation measures on population exposure

This paper reports on strategic noise mapping research conducted in Dublin, Ireland. Noise maps are constructed for the day–evening–night-time and night-time periods and levels of population exposure are estimated for the same periods. In methodological terms, the research uses the UK’s calculation of road traffic noise (CRTN) method for calculating noise levels in the study area. This method has been adopted as the interim calculation method by the Irish authorities responsible for meeting the obligations set out in the EU Environmental Noise Directive (END). The research also investigates the usefulness of three noise mitigation measures for ‘acoustical planning’ purposes: traffic reductions, speed reductions and erection of acoustical barriers. The results indicate that levels of population exposure during night-time are extremely high relative to guideline limits set down by the World Health Organisation. In addition, the results highlight the significant role that certain noise mitigation measures can play in good ‘acoustical planning’.     

A study of noise in CNG driven modes of transport in Delhi

Measurements of noise and its spectral characteristics were made inside various types of transport running on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fuel in Delhi. Noise indices L₁₀, L₅₀, L₉₀ and L_eq were estimated from the measured noise levels for vehicles in neutral gear, slow speed (speed ?20 km/h) and under free flow (speed ?30 km/h) conditions. It is found that background levels, when averaged over all speeds, are maximum in Rural Transport Vehicles (RTV) followed by Buses, Auto-rickshaws and Taxis. With increase in the speed, noise levels are appreciably enhanced except in the case of auto-rickshaws where the increase is moderate. The spectral distributions of noise inside vehicles obtained at 1-octave band frequencies, show a rather similar nature. The study reveals significantly lower noise levels inside CNG driven public modes of transport compared to those found in an earlier survey inside diesel and petrol driven vehicles.