大气气溶胶粒子数密度谱和折射率虚部的测量

介绍一种综合利用光学粒子计数器和能见度仪测量大气气溶胶折射率虚部的新方法。首先，使用光学粒子计数器测量出大气气溶胶粒子的数密度谱(待订正)，用能见度仪同步测量出水平能见度。然后，根据球形粒子的米氏(Mie)散射理论，通过分析气溶胶粒子的折射率虚部、分档半径、粒子数密度谱、消光系数和能见度之间的关系，对分档半径进行订正，得到折射率虚部和能见度之间的对应关系。结合同步测量的能见度，反演出大气气溶胶粒子的折射率虚部。最后，利用折射率虚部对光学粒子计数器数据进行订正，得到大气气溶胶粒子的数密度谱。     

偏振-米散射激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶光学特性

利用偏振-米散射激光雷达探测对流层大气气溶胶的光学特性及其时空分布.介绍了该雷达的结构、技术参数和探测原理.获得了气溶胶的消光系数垂直廓线和光学厚度,并对这些结果进行了分析和讨论.结果表明,该雷达能较好地探测对流层大气气溶胶的光学特性及其时空分布.     

典型类型气溶胶吸收光学厚度的定标规律

利用云和气溶胶粒子的光学特性软件包(OPAC)对陆地型、海洋型、沙漠型和极地型四种典型类型气溶胶的吸收光学厚度进行了计算统计分析,根据每一种类型气溶胶成分的差异,分析了气溶胶吸收光学厚度随波长及相对湿度变化的规律,建立了四种典型类型气溶胶吸收光学厚度与波长、相对湿度的定标关系。气溶胶吸收光学厚度随波长的幂指数衰减规律并不是在所有波长范围内均满足,不同类型的气溶胶,其适用的范围不同;气溶胶吸收光学厚度随波长和相对湿度的变化主要受气溶胶成分影响,相对湿度的增大会导致气溶胶吸收特性的降低,并会对吸收Angstrom指数造成影响。根据建立的气溶胶吸收光学厚度的定标关系,可由气溶胶激光雷达等设备实测的某一波长的光学参量计算光电系统对应波长、不同相对湿度情况下的光学特性。     

深圳城市气溶胶物理光学特性的观测研究

气溶腔是影响气候变化和空气污染的重要因子,在深圳地区展开气溶胶观测实验,可以获得可靠的光学物理特征,进而有助于准确评估气溶胶在新型超极城市区域的气像和环境效应,本文利用2010年12月至2011年8月太阳光度计、黑碳和浊度计等气溶胶观测资料,分析了新型超级城市深圳地区的气溶胶物理光学特性,深圳地区气溶胶呈明显季节变化,冬、春季由于城市污染性气溶胶的影响,气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom波长指数都较大,夏季受海盐气溶胶的影响,光学厚度较小Angstrom波长指数也较小,光学厚度与Angstrom波长指数对比表明城市综合性污染是引起深圳气溶胶高光学厚度的主要原因,深圳地区气溶胶的散射系数、吸收系数的平均值(标准偏差)分别为178.7×10-6 m-1 (126.6×10-6m-1和32.5×1O-6m 1 (18.1×10-6m1),均低于珠三角腹地多年观测平均值的二分之一和国内其他大型城市观测值,而单次散射反照率为0.81,与珠三角其他地区得到的结果接近.此外,气溶胶吸收、散射和单次散射反照率呈明显日变化,可能主要受大气边界层变化的影响.     

利用差分吸收光谱法测量亚硝酸和反演气溶胶参数

利用差分光学吸收光谱仪(DOAS)进行亚硝酸(HONO)气体的测量并同时在固定的波长范围内(3 07—380 nm)反演气溶胶参数包括气溶胶的平均直径、总个数和总比表面积等. 实验结果表 明利用自测的NO₂标准吸收截面可以更加准确地拟合HONO的浓度，同时在较短的 波长范围内能准确反演气溶胶参数. 关键词： 差分光学吸收光谱(DOAS) 亚硝酸 气溶胶参数     

基于POLDER数据反演陆地上空气溶胶光学特性

针对利用POLDER数据反演陆地上空气溶胶光学特性和地表反射率进行研究.POLDER探测器能够提供可见光到红外的地气系统反射太阳光的反射率和偏振反射率的多方向数据.发展了一种基于多角度的总反射率和偏振反射率联合反演气溶胶光学参数的算法,根据倍加累加法矢量辐射传输模式构建查找表,反演过程中还考虑了测量数据的云检测处理,气体吸收校正和平流层气溶胶校正,通过865 nm波段总反射率和偏振反射率的模拟计算值和实际测量值的对比实现局部区域的气溶胶光学特性参数和地表反射率分布图的同时反演.并用CNES提供的POLDER气溶胶产品对反演结果进行了验证,该方法能够得到气溶胶光学厚度、折射指数、粒子有效半径和地表反射率较合理的反演结果.     

差分吸收光谱技术监测气溶胶光学厚度及大气能见度的研究

介绍了一种基于闪烁氙灯光源、利用差分光谱吸收(DOAS)技术监测大气气溶胶的新方法。提出用大气能见度确定系统校正参量的可行做法,解决了差分光谱吸收探测气溶胶领域原始光强难以测量的难题。并对350~650 nm范围内的气溶胶光学厚度进行反演,通过与多道太阳光度计的对比证实方法的可行性,实验中发现气溶胶光学厚度与悬浮颗粒物(SPM)浓度具有很好的相关性。同时,利用气溶胶550 nm处的消光系数确定大气能见度。     

银川上空大气气溶胶光学特性激光雷达探测研究

小型米散射激光雷达是广泛使用的探测大气气溶胶光学特性的有效工具。作者研制了一台小型米散射激光雷达,并利用该激光雷达于2009年4月1日至4月10日期间对宁夏银川地区(北纬38°29′,东经106°06′)上空的大气气溶胶光学特性以及时空分布进行了观测。系统选用532 nm波长激光作为光源,采用Fernald法对接收到的大气回波信号进行反演,得到了气溶胶消光系数的高度分布廓线及24 h内气溶胶消光系数相对浓度的时空变化特性;并对期间一次明显的沙尘天气进行了观测和分析。观测结果表明,该小型米散射激光雷达能够对大气气溶胶及其时空分布情况进行有效、连续的观测,其观测结果有利于分析该地区气溶胶及沙尘天气的变化趋势。     

基于主动差分吸收光谱系统获取大气颗粒物光学特性研究

以主动差分吸收光谱遥感技术为基础,在干净大气环境条件下,结合参考光路设计技术,开展了获取近地面气溶胶颗粒物的光谱新方法研究.针对以宽带氙弧灯为光源的主动差分吸收光谱系统固有宽波段特性,建立了解析颗粒物光学厚度模型,获取了大气颗粒物光学特性.最后通过外场实验,获得测量期间气溶胶颗粒物光学厚度,然后采用对数线性回归获取Angstrom波长指数和混浊系数,以及大气能见度数据.主动差分吸收光谱系统用测量光程范围内的大气总的吸收特性,获得监测区域的颗粒物平均水平,更具有代表性和进一步应用价值.     

利用MODIS图像反演中国近海海域的气溶胶光学特性

针对中国近海海域的水体大多是混浊水体和其上空有较多吸收性气溶胶的情况,提出了适合反演该区域上空气溶胶光学特性的新算法.该算法利用多个查找表和基于经验得到下垫而为等效干净水体的晴空图像,采用插值方法实现了对中国近海海域上空气溶胶光学特性的反演.经过在东山岛地区同地面同步观测多次实验对比,结果发现该算法可行且具有较高的精度;并以渤海湾地区为例,进行了初步的反演应用研究.该算法不仅能为我国海洋和风云系列卫星资料的大气校正研究提供相关的技术基础,还可以直接利用刚发射的FY-3卫星上的CMODIS数据来反演近海海域的气溶胶光学特性.     

Optical properties change of oxide film — metal system during the film growth: computer simulation

Results of computer simulation of reflective properties of the oxide film-metal system in the process of oxidation in the air environment are presented. The complex refractive indices for oxide film and metal were used as the initial data. Thin films (the thickness is comparable with the wavelength of incident radiation) and thick films (thickness is much larger than the wavelength of incident radiation) are considered. The parameter characterizing the cyclic character of system reflectivity during the growth of film thickness was derived for the thin film. It is shown that the cyclic parameter does not depend on optical properties of a metal substrate. In the air environment, this parameter is determined by a complex refractive index of the film, its thickness, and direction of incident radiation. Relationships for the estimate of system reflectivity in the process of oxide film growth are presented for the thick film.     

气象参数估算气溶胶光学厚度方法的实验验证

利用水平能见度和水汽压资料估算气溶胶光学厚度,并和太阳辐射计实测数据对比,用均方根偏差和相对偏差评估估算方法的精度。对气溶胶光学厚度日平均值的分析结果表明:实测值与估算值变化趋势大致相同;估算方法存在系统偏差。提出修正因子对估算方法进行修正,修正后的估算方法精度明显提高。     

Determination of aerosol extinction coefficient and mass extinction efficiency by DOAS with a flashlight source

With the method of differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS）, average concentrations of aerosol particles along light path were measured with a flashlight source in Chiba area during the period of one month. The optical thickness at 550 nm is compared with the concentration of ground-measured suspended particulate matter （SPM）. Good correlations are found between the DOAS and SPM data, leading to the determination of the aerosol mass extinction efficiency （MEE） to be possible in the lower troposphere. The average MEE value is about 7.6m^2.g^-1 , and the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the particle size as determined from the wavelength dependence of the DOAS signal intensity.     

Novel optical techniques for measurements of light extinction,scattering and absorption by single aerosol particles

Aerosol particles play important roles in a broad range of scientific disciplines, from atmospheric chemistry and physics, to the delivery of fuels for combustion and drugs to the lungs, and extending to industrial processes such as spray drying. Measurements of the light extinction, scattering and absorption by ensembles of aerosol particles can be used to non‐intrusively characterise aerosol particle samples. However, such measurements often lead to ambiguity in interpreting the properties and processes occurring on individual particles. In this review, recent developments in the use of laser based techniques to isolate and manipulate single particles and to characterise them will be highlighted. In particular, the use of cavity ring down spectroscopy, Bessel beams and optical tweezers for investigating light extinction, scattering and absorption, respectively, will be considered. The prospects for using optical techniques to interrogate the fundamental processes occurring in aerosol at the single particle level are discussed.     

海洋大气气溶胶光学模型参数的相关性研究

气溶胶光学模型参数在气溶胶遥感和气候强迫研究中都具有重要的作用.通过对全球近90个气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)的海洋站点数据进行筛选、分类和分析,发现了气溶胶模型的中值半径及其标准偏差间的负相关性,并给出了经验关系.利用该关系对现行中分辩率成像光谱仪(MODIS)海洋气溶胶模型进行了评估,并指出了该模型存在的不足...     

Particle Size Distributions Based on a Multipopulation Genetic Algorithm Used in Multiwavelength Lidar

Aerosols influence the radiation budget of the Earth’s atmospheric system. Aerosol particle size distribution is one of the major parameters used for characterizing aerosol influence on radiative forcing. The optical and microphysical properties of aerosol particles over Yinchuan, China, were measured with a multiwavelength lidar developed at Beifang University of Nationalities using backscatter and extinction coefficients at wavelengths of 1064, 532, and 355 nm. These data were used to retrieve particle size distributions. Given the disadvantages of the traditional regularization method, the innovative multipopulation genetic algorithm (MPGA) was used to retrieve the particle size distribution from the lidar data. To verify the feasibility of using the MPGA on multiwavelength lidar data, experiments were carried out under different atmospheric conditions, including a background sunny day, a cloudy day, and a foggy day. The particle size distributions obtained from the multiwavelength lidar data were compared with results retrieved from direct irradiance data from a sun photometer. Results showed that the MPGA is suitable for retrieving particle size distributions from multiwavelength lidar data.     

Visible light scattering study at 470, 550, and 660 nm of components of mineral dust aerosol: Hematite and goethite

Iron oxides, usually in the form of hematite or goethite, comprise an important component of atmospheric mineral dust aerosol. Because these minerals are strong visible absorbers they play a critical role in determining the overall impact of dust aerosol on climate forcing. In this work, results from light scattering measurements from hematite and goethite dust aerosol are presented for three visible wavelengths, λ=470, 550, and 660 nm. We observe important systematic differences in the scattering between these different iron oxide samples, as well as significant wavelength dependence across the visible region of the spectrum. Aerosol size distributions are measured simultaneously with the light scattering, enabling a rigorous comparison between theoretical light scattering models and experimental data. Theoretical simulations of the scattering are carried out using both Mie and T-Matrix theories. Simulations are in reasonably good agreement with experimental data for hematite; thus, our data offer a useful check on tabulated optical constants for hematite. However, simulations show very poor agreement for goethite. The poor agreement in the goethite case is likely the result of particle shape effects related to the rod-like morphology of the goethite particles. This study demonstrates how particle mineralogy and morphology play an important role in dictating the optical properties of mineral dust aerosol, a major component of tropospheric dust.     

利用MODIS数据进行QuickBird-2卫星海岸带图像大气校正研究

大气校正是遥感信息定量化过程的一个重要环节,而在大气校正中起关键作用的是气溶胶光学厚度,气溶胶的模式和大气漫射透过率;但在浑浊的水体上空,这些参量很难用卫星图像反演得到,从而提出了基于同步MODIS数据辅助QuickBird-2卫星图像进行海岸带大气校正算法,该方法由MODIS图像的水体像元反演出混浊水域上空气溶胶光学特性,与MODIS气溶胶产品相比相对误差小于10%;同时,借助6S辐射传输模型,并考虑了高分辨率图像临近像元效应,对QuickBird-2卫星海岸带图像进行大气校正.给出了我国沿海地区QuickBird-2卫星图像大气校正的结果,并对反演误差进行了分析.     

基于MISR数据反演渤海湾气溶胶光学厚度

 利用Terra卫星的MISR传感器数据进行渤海湾上空气溶胶反演的初步研究。采用分区暗像元的方法进行反演,传统暗像元大气校正算法认为研究区域上空的气溶胶光学厚度呈均匀分布状态。针对传统暗像元算法的不合理性, 将渤海湾划分为7个子区域, 每个子区域利用传统暗像元算法估算其气溶胶光学厚度, 然后结合空间插值算法获取整个渤海湾的气溶胶光学厚度信息。研究结果表明: 渤海湾上空的气溶胶光学厚度呈沿海岸线高,近海区低的阶梯分布模式,与传统暗像元算法相比, 分区暗像元算法综合考虑了水体上空气溶胶光学厚度空间分布的不均匀性, 有利于改善大气校正的精度。     

Maximum time-resolved hemispherical reflectance of absorbing and isotropically scattering media

This paper presents a parametric study of the time-resolved hemispherical reflectance of a plane-parallel slab of homogeneous, cold, absorbing, and isotropically scattering medium exposed to a collimated Gaussian pulse. The front surface of the slab is transparent while the back surface is assumed to be cold and black. The 1-D time-dependent radiation transfer equation is solved using the modified method of characteristics. The parameters explored include (1) the optical thickness, (2) the single scattering albedo of the medium, and (3) the incident pulse width. The study pays particular attention to the maximum transient hemispherical reflectance and identifies optically thin and thick regimes. It shows that the maximum reflectance is independent of the optical thickness in the optically thick regime. In the optically thin regime, however, the maximum hemispherical reflectance depends on all three parameters explored. The transition between the optically thick and thin regimes occurs when the optical thickness is approximately equal to the dimensionless pulse width. Finally, correlations relating the maximum of the hemispherical reflectance as a function of the optical thickness, the single scattering albedo of the materials, and the incident pulse width have been developed. These correlations could be used to retrieve radiation characteristics or serve as initial guesses for more complex inversion schemes accounting for anisotropic scattering.