海洋水色水温扫描仪精确大气漫射透射比计算

海洋水色水温扫描仪(COCTS)是中国海洋水色系列卫星上的主遥感器,主要用于探测我国及全球部分海域的海洋水色和水温环境信息.大气漫射透射比计算是COCTS大气校正的必需过程,直接影响COCTS大气校正和水色信息反演的精度.提出了基于加倍法解大气-海洋耦合矢量辐射传输方程的大气漫射透射比精确计算方法,通过与SeaWiFS精确大气漫射透射比查找表计算结果的比较,结果表明计算相对误差小于1.5%,而当观测天顶角小于60°时,计算相对误差小于0.5%,可以用来生成COCTS的精确大气漫射透射比查找表.在此基础上,生成了专门针对COCTS的精确大气漫射透射比查找表.     

海洋-大气耦合矢量辐射传输粗糙海面模型

详细导出了粗糙海面的反射矩阵、透射矩阵和源函数矢量计算模型,并应用于海洋-大气耦合矢量辐射传输数值计算模型PCOART。在此基础上,分别利用粗糙海面瑞利大气矢量辐射传输问题和海洋-大气耦合辐射传输问题对粗糙海面模型进行了验证,结果表明,模型计算得到的粗糙海面大气瑞利散射斯托克斯矢量是精确的,且瑞利散射辐亮度计算相对误差小于0.5%。粗糙海面海洋-大气耦合辐射传输问题验证结果表明该粗糙海面计算模型是精确的。相对已有的标量粗糙海面海洋-大气耦合辐射传输模型,该模型不仅可以获得整个海洋-大气耦合系统的辐亮度场,而且可以获得辐射斯托克斯矢量场。     

光学学报 2005年25卷 学科分类索引

文题期数起始页大气与海洋光学差分吸收激光雷达回波信号统计模型的研究1 1海洋水色及水温扫描仪精确瑞利散射计算2 145跟踪抖动对激光湍流大气传输光束扩展的影响2 152米氏散射激光雷达近场距离校正函数曲线拟合法修正3 289高斯波束在湍流大气斜程传输中的闪烁问题研究4 433洛伦兹光谱线型的高层大气风场被动探测原理分析5 577相干激光雷达距离像的噪声抑制算法研究5 581基于洛伦兹线型极光的上层大气风场探测模式研究6 721空间激光通信中光强起伏尺度特征的数值分析8 1009圆芯型边孔光纤双折射的有限元分析8 1013差分吸收光谱法测量空气中…     

基于辐射传输模型的环境一号卫星CCD相机的水体大气校正方法研究

水体大气校正问题是开展我国环境一号卫星水色遥感定量化应用的关键。针对环境卫星CCD相机的特点,以水气耦合的辐射传输模型构建大气校正参数查找表,研究以地面气象数据辅助的逐像元水体大气校正方法,实现水体离水反射率和遥感反射比的反演。以现场测量数据和MODIS数据为参考进行水体大气校正效果验证,研究发现CCD相机的反演结果在蓝、绿波段的精度较高而红、近红的反演结果系统偏大。研究结果还表明气溶胶模型是影响水体大气校正精度的重要因素。     

地表双向反射对天基矢量辐射探测的影响分析

矢量辐射传输方程定量描述了辐射在地表-大气耦合介质中的传输过程，是定量遥感的基础.在处理辐射和离散介质相互作用时,如何处理多次散射、辐射偏振效应和耦合地表模型是研究的重点，直接影响定量化遥感反演的精度.文中基于逐次散射近似法求解了矢量辐射传输方程，求解过程中耦合典型地表的非偏双向反射（BRDF）模型和偏振双面反射（BPDF）模型.采用相对误差因子定量分析了地表双向反射效应和大气偏振效应对天基矢量辐射的影响.为进一步研究地表-大气耦合介质系统的偏振特性及地表大气参数的定量遥感反演提供理论支持. 关键词： 矢量辐射传输方程 逐次散射近似 定量遥感 偏振遥感     

海洋水色卫星紫外波段的偏振特性分析

针对水色卫星遥感器的紫外波段,利用海洋-大气耦合矢量辐射传输模型开展了355nm和385nm两个紫外波段大气顶(TOA)表观辐射的偏振特性分析。研究发现水色卫星紫外遥感器入瞳处光的偏振信号主要来源于大气分子散射,与仅考虑大气分子散射相比,气溶胶、水-气界面层和水体会减弱紫外遥感器入瞳处光的总偏振度(DOP)。在不同的大气顶观测方位下,上述两个波段紫外光的总偏振度变化范围在0%～70%之间。同水色卫星遥感器通常设置的412nm可见光波段相比,在同一条件下到达水色卫星紫外遥感器入瞳处的紫外光的偏振度变化不大。     

高分辨率光学遥感卫星小目标法在轨辐射定标

辐射定标是卫星遥感信息定量化的关键技术之一。高分辨率光学遥感卫星小目标法在轨定标将目标反射率的现场测量转换为实验室高精度测量，以实际测量代替气溶胶散射特性假设，通过简化辐射传输计算获取大气透过率与遥感器入瞳辐亮度，根据遥感器系统PSF检测结果将小目标的辐射响应与背景辐射相分离，降低对场区背景环境要求的同时提高了绝对辐射定标精度。试验结果分析表明，高分辨率光学遥感卫星传感器小目标法在轨辐射定标不确定度优于3%，与大面积辐射校正场或灰阶靶标法的定标结果差异3.65%，小目标法有望在全谱段范围实现高分辨率光学遥感卫星传感器的全动态范围定标与几何检校。     

基于航空偏振相机的海上气溶胶光学特性反演与验证

采用基于逐次散射法的矢量辐射传输模型,通过求解矢量辐射传输方程,分析了影响海面上空气溶胶光学参数反演的主要因素。根据海洋大气气溶胶模型,通过构建多参数的反射率和偏振反射率查找表,给出了用于海上气溶胶光学参数反演的查找表迭代查找法。利用自主研制的多角度航空偏振相机在渤海湾上空航拍的偏振辐射数据,反演获得了该海域550nm波段的气溶胶光学厚度和ngstrm波长指数,其均值分别为0.441和1.15。通过与布置在京津塘周边的多个地基CE318太阳辐射计同步观测数据进行的对比校验发现,两者间具有很好的一致性,说明反演方法针对海天背景的实际问题的考虑和处理过程切实可行。     

用于海洋水色定量化遥感的光学薄膜技术

以海洋一号C/D卫星中国水色水温扫描仪[COCTS (HY-1C/D)]的光学薄膜研制为例，介绍了海洋水色定量化遥感中应用的光学薄膜技术。在单片基片的不同通道区域依次镀制多块滤光膜以抑制杂散光的产生，充分研究了光束空间角频率分布带来的光谱及偏振影响，实现了5%带宽的定位精度，将通道滤光膜对偏振灵敏度的影响降到0.3%以下，采用双离子束溅射工艺来保证膜层的可靠性和光谱性能。此外，通过光学薄膜元件的偏振调控设计以及元件间的偏振补偿，实现了系统偏振灵敏度达到国际先进水平，0°扫描角时的平均偏振灵敏度小于1%。光学薄膜技术的应用有效提升了海洋水色的定量化遥感质量，结合大气校正，COCTS (HY-1C/D)获得的水色产品数据量化精度与美国的中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）和可见光红外成像辐射仪（VIIRS）相当。     

无云地球大气背景辐射光谱亮度的计算模型

根据辐射的叠加性，提出了一种用于卫星遥感无云地球大气背景辐射强度计算的理论模型。在利用该模型对晴朗无云地球大气背景的光谱辐射亮度进行计算时，使用迭代法解辐射传输方程并对大气采用动态分层。模型计算的结果与法国6S软件计算结果的对比表明：该模型以及计算方法对于无云地球大气背景向上的辐射亮度计算是精确可行的。且计算结果说明在可见光波段地球大气背景的辐射是很强的，而在红外强吸收波段，地-气系统的辐射很弱，主要来自大气的后向散射。     

A vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems with a rough interface

We report on an exact vector (polarized) radiative transfer (VRT) model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems. This VRT model is based on the successive order of scattering (SOS) method, which virtually takes all the multiple scattering processes into account, including atmospheric scattering, oceanic scattering, reflection and transmission through the rough ocean surface. The isotropic Cox–Munk wave model is used to derive the ref and transmission matrices for the rough ocean surface. Shadowing effects are included by the shadowing function. We validated the SOS results by comparing them with those calculated by two independent codes based on the doubling/adding and Monte Carlo methods. Two error analyses related to the ocean color remote sensing are performed in the coupled atmosphere and ocean systems. One is the scalar error caused by ignoring the polarization in the whole system. The other is the error introduced by ignoring the polarization of the light transmitted through the ocean interface. Both errors are significant for the cases studied. This code fits for the next generation of ocean color study because it converges fast for absorbing medium as, for instance, ocean.     

On the accuracy of double scattering approximation for atmospheric polarization computations

Interpretation of multi-angle spectro-polarimetric data in remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols requires fast and accurate methods of solving the vector radiative transfer equation (VRTE). The single and double scattering approximations could provide an analytical framework for the inversion algorithms and are relatively fast; however accuracy assessments of these approximations for the aerosol atmospheres in the atmospheric window channels have been missing. This paper provides such analysis for a vertically homogeneous aerosol atmosphere with weak and strong asymmetry of scattering. In both cases, the double scattering approximation gives a high accuracy result (relative error ～0.2%) only for the low optical path ～10^?2. As the error rapidly grows with optical thickness, a full VRTE solution is required for the practical remote sensing analysis. It is shown that the scattering anisotropy is not important at low optical thicknesses neither for reflected nor for transmitted polarization components of radiation.     

A vector radiative transfer model of coupled ocean-atmosphere system using matrix-operator method for rough sea-surface

A vector radiative transfer model termed PCOART has been developed for the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, using the matrix-operator (or adding-doubling) method, which considers the rough sea-surface. The theoretical formulations of the solution of the vector radiative transfer equation of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, and the reflection-transmission matrices and internal radiation sources for rough sea surface are described. The model intercomparison is performed for several radiative transfer problems in the atmosphere and ocean, and the results show that PCOART can exactly predict the radiance fields for both flat and rough sea surface. Also, the polarizing remote sensing data from POLDER is used to test the capacity of PCOART to simulate the polarization radiance at the top-of-atmosphere, which shows that PCOART can perfectly reproduce the linear polarization reflectance measured by POLDER. PCOART can not only simulate the total radiance field in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system with wind-induced rough sea surface but also predict the polarization radiance field both in the atmosphere and in the ocean, which can serve as a good tool for the ocean optics and ocean color remote sensing communities.     

Decoupling error for the atmospheric correction in ocean color remote sensing algorithms

This paper studies the decoupling error associated with the atmospheric correction procedures in the ocean color remote sensing algorithms. The decoupling error is caused by the lack of proper consideration of multiple scattering between the atmospheric and ocean components. In other words, the atmosphere and ocean are not coupled properly. A vector radiative transfer model for the coupled atmosphere and ocean (CAO) system based on the successive order of scattering (SOS) method is used to study the error. The inherent optical properties (IOPs) of the ocean are provided by the most updated bio-optical models. Two wavelengths are used in the study, 412 and 555 nm. For a detector located just above the ocean interface, the decoupling errors range from 0.3% to 7% at 412 nm; and from 0.3% to 3 % at 555 nm for zenith viewing angles smaller than 70°. The decoupling errors are significantly larger for larger zenith viewing angles for this detector. For a detector at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), it is hard to separate the decoupling error from the error introduced by the diffuse transmittance. If we assume the upwelling radiance is uniform just below the ocean surface when estimating the diffuse transmittance, the decoupling errors are from ?4% to 8% for zenith viewing angles smaller than 70°; and negative decoupling errors show up at mainly large zenith viewing angles.     

Light reflection from a rough liquid surface including wind-wave effects in a scattering atmosphere

Visible and near-IR images of the ocean surface, taken from remote satellites, often contain important information of near-surface or sub-surface processes, which occur on, or over the ocean. Remote measurements of near surface winds, sea surface temperature and salinity, ocean color and underwater bathymetry, all, one way or another, depend on how well we understand sea surface roughness. However, in order to extract useful information from our remote measurements, we need to construct accurate models of the transfer of solar radiation inside the atmosphere as well as, its reflection from the sea surface. To approach this problem, we numerically solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) by implementing a model for the atmosphere-ocean system. A one-dimensional atmospheric radiation model is solved via the widely known doubling and adding method and the ocean body is treated as a boundary condition to the problem. The ocean surface is modeled as a rough liquid surface which includes wind interaction and wave states, such as wave age. The model can have possible applications to the retrieval of wind and wave states, such as wave age, near a Sun glint region.     

Error analysis of the adding/doubling method for radiative scattering in inhomogeneous media

The doubling method is a fast and exact procedure for calculating radiative transfer in a homogeneous, scattering, plane-parallel medium. It can also be used in the adding mode for an inhomogeneous medium that is approximated by a finite number of homogeneous sublayers with different radiative properties. The errors caused by this approximation are analyzed in this paper through comparison with invariant imbedding calculations that are slow but exact for inhomogeneous media. A procedure is developed so errors can be estimated and controlled when using the faster adding/doubling calculations.     

Matrix formulations of radiative transfer including the polarization effect in a coupled atmosphere-ocean system

A vector radiative transfer model has been developed for a coupled atmosphere-ocean system. The radiative transfer scheme is based on the discrete ordinate and matrix operator methods. The reflection/transmission matrices and source vectors are obtained for each atmospheric or oceanic layer through the discrete ordinate solution. The vertically inhomogeneous system is constructed using the matrix operator method, which combines the radiative interaction between the layers. This radiative transfer scheme is flexible for a vertically inhomogeneous system including the oceanic layers as well as the ocean surface. Compared with the benchmark results, the computational error attributable to the radiative transfer scheme has been less than 0.1% in the case of eight discrete ordinate directions. Furthermore, increasing the number of discrete ordinate directions has produced computations with higher accuracy. Based on our radiative transfer scheme, simulations of sun glint radiation have been presented for wavelengths of 670 nm and 1.6 μm. Results of simulations have shown reasonable characteristics of the sun glint radiation such as the strongly peaked, but slightly smoothed radiation by the rough ocean surface and depolarization through multiple scattering by the aerosol-loaded atmosphere. The radiative transfer scheme of this paper has been implemented to the numerical model named Pstar as one of the OpenCLASTR/STAR radiative transfer code systems, which are widely applied to many radiative transfer problems, including the polarization effect.     

中红外大气辐射传输解析模型及遥感成像模拟

为了建立完整的星载高分辨率中红外成像模拟系统,并为航天器载荷设计等相关工作提供有力参考,需要对大气辐射传输这一环节进行重点考虑,设计出切实可行,精度较高的大气辐射传输数值成像模拟方法.针对中红外大气辐射传输具有大气散射和自身发射的特性,将整个大气辐射传输过程进行了合理分解,并利用MODTRAN4对各辐射分量进行求解,以查找表方式实现了大气辐射传输成像模拟.此外,针对大气散射导致的邻近效应进行了分析,将原有PSF模型扩展至中红外波段,并与大气辐射传输解析模型相互耦合共同完成模拟成像.最后对模型进行了初步验证和成像模拟,结果表明:模型具有较好的模拟精度,通过给定观测几何和大气条件,并根据地表输入的温度和发射率等,实现逐像元的大气辐射传输计算.