红外测温法研究Al-Mg合金中的Portevin-Le Chatelier效应

试件塑性变形过程伴随着机械能向热能的转化.利用红外测温法,通过分析红外热像仪采集的温度场图像,系统研究了Al-Mg合金中的Portevin-Le Chatelier （PLC）效应.在不同应变率下,实验得到了三类锯齿形应力-应变曲线,分析了相应情况下试件温度变化曲线的异同及其原因,探讨了三种类型PLC变形带的空间传播特性.研究发现,试件表面的温升随着应变率的增加而增加;PLC带的倾角转向发生在试件的两端或者带外的温度最高处. 关键词： Portevin-Le Chatelier效应 红外测温 Al-Mg合金     

固溶处理对Al-Cu合金中Portevin-Le Chatelier效应空域行为的影响

研究了在定加载速率拉伸条件下，固溶处理对Al-Cu合金材料中PLC(Portevin-Le Chatelier)效应空域行为的影响.在较低拉伸速率时，变形初期PLC变形带在试件宽度方向中央附近某点处“成核”.随着变形的继续，出现多带共存的现象.且带宽较小，带与拉伸轴向的夹角较大.在较大拉伸速率条件下，PLC变形带先连续传播，再随机出现. 关键词： PLC效应 动态应变时效 固溶处理     

析出相在铝镁合金Portevin-Le Chatelier效应中的作用研究

本文研究了在相同退火热处理条件下,不同析出相含量的两种铝镁合金5456和5052在不同加载应变率下的P-LC效应. 结果表明析出相对两种材料的P-LC效应有明显影响,并且析出相含量的不同所产生的影响不同. 此外,析出相含量较少的5052合金的溶质原子的扩散方式是管扩散,而析出相含量较多的5456合金不再局限于管扩散的方式,而是更为复杂. 关键词： Portevin-Le Chatelier effect 动态应变时效 铝镁合金     

位错与溶质原子间动态相互作用的数值模拟研究

通过Cottrell-Bilby型溶质动力学模型，对位错线周围的溶质原子浓度随应变率的变化进行了研究，并得到了三种不同的位错-溶质相互作用方式：在低应变率时，位错被溶质原子气团充分钉扎，它上面的溶质浓度近似达到饱和；在高应变率时，脱钉作用占主导地位，位错运动几乎不受深质影响；而在中间应变率时，位错反复经历着钉扎和脱钉过程，动态应变时效发生.此外，通过对模型方程的推导，还自然地得到了平衡状态下率相关流动应力与应变率之间的N形关系曲线. 关键词： 位错 溶质原子 动态应变时效 数值模拟     

高加载率条件下LY12铝合金损伤断裂现象的研究

 本文以球形实体中含有一球形空穴为基本单元，通过分析单元的受力状态，推导出了一个韧性介质空穴增长模型。模型中考虑了介质的硬化，应变率效应，同时还考虑了惯性效应。在考虑空穴成核效应时，采用了热激活成核机制。对LY12铝合金进行了二维层裂实验，采用本文提出的动态损伤模型，借助于二维Lagrange弹塑性流动有限差分程序对二维层裂实验进行了数值模拟，计算结果与实验吻合较好。     

混凝土类材料在SHPB实验中惯性效应的数值模拟研究（英文）

分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)被广泛应用于测试混凝土类材料在高应变率(10~103 s-1)下的动态增强效应。为更好地理解这类问题,进行了数值模拟研究,采用J2本构模型研究SHPB试验中的纵向惯性效应,线性Drucker-Prager模型研究SHPB试验中的径向惯性效应。研究结果表明:纵向惯性效应不影响动态增强因子;径向惯性效应对动态增强因子有影响,但不是混凝土类材料在高应变率下动态增强因子提高的最主要原因。     

无氧铜动态卸载行为的数值模拟

 分别利用Johnson-Cook（JC）本构模型和Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan（SCG）本构模型对无氧铜在10~20 GPa冲击压力下的卸载过程进行了数值模拟,与冲击-卸载实验结果比较表明,在这样的冲击压力下无氧铜的应变率效应仍然明显,JC模型对无氧铜的动态卸载行为有较好的描述。     

基于数字图像相关法的Mg含量对Al合金Protein-Le Chatelier效应影响的实验研究

利用数字图像相关法研究了常温与恒定应变率(5.00×10~(-3)s~(-1))下Mg含量(质量分数)分别为2.30%,4.57%,6.10%及6.91%四种Al-Mg合金Portevin-Le Chatelier(PLC)效应的宏观变形行为.实验发现,Mg含量的增加导致强化效果的增强;低Mg含量(2.30%)合金中锯齿跌落幅值基本保持不变,而在高Mg含量(4.57%,6.10%,6.91%)合金中随应变增加而增加.锯齿跌落幅值随Mg含量增加而逐渐增大,在高Mg含量合金中趋于饱和.宏观局域变形带的观察结果表明PLC带宽不随Mg含量或者应变改变而变化,带内变形量随着Mg含量或者应变的增加而逐渐增大.此外,在低Mg含量合金的加载曲线后段(应变约为0.3时)观测到了特殊的周期性的衰减锯齿,相应的时域PLC带演化表明加载曲线的周期性转变大锯齿对应着空间上PLC带的转向,幅度逐渐减小的振荡对应着PLC带的传播,且在转向前后PLC带均向上连续传播.     

简论金属材料JC本构模型的精确性

通过比较JC模型预测结果与6种金属(2024-T351铝合金、 6061-T6铝合金、OFHC无氧铜、4340高强钢、Ti-6Al-4V钛合金和Q235软钢)在不同应变率及温度下的实验数据,对JC本构模型的精确性进行了关键评估。为了进一步评估其精确性,采用JC本构模型和失效准则对平头弹正撞2024-T351铝合金靶板进行数值模拟,并与实验结果比较。结果表明:JC本构模型只适用于中、低应变率和温度下的Mises材料,对非Mises材料该模型预测的剪切应力-应变曲线和失效与实验结果吻合较差;同时,JC本构模型的精度随应变率和温度的提高而降低,特别是在高应变率条件下利用实验得到的动态增强因子进行相应数值模拟时,所得计算结果与弹道穿透实验结果不一致,说明其表达式(即准静态应力-应变关系×动态增强因子)是不恰当的。     

惯性对多孔金属材料动态力学行为的影响

 对泡沫金属材料的力学性能已经进行了十分广泛的研究,但在对泡沫金属的应变率效应和惯性效应的研究中,尚存在一些矛盾的结论。为进一步认清惯性在多孔金属动态响应中的作用,用有限元计算方法模拟了二维Voronoi蜂窝的动态压缩行为,得到了不同速度下Voronoi蜂窝的3种变形模式。通过改变基体材料的密度和冲击速度进行“数值实验”,得到了相应“试件”的由冲击面和支撑面得到的宏观平均应力应变曲线和平台应力。根据数值模拟的结果,着重分析了惯性效应的影响。研究发现,惯性并不影响蜂窝的应力应变曲线,但它导致试件中宏观变形不均匀,是平台应力提高的主要原因。     

A multiscale gradient-dependent plasticity model for size effects

The mechanical behaviour of polycrystalline material is closely correlated to grain size. In this study, we investigate the size-dependent phenomenon in multi-phase steels using a continuum dislocation dynamic model coupled with viscoplastic self-consistent model. We developed a dislocation-based strain gradient plasticity model and a stress gradient plasticity model, as well as a combined model, resulting in a theory that can predict size effect over a wide range of length scales. Results show that strain gradient plasticity and stress gradient plasticity are complementary rather than competing theories. The stress gradient model is dominant at the initial strain stage, and is much more effective for predicting yield strength than the strain gradient model. For larger deformations, the strain gradient model is dominant and more effective for predicting size-dependent hardening. The numerical results are compared with experimental data and it is found that they have the same trend for the yield stress. Furthermore, the effect of dislocation density at different strain stages is investigated, and the findings show that the Hall–Petch relation holds for the initial strain stage and breaks down for higher strain levels. Finally, a power law to describe the size effect and the transition zone between the strain gradient and stress gradient dominated regions is developed.     

Experimental verification of Foreman dislocation model

We present a strain analysis of an edge dislocation core, and a detailed discussion of the Foreman dislocation model. In order to examine the model, the quantitative measurement of strain field around an edge dislocation in aluminum is performed, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and geometric phase analysis are employed to map the strain field of the edge dislocation core in aluminum. The strain measurements are compared with the Foreman dislocation model, showing that they are in good agreement with each other when 0.7 ≤ a ≤ 1.5.     

Strain mapping in nanocrystalline grains simulated by phase field crystal model

In recent years, the phase field crystal (PFC) model has been confirmed as a good candidate to describe grain boundary (GB) structures and their nearby atomic arrangement. To further understand the mechanical behaviours of nanocrystalline materials, strain fields near GBs need to be quantitatively characterized. Using the strain mapping technique of geometric phase approach (GPA), we have conducted strain mapping across the GBs in nanocrystalline grains simulated by the PFC model. The results demonstrate that the application of GPA in strain mapping of low and high angles GBs as well as polycrystalline grains simulated by the PFC model is very successful. The results also show that the strain field around the dislocation in a very low angle GB is quantitatively consistent with the anisotropic elastic theory of dislocations. Moreover, the difference between low angle GBs and high angle GBs is revealed by the strain analysis in terms of the strain contour shape and the structural GB width.     

A general 3-D nonlinear magnetostrictive constitutive model for soft ferromagnetic materials

In this paper, a new general nonlinear magnetostrictive constitutive model is proposed for soft ferromagnetic materials, and it can predict magnetostrictive strain and magnetization curves under various pre-stresses. From the viewpoint of magnetic domain, it is based on the important physical fact that a nonlinear part of the elastic strain produced by magnetic domain wall motion under a pre-stress is responsible for the change of the maximum magnetostrictive strain in accordance with the pre-stress. Then the reduction of magnetostrictive strain from the maximum is caused by the domain rotation. Meanwhile, the magnetization under various pre-stresses in this model is introduced by magnetostrictive effect under the same pre-stress. A simplified 3-D model is put forward by means of linearizing the nonlinear function, i.e. the nonlinear part of the elastic strain produced by domain wall motion, and by using the quartic of magnetization to describe domain rotation. Besides, for the convenience of engineering applications, two-dimensional (plate or film) and one-dimensional (rod) models are also given for isotropic materials and their application ranges are discussed too. In comparison with the experimental data of Kuruzar and Jiles, it is found that this model can predict magnetostrictive strain and magnetization curves under various pre-stresses. The numerical simulation further illustrates that the new model can effectively describe the effects of the pre-stress or residual stress on the magnetization and magnetostrictive strain curves. Additionally, this model can be degenerated to the existing magnetostrictive constitutive model for giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM), i.e. a special soft ferromagnetic material.     

Memory effect on the glass transition in vulcanized rubber

The memory effect upon glassification is studied in the glass-to-rubber transition of vulcanized rubber with the strain as a controlling parameter. A phenomenological model is proposed, taking the history of the temperature and the strain into account, by which the experimental results are interpreted. The data and the model demonstrate that the glassy state memorizes the time course of strain upon glassification, not as a single parameter but as the history itself. The data also show that the effect of irreversible deformation in the glassy state is beyond the scope of the present model.     

Strain effects on optical properties of pyramidal InAs/GaAs quantum dots

Strain distribution and optical properties in a self-assembled pyramidal InAs/GaAs quantum dot grown by epitaxy are investigated. A model, based on the theory of linear elasticity, is developed to analyze three-dimensional induced strain field. In the model, the capping material in the heterostructure is omitted during the strain analysis to take into account the sequence of the fabrication process. The mismatch of lattice constants is the driving source of the induced strain and is treated as initial strain in the analysis. Once the strain analysis is completed, the capping material is added back to the heterostructure for electronic band calculation. The strain-induced potential is incorporated into the three-dimensional steady-state Schrödinger equation with the aid of Pikus–Bir Hamiltonian with modified Luttinger–Kohn formalism for the electronic band structure calculation. The strain field, the energy levels and wave functions are found numerically by using of a finite element package FEMLAB. The energy levels as well as the wave functions of both conduction and valence bands of quantum dot are calculated. Finally, the transition energy of ground state is also computed. Numerical results reveal that not only the strain field but also all other optical properties from current model show significant difference from the counterparts of the conventional model.     

An atomistic model for the simulation of acoustic phonons, strain distribution, and Grüneisen coefficients in zinc-blende semiconductors

An accurate modeling of phonons, strain distributions, and Grüneisen coefficients is essential for the qualitative and quantitative design of modern nanoelectronic and nanooptoelectronic devices. The challenge is the development of a model that fits within an atomistic representation of the overall crystal yet remains computationally tractable. A simple model for introducing the anharmonicity of the interatomic potential into the Keating two-parameter valence-force-field model is developed. The new method is used for the calculation of acoustic phonon and strain effects in zinc-blende semiconductors. The model is fitted to the Grüneisen coefficients for long-wavelength acoustic phonons and reproduces the response to strain throughout the Brillouin zone in reasonable agreement with experiment.     

Modeling abnormal strain states in ferroelastic systems: the role of point defects

Recent experiments have revealed a rich variety of strain states in doped ferroelastic systems. We study the origin of two abnormal strain states; precursory tweed and strain glass, and their relationship with the well-known austenite and martensite (the para- and ferroelastic states). A Landau free energy model is proposed, which assumes that point defects alter the global thermodynamic stability of martensite and create local lattice distortions that interact with the strain order parameters and break the symmetry of the Landau potential. Phase field simulations based on the model have predicted all the important signatures of a strain glass found in experiment. Moreover, the generic "phase diagram" constructed from the simulation results shows clearly the relationships among all the strain states, which agrees well with experimental measurements.     

Prediction of flow stress and textures of AZ31 magnesium alloy at elevated temperature

The viscoplastic behaviour of magnesium alloys at high temperatures leads to highly temperature-dependent mechanical properties. While at high strain rates a notable strain hardening response is observed, at low strain rates the material shows a smooth plastic response with negligible amount of hardening. This complicated behaviour is due to different deformation mechanisms that are active at different strain rate regimes, resulting in different strain rate sensitivity parameters. In this study we show, by utilizing both numerical simulations and experiments, that this behaviour can be predicted by a model that combines two deformation mechanisms, grain boundary sliding mechanism and dislocation glide mechanism. We discuss the importance of each deformation mechanism at different strain rate regimes based on the findings of modelling and experimental results for AZ3 magnesium alloy. By developing a model that includes the above-mentioned two deformation mechanism, the prediction of flow properties is expanded to a wide range of strain rate regimes compared to previous study. The obtained numerical findings for the stress–strain behaviour as well as texture evolution show good agreement with the experimental results.     

A dislocation-based model for creep recovery in ice

Creep recovery strain is significant in polycrystalline ice, and its stress dependence is strongly dependent on ice type and deformation history. Although it is generally recognized that creep recovery strain is largely attributable to dislocations, a dislocation-based model that rectifies the observed differences in two important ice types (freshwater and sea ice) has not previously emerged; and the development of such a model forms the goal of the present effort. The model considers basal dislocation distributions, employs a dislocation density–stress relationship from previous work, and uses an empirical expression for the decrease in slip-line spacing with increasing stress. The dislocation processes are taken to operate over a subgrain-sized domain, and the strain associated with the relative motion of neighbouring domains is considered. The model accounts for dislocation multiplication and the decrease in slip-line spacing if the applied stress is sufficiently high. The model explains the observed differences in creep recovery strain for freshwater and sea ice and adequately reproduces both the stress dependence and the limiting value of the experimentally observed behaviour. It also reproduces the shift from nonlinear to linear behaviour that has been observed in prestrain experiments on freshwater and sea ice cores.