激光在不同类型气溶胶中传输特性研究

激光在大气中的传输衰减特性是激光工程应用中需要考虑的一个重要问题.本文针对常用的1.06 μm和10.6μm激光,基于Mie散射理论计算了气溶胶粒子的单次散射参量;对于激光在气溶胶中多次散射传输衰减,建立了蒙特卡罗模拟计算模型,利用Matlab语言编制了相应的计算程序,计算分析了两种波长的激光分别在沙尘性、水溶性、海洋性和煤烟性四种不同类型气溶胶中透过率与传播距离、能见度的关系,并将蒙特卡罗方法和单次散射的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明,当能见度较低、气溶胶粒子反照率较高时,单次散射计算存在很大的误差,用蒙特卡罗方法更能揭示多重散射现象;煤烟性气溶胶对1.06 μm激光的传输衰减影响最大,沙尘性气溶胶对10.6 μm激光的传输衰减影响最大.     

一种内混合气溶胶粒子模型光散射的等效性

以包含灰尘、黑碳和水三种成分的单分散内混合初次气溶胶为例,利用消光、吸收、散射效率因子和不对称因子,探讨了以等效折射率描述具有不同成分的内混合气溶胶粒子系统的适用性。结果表明,在尺度参数为0.1～25时不同半径比下,消光、吸收和散射效率因子的等效性较好,相对误差分别在3%、3%和4%以内;不对称因子的等效性相对稍差,相对误差在13%以内。当半径比a/b小于1/5,即内混合体中所含灰尘和黑碳较少时,等效折射率实部和虚部值基本可以确定,而不必考虑尺度参数的影响。用除散射相函数之外的其他光学量来等效时,较为容易找到等效的气溶胶粒子。     

沙尘气溶胶粒子群的散射和偏振特性

根据Mie散射理论,以对数正态分布函数描述沙尘气溶胶粒子群的粒径尺度分布,计算了沙尘气溶胶粒子群在0.2～40μm波段间对太阳短波辐射和地球大气长波辐射的单次散射反照率、散射相矩阵函数,揭示了不同相对湿度时,沙尘粒子群对入射辐射的散射和偏振的特征。结果表明,沙尘粒子群的单次散射反照率随着入射波长的增加有较大起伏,不同相对湿度条件下,变化趋势基本一致;在可见光、近红外波段单次散射反照率随湿度增加而变大,湿度95%时非常接近于1;大于10μm的热红外波段单次散射反照率随相对湿度增加而减小,具有较强的吸收辐射能力。散射辐射强度受湿度影响较小,随散射角的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且增大的趋势随着波长的增加而减弱;不同波段上,线偏振和圆偏振随散射角和相对湿度变化存在差异;在前向和后向仅对入射辐射为圆偏振辐射产生圆偏振散射;散射光的偏振特性及其湿度差异主要表现在后向散射区,多以拱形形式体现。拱顶峰值散射角位置存在差异,且峰值散射角随相对湿度的降低向后向漂移。     

随机取向非球形沙尘气溶胶粒子的光学特性

利用离散偶极子近似法分析了一种随机取向旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶粒子模型在尺度参数变化范围为0.1~23时(波长0.55!m对应有效半径为0.01~2!m)的光学特性,研究了沙尘粒子非球形性程度对其光学特性的影响,并考察了非球形粒子的随机取向能否用等体积球体来代替。就随机取向单分散和多分散旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶而言,粒子非球形特征越明显,消光效率因子、不对称因子和单次散射反照率基本上偏离其等体积球体越大;对于相同的非球形,不对称因子偏离其等体积球体的相对偏差要比消光效率因子和单次散射反照率要大。非球形粒子的随机取向并不能使其光学特性严格等效为其等体积球体的光学特性。如果粒子形状偏离球体较小,则非球形粒子的随机取向的平均效果能使其消光效率因子、不对称因子和单次散射反照率近似用等体积球体的对应光学参量来等效;而如果粒子形状偏离球形较大,仅有单次散射反照率可以近似用等体积球体的单次散射反照率来等效,例如,轴半径比为16的旋转椭球体沙尘粒子的单次散射反照率偏离其等体积球体仅在3%以内。     

随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子光学特性研究北大核心CSCD

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation(CCA)模型,模拟了由64个球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子.结合离散偶极子近似方法,分别得到了不同入射角和不同尺寸参数情况下气溶胶凝聚粒子的吸收、散射、消光效率因子和不对称因子的数值结果,并比较分析了四种形状气溶胶凝聚粒子吸收、散射、消光效率因子和不对称因子的差异.结果显示:对于相同数目原始微粒的气溶胶凝聚粒子,其光学特性明显依赖于入射光的入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子的形状;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,当入射光波长给定时,吸收、散射和消光效率因子最初随尺寸参数增大而快速增大,随后又随尺寸参数增大缓慢变小,但在尺寸参数变化过程中存在一个极大值;不对称因子则随尺寸参数的增大一直呈增大趋势,且随尺寸参数的增大趋近于1.     

随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子光学特性研究

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由64个球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子。结合离散偶极子近似方法,分别得到了不同入射角和不同尺寸参数情况下气溶胶凝聚粒子的吸收、散射、消光效率因子和不对称因子的数值结果,并比较分析了四种形状气溶胶凝聚粒子吸收、散射、消光效率因子和不对称因子的差异。结果显示：对于相同数目原始微粒的气溶胶凝聚粒子,其光学特性明显依赖于入射光的入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子的形状;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,当入射光波长给定时,吸收、散射和消光效率因子最初随尺寸参数增大而快速增大,随后又随尺寸参数增大缓慢变小,但在尺寸参数变化过程中存在一个极大值;不对称因子则随尺寸参数的增大一直呈增大趋势,且随尺寸参数的增大趋近于1。     

非球形火星沙尘粒子的光谱散射特性研究

针对复杂的火星大气环境,基于T-matrix理论,对三种非球形火星沙尘粒子的散射特性进行了研究,计算了服从对数正态分布的非球形火星沙尘粒子的散射特性,分别在有沙尘暴和无沙尘暴两种条件下,分析非球形火星沙尘粒子的传输衰减和透射率随粒子数浓度、波长以及高度的变化趋势,并与球形粒子进行对比。结果表明:非球形与球形粒子的消光效率因子和散射效率因子存在较大差异,两者之间的最大差值分别为1.786 8和1.761 9,而切比雪夫粒子的散射特性与球形粒子最接近;当入射波长为0.55μm时,火星上沙尘粒子群整体的散射主要集中在前向40°以内,且非球形与球形粒子在前向60°以内散射强度基本相等,大于60°时非球形的散射强度比球形粒子高;非球形火星沙尘粒子的传输衰减和透射率(随波长、粒子数浓度和高度)的变化趋势与球形的基本一致,且其尺寸的比值越接近于1,传输衰减和透射率越接近于球形粒子的值。     

近红外波段气溶胶的衰减特性研究

在已知大气气溶胶折射率和气溶胶谱分布的基础上, 对近红外波段的气溶胶衰减特性进行了研究。利用Mie散射理论计算并讨论了气溶胶的消光、散射、吸收效率因子随尺度参数的变化和消光系数随半径和波长的变化, 并且在MATLAB中对各种变化情况进行了仿真。结果表明, 三种气溶胶粒子的消光和散射能力依次为沙尘性粒子, 水溶性粒子, 烟煤。消光系数在粒子半径和入射波长相近时达到最大, 并且粒子半径对消光、散射、吸收系数的影响比入射波长更明显。这些结论可以为红外辐射在大气中的衰减计算和分析提供依据。     

气溶胶凝聚粒子散射特性的数值计算

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由相同数目球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子.根据物质的电结构,将气溶胶凝聚粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了气溶胶凝聚粒子散射强度的角分布,并分析了散射强度随入射光入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子尺寸参数变化的规律.结果显示:当散射角较小时,气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度对散射强度影响不大,当散射角增大时,散射强度则明显依赖于气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,在同一角度入射情况下,随尺寸参数的增加,气溶胶凝聚粒子的散射主要集中于前向散射.     

气溶胶凝聚粒子散射特性的数值计算

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由相同数目球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子．根据物质的电结构,将气溶胶凝聚粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了气溶胶凝聚粒子散射强度的角分布,并分析了散射强度随入射光入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子尺寸参数变化的规律．结果显示：当散射角较小时,气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度对散射强度影响不大,当散射角增大时,散射强度则明显依赖于气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,在同一角度入射情况下,随尺寸参数的增加,气溶胶凝聚粒子的散射主要集中于前向散射．     

两种按比例混合颗粒系的多次散射模拟

一种颗粒与其他种类的颗粒混合后, 会使其散射特性发生变化, 本文研究了水云中混有黑炭气溶胶后的散射特性变化. 根据Mie理论计算了水云和黑炭气溶胶散射相函数、单次散射反照率和不对称因子. 给出了混合颗粒系的蒙特卡罗模拟方法, 给出了颗粒碰撞类型抽样、自由程抽样和根据Mie相函数进行散射方向抽样的方法. 计算了光垂直入射时, 水云和黑炭气溶胶混合颗粒系的反射光强随观测角的变化, 并计算了平面反照率随入射角的变化, 讨论了黑炭气溶胶的有效半径、混合比例对整个混合颗粒系散射特性的影响. 计算结果表明, 水云中混合黑炭会加强其吸收, 且黑炭的比例和尺寸不同其散射特性差异较大.     

Test of Mie-based single-scattering properties of non-spherical dust aerosols in radiative flux calculations

We simulate the single-scattering properties (SSPs) of dust aerosols with both spheroidal and spherical shapes at a wavelength of 0.55 μm for two refractive indices and four effective radii. Herein spheres are defined by preserving both projected area and volume of a non-spherical particle. It is shown that the relative errors of the spheres to approximate the spheroids are less than 1% in the extinction efficiency and single-scattering albedo, and less than 2% in the asymmetry factor. It is found that the scattering phase function of spheres agrees with spheroids better than the Henyey–Greenstein (HG) function for the scattering angle range of 0–90°. In the range of ～90–180°, the HG function is systematically smaller than the spheroidal scattering phase function while the spherical scattering phase function is smaller from ～90° to 145° but larger from ～145° to 180°.We examine the errors in reflectivity and absorptivity due to the use of SSPs of equivalent spheres and HG functions for dust aerosols. The reference calculation is based on the delta-DISORT-256-stream scheme using the SSPs of the spheroids. It is found that the errors are mainly caused by the use of the HG function instead of the SSPs for spheres. By examining the errors associated with the delta-four- and delta-two-stream schemes using various approximate SSPs of dust aerosols, we find that the errors related to the HG function dominate in the delta-four-stream results, while the errors related to the radiative transfer scheme dominate in the delta-two-stream calculations. We show that the relative errors in the global reflectivity due to the use of sphere SSPs are always less than 5%. We conclude that Mie-based SSPs of non-spherical dust aerosols are well suited in radiative flux calculations.     

Dust aerosol forward scattering effects on ground-based aerosol optical depth retrievals

Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations are performed to examine the forward scattering effects on retrievals of dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) from ground-based instruments. We consider dust aerosols with different AOD, effective radius and imaginary refractive index at 0.5 μm wavelength. The shape of dust aerosols is assumed to be spheroids and the equivalent spheres that preserve both volume and projected area (V/P) are also considered. The single-scattering albedos and asymmetry factors of spheroids and V/P-equivalent spheres have small differences, but the scattering phase functions are very different for the scattering angle range ∼90-180°. The relative errors of retrieved AOD caused by forward scattering effects due to the differences between the single-scattering properties of spheroids and spheres are similar. It is shown that at solar zenith angle (SZA) smaller than ∼70° the effect of the forward scattering is generally small although the relative errors in retrieved AOD can be as large as −10% when r_e=2. However, the largest relative errors, which can reach −40%, appear at high SZA (>∼70°) with AOD larger than 1. This is not caused by the increase of forward scattering intensity, but is due to the strong attenuation of solar direct beam.     

随机取向双层椭球粒子偏振散射特性研究

基于T矩阵方法,给出了随机取向、轴对称、含核椭球粒子的散射计算方法.散射体的核和外壳均可为非球形粒子,整个粒子具有轴对称性.以含核椭球粒子为模型,计算了含有吸收性内核(黑炭,black carbon)的水凝物气溶胶的散射特性,分析了核的大小、形状对消光系数、散射系数、吸收系数、不对称因子、单次散射反照率以及Muller矩阵等的影响. 关键词： 光散射 T矩阵 Muller矩阵 椭球粒子     

Estimates of radiation over clouds and dust aerosols: Optimized number of terms in phase function expansion

The bulk-scattering properties of dust aerosols and clouds are computed for the community radiative transfer model (CRTM) that is a flagship effort of the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA). The delta-fit method is employed to truncate the forward peaks of the scattering phase functions and to compute the Legendre expansion coefficients for re-constructing the truncated phase function. Use of more terms in the expansion gives more accurate re-construction of the phase function, but the issue remains as to how many terms are necessary for different applications. To explore this issue further, the bidirectional reflectances associated with dust aerosols, water clouds, and ice clouds are simulated with various numbers of Legendre expansion terms. To have relative numerical errors smaller than 5%, the present analyses indicate that, in the visible spectrum, 16 Legendre polynomials should be used for dust aerosols, while 32 Legendre expansion terms should be used for both water and ice clouds. In the infrared spectrum, the brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere are computed by using the scattering properties of dust aerosols, water clouds and ice clouds. Although small differences of brightness temperatures compared with the counterparts computed with 4, 8, 128 expansion terms are observed at large viewing angles for each layer, it is shown that 4 terms of Legendre polynomials are sufficient in the radiative transfer computation at infrared wavelengths for practical applications.     

黑碳团簇气溶胶混合生长的红外吸收特性及长波辐射效应

黑碳气溶胶是当前气溶胶辐射强迫评估中最不确定的因子.本文通过构建黑碳的微物理模型,分别模拟了新鲜状态的黑碳气溶胶和混合生长(老化)后被硫酸盐包裹的黑碳气溶胶,利用叠加T矩阵方法计算获得了具有团簇形态和多成分混合的黑碳气溶胶红外吸收特性,通过大气辐射传输模型模拟了黑碳气溶胶的长波辐射强迫,分析了典型理化参数的敏感性.发现黑碳混合生长可以显著增强其大气层顶的长波辐射强迫,最高可达3倍.而且,包裹黑碳的硫酸盐半径越大,将明显增强大气层顶的黑碳长波辐射强迫.这些发现将有助于降低黑碳气溶胶气候效应评估的不确定性.     

基于有限元软件分析碳纳米管的最佳阵列密度

利用有限元软件ANSYS,对碳纳米管的最佳阵列密度进行了分析。针对碳纳米管阵列静电场分布的特点,建立了碳纳米管的模型,确定了模型的边界条件。为了便于对计算结果进行对照,在分析时采用的参数是:阵列周期T=2000nm,单根碳纳米管长度L=1μm,顶端半径r=2nm。通过计算得到了单根碳纳米管的场增强因子为321。在长度L和顶端半径r不变的情况下,使用了参数化设计语言,计算了在不同周期(200～4000μm)下碳纳米管场增强因子随周期变化的情况,进一步利用Fowler Nordheim函数得到最佳阵列周期(1600μm)。结果证明,利用有限元软件,其分析过程不仅正确性,而且实用,并且为此类问题的解决提供了一个通用的方法。     

Toward characterization of the aerosol optical properties over Loess Plateau of Northwestern China

Aerosol optical properties were obtained from a CIMEL sunphotometer of the Aerosol Robotic Network at the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL). SACOL is located over the Loess Plateau of the Northwestern China. The observed data are analyzed for the period of August 2006-October 2008. We find that aerosol optical depths (AODs) have a pronounced annual cycle, with a maximum dust aerosol loading during the spring. The 2-year average values of AOD, Ångström exponent (α), and water vapor path (WVP) along with their standard deviation (in parenthesis) are 0.35 (0.21), 0.93 (0.34), and 0.77 cm (0.52 cm), respectively. The probability distributions of these quantities all have one modal value, which are 0.3, 1.1, and 0.5 cm, respectively. There is a notable feature in the relationship between daily averaged AOD and Ångström exponent: a wide range of α corresponding to moderate to low aerosol optical depths (<0.8). There is no significant correlation between daily averaged WVP and AOD. However the daily averaged Ångström exponent and WVP show a significant positive correlation, indicating that the smaller aerosol particles present when the WVP is large. Variations of the retrieved aerosol volume size distributions are mainly associated with the changes in the concentration of the coarse aerosol fraction. The geometric mean radii for the fine and coarse aerosols are 0.18 μm (±0.03 μm), and 2.53 μm (±0.25 μm), respectively. The spectral dependences of the single scattering albedos are different between the dusty and non-dusty conditions. In the presence of dust, the SSAs increase slightly with wavelength. When dust is not a major component, the corresponding values decrease with wavelength.