Si-Li合金相嵌锂性能和弹性性能的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势方法,计算了锂离子电池硅负极材料在嵌Li过程中形成LixSi合金相(0≤x≤4.4)的形成能、嵌Li电位、晶体结构、电子结构和弹性性能。计算结果表明,随着嵌Li量的增加,LixSi合金体系总量能逐渐降低,LixSi合金相的形成能均为负值,表明硅负极材料的嵌Li反应在热力学可以自发进行;随着嵌Li量的增加,LixSi合金相的平均嵌Li电位逐渐降低,体积膨胀率逐渐增大,这与实验测得的结果具有良好的一致性。LixSi合金相在费米能级附近的电子主要由Si原子的p电子和Li原子的s电子共同贡献,LixSi合金相的费米能态密度随着嵌Li量的增加在整体上呈现增大趋势,电子导电性增强。随着嵌Li量的增加,LixSi合金相的体积模量(B)、剪切模量(G)和杨氏模量(E)逐渐降低,G/B值表明LixSi合金相均呈脆性,导致硅在嵌Li过程容易发生脆性结构破坏。     

Si-Li合金相嵌锂性能和弹性性能的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势方法,计算了锂离子电池硅负极材料在嵌Li过程中形成LixSi合金相(0≤x≤4.4)的形成能、嵌Li电位、晶体结构、电子结构和弹性性能。计算结果表明,随着嵌Li量的增加,LixSi合金体系总量能逐渐降低,LixSi合金相的形成能均为负值,表明硅负极材料的嵌Li反应在热力学可以自发进行;随着嵌Li量的增加,LixSi合金相的平均嵌Li电位逐渐降低,体积膨胀率逐渐增大,这与实验测得的结果具有良好的一致性。LixSi合金相在费米能级附近的电子主要由Si原子的p电子和Li原子的s电子共同贡献,LixSi合金相的费米能态密度随着嵌Li量的增加在整体上呈现增大趋势,电子导电性增强。随着嵌Li量的增加,LixSi合金相的体积模量(B)、剪切模量(G)和杨氏模量(E)逐渐降低,G/B值表明LixSi合金相均呈脆性,导致硅在嵌Li过程容易发生脆性结构破坏。     

Si-Li合金嵌锂性能和弹性性能的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势方法,计算了锂离子电池硅负极材料在嵌Li过程中形成Li_xSi合金相(0≤x≤4.4)的形成能、嵌Li电位、晶体结构、电子结构和弹性性能.计算结果表明,随着嵌Li量的增加,Li_xSi合金体系总量能逐渐降低,Li_xSi合金相的形成能均为负值,表明硅负极材料的嵌Li反应在热力学可以自发进行;随着嵌Li量的增加,Li_xSi合金相的平均嵌Li电位逐渐降低,体积膨胀率逐渐增大,这与实验测得的结果具有良好的一致性.Li_xSi合金相在费米能级附近的电子主要由Si原子的p电子和Li原子的s电子共同贡献,Li_xSi合金相的费米能态密度随着嵌Li量的增加在整体上呈现增大趋势,电子导电性增强.随着嵌Li量的增加,Li_xSi合金相的体积模量(B)、剪切模量(G)和杨氏模量(E)逐渐降低,G/B值表明Li_xSi合金相均呈脆性,导致硅在嵌Li过程容易发生脆性结构破坏.     

Al,Fe, Mg掺杂Li2MnSiO4的电子结构和电化学性能的第一性原理研究

硅酸锰锂作为锂离子电池正极材料因具有高的理论电容量而一直备受关注, 但其较低的导电率和较差的循环性能阻碍了进一步的发展. 采用第一性原理广义梯度近似GGA+U的方法, 研究了Al, Fe, Mg掺杂Li₂MnSiO₄的电子结构、 脱嵌锂电压和导电性. 研究发现, Al 掺杂的Li₂Mn_0.5Al_0.5SiO₄结构中载流子的数目增加, 电子自旋向上和向下的态密度均穿过费米能级, 呈现金属特性, 提高了体系的导电率. 脱锂Li_xMnSiO₄ (x=1, 0)结构中, 通过计算一次脱锂相结构的形成能得到Al掺杂的一次脱锂结构最稳定, 并且Al掺杂的脱锂相结构体积变化小, 有利于材料循环性能的提高, 同时第一个锂离子脱嵌电压与未掺杂时(4.2 V)相比降低到2.7 V. Fe掺杂降低了Li₂MnSiO₄的带隙, 第一个锂离子脱嵌电压降低到3.7 V. 研究表明, Al的掺杂效果优于Fe和Mg, 更利于硅酸锰锂电化学性质的提高.     

锂离子电池正极材料Li2FeSiO4的电子结构与输运特性

采用基于密度泛函理论第一性原理方法, 研究了对称性为Pmn2₁的正交结构聚阴离子型硅酸盐Li₂FeSiO₄及其相关脱锂相LiFeSiO₄的电子结构, 并进一步采用玻尔兹曼理论对其输运性质进行计算. 电荷密度分析表明, 由于强Si–O共价键的存在使Li₂FeSiO₄晶体结构在嵌脱锂过程中始终保持稳定, 体积变化率只有2.7%. 能带结构与态密度计算结果表明, 费米能级附近的电子结构主要受Fe-d轨道中电子的影响, Li₂FeSiO₄ 的带隙宽度明显小于LiFeSiO₄, 说明前者的电子输运能力优于后者. 输运性质计算表明, 电导率在300–800 K时对温度的变化并不敏感, 同时也证明了Li₂FeSiO₄晶体的电导率大于LiFeSiO₄晶体, 与能带和态密度分析结论一致.     

LixFePO4(x=0.0, 0.75, 1.0)电子结构与弹性性质的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理研究方法,计算了不同嵌锂态Li_xFePO₄(x=0,0.75,1.0)的电子结构. 对于橄榄石型Li_xFePO₄正极材料,虽然Fe3d电子在费米能级附近相互交错,但由于受晶体场作用的限制,并不能真正成为自由电子,Fe3d电子对体系的导电性没有很大贡献,而Fe—O键在低能成键区形成p-d杂化的局域态共价键对稳定合金骨架具有重要作用. 随着锂离子的脱 关键词： 锂离子电池 4')" href="#">LiFePO₄ 电子结构 弹性性质     

不同浓度下V掺杂Mg2Si的第一性原理研究

本文用基于密度泛函理论的超软赝势平面波方法,分别计算了四种V掺杂模型Mg_2-xV_xSi(x=0,0.25,0.5,0.75)的电子结构和光学性质,并对其能带图、态密度图和光学性质进行了分析.结果表明,V掺杂之后会使Mg₂Si由其原本的半导体性变为半金属性,在费米能级处出现了杂质能级,态密度图也显示V元素的3d轨道的贡献在费米能级附近占据主导地位,Mg₂Si的光学性质随着V元素的掺入也发生了改变.该文为Mg₂Si材料在电子器件和光学器件方面的应用提供了理论依据.     

杂质对镁合金耐蚀性影响的电子理论研究

利用大角重位点阵模型建立了Mg合金［0001］对称倾斜晶界模型，应用实空间的连分数方法计算了杂质在晶界的偏聚能，杂质原子间相互作用能和不同体系的费米能级，讨论了杂质在晶界的偏聚行为，杂质间的相互作用与有序化的关系及杂质对镁合金腐蚀性能影响的物理本质. 计算结果表明，杂质原子偏聚于晶界，且主要偏聚于晶界的压缩区；杂质原子间相互排斥，因此在晶界区形成有序相；费米能级与材料的腐蚀电位存在这样的关系：材料的费米能级越高，其腐蚀电位就越低，容易被腐蚀，相反费米能级低，其腐蚀电位就高，不容易腐蚀. 体系中成分不同区域的费米能级差导致电子从费米能级高的区域流向费米能级低的区域，正是费米能级差构成了镁合金电化学腐蚀的电动势. 关键词： 电子理论 晶界偏聚 镁合金 腐蚀机理     

Li-Sn合金负极材料的嵌脱锂机理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势方法计算了Li-Sn各种合金相的物理性质和电化学性质,计算发现Li₅Sn₂相对膨胀率小、对可逆容量贡献大,是理想的合金电极相.同时采用直流和射频磁控溅射方法制备了纳米Sn薄膜电极,并将测得的电化学特性与计算得到的性能进行了比较,发现理论计算的嵌锂电位与实验测得的嵌锂电位具有较好的一致性. 关键词： 锂离子电池 Li-Sn合金 体积膨胀率 第一性原理     

Zn1-xCdxS三元混晶的电子结构及光学性质计算与实验验证

基于密度泛函理论的平面波超软赝势法,计算了Zn_1-xCd_xS三元混晶的电子结构和光学性质。计算结果表明,Cd进入ZnS晶格后,禁带宽度变窄,硫空位(V_S)缺陷能级随x值增大逐渐向费米能级移动,在紫外和可见波段的吸收截止波长随着x值增大逐渐红移。采用共沉淀法制备了Zn_1-xCd_xS三元混晶,XRD图谱表明形成了Zn_1-xCd_xS合金相,吸收光谱显示了与理论计算相符的能带和吸收截止边的移动规律,荧光光谱显示与V_S相关的发射峰随x增大逐渐红移,与计算得到的V_S缺陷能级的移动规律相同。     

Formation and lithium doping of graphene on the surface of cobalt silicide

The intercalation of silicon under graphene on the Co(0001) surface, which is accompanied by the formation of a silicon solid solution in cobalt and by the formation of a surface crystalline Co₂Si phase, has been investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been shown that the formation of cobalt silicide leads to a substantial weakening of the hybridization of electronic states of graphene and cobalt and to the recovery of the Dirac spectrum of electronic states of graphene near the Fermi level. This has made it possible to investigate the electron doping of graphene on the cobalt silicide substrate upon deposition of lithium on its surface. It has been found that doping with lithium leads to a significant charge transfer onto graphene, and the electron concentration reaches 3.1 × 10¹⁴ cm^?2. Moreover, the specific form of the Fermi surface creates favorable conditions for the enhancement of the electron-phonon coupling. As a result, the formed system can be considered as a candidate for the creation of superconductivity in single-layer graphene.     

锂离子电池负极材料CuSn的Li嵌入性质的研究

使用基于混合基表示的第一原理赝势法，研究了锂离子电池非碳类负极材料CuSn的Li嵌入时的形成能以及相应的电子结构.还给出了Li嵌入时的体积变化，能带结构、电子态密度以及电荷密度分布等性质, 并讨论了CuSn作为负极材料的特点.计算发现，Cu-Sn化合物在闪锌矿结构时，Li嵌入主体材料时的嵌入形成能大致在3.5eV附近. 关键词： 锂离子电池 负极材料 CuSn 电子结构     

Investigation of interaction between lithium and tantalum under a silicon film coating by electron-stimulated desorption technique

The electron-stimulated desorption of Li⁺ ions from lithium layers adsorbed on the tantalum surface coated with a silicon film has been investigated. The measurements are performed using a static magnetic mass spectrometer equipped with an electric field-retarding energy analyzer. The threshold of the electron-stimulated desorption of lithium ions is close to the ionization energy of the Li 1s level. The secondary thresholds are observed at energies of about 130 and 150 eV. The threshold at an energy of 130 eV is approximately 30 eV higher than the ionization energy of the Si 2p level and can be associated with the double ionization. The threshold at 150 eV can be caused by the ionization of the Si 2s level. It is demonstrated that the yield of Li⁺ ions does not correlate with the silicon amount in near-the-surface region of the tantalum ribbon and drastically increases at high annealing temperatures. The dependence of the current of Li⁺ desorption on the lithium concentration upon annealing of the tantalum ribbon at T>1800 K exhibits two maxima. The ions desorbed by electrons with energies higher than 130 and 150 eV make the largest contribution to the current of lithium ions after the annealing. The yield of lithium ions upon ionization of the Li 1s level at an energy of 55 eV is considerably lesser, but it is observed at higher concentrations of deposited lithium. The results obtained can be interpreted in the framework of the Auger-stimulated desorption model with allowance made for relaxation of the local surface field.     

Intercalation of lithium ions into bulk and powder highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

The electrochemical reactions of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) bulk and powder electrodes in 1 M LiPF₆ 1:1 EC/DMC solution were investigated and the results show that the intercalation reaction of lithium ion into HOPG electrode occurs only at the edge plane and SEI formation reaction on the basal plane is negligible in comparison with that on the edge plane. The active surface area of HOPG powder electrode could be deduced by comparing the peak area (consumed charge for SEI formation) at potential of 0.5 V on voltammograms with that of bulk HOPG edge electrode. The diffusion coefficients of lithium ion in HOPG bulk layers and in HOPG powder was for the first time measured by use of electrochemical impedance spectra and potential step chronamperameter methods. It was found that the diffusion coefficients of lithium in HOPG were in the range of 10⁻¹¹-10⁻¹² cm² s⁻¹ for the lithium-HOPG intercalation compounds at potentials from 0.2 (vs. Li/Li⁺) to 0.02 V, decreasing with the increase of lithium intercalation degree. A good agreement was obtained between the results from bulk and powder HOPG electrodes by electrochemical impedance spectra method.     

Nano-scaled top-down of bismuth chalcogenides based on electrochemical lithium intercalation

A two-step method has been used to fabricate nano-particles of layer-structured bismuth chalcogenide compounds, including Bi₂Te₃, Bi₂Se₃, and Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7, through a nano-scaled top-down route. In the first step, lithium (Li) atoms are intercalated between the van der Waals bonded quintuple layers of bismuth chalcogenide compounds by controllable electrochemical process inside self-designed lithium ion batteries. And in the second step, the Li intercalated bismuth chalcogenides are subsequently exposed to ethanol, in which process the intercalated Li atoms would explode like atom-scaled bombs to exfoliate original microscaled powder into nano-scaled particles with size around 10 nm. The influence of lithium intercalation speed and amount to three types of bismuth chalcogenide compounds are compared and the optimized intercalation conditions are explored. As to maintain the phase purity of the final nano-particle product, the intercalation lithium amount should be well controlled in Se contained bismuth chalcogenide compounds. Besides, compared with binary bismuth chalcogenide compound, lower lithium intercalation speed should be applied in ternary bismuth chalcogenide compound.     

Sn3InSb4合金嵌Li性能的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理超软赝势平面波方法计算了Sn₃InSb₄的嵌Li性能,得到各种嵌Li相的嵌Li形成能、理论质量比容量、体积膨胀率、能带结构、态密度和差分电荷密度等.从能量角度分析,Li在嵌入时,优先占据晶胞的四面体间隙位置,然后逐步挤出处于节点位置的Sn原子和In原子.在嵌Li过程中,材料表现出较大的体积膨胀率(11.74%-43.40%),这是导致Sn₃InSb₄作为Li离子电极材料循环性能差的重要原因.态密度计算表明,体系的导电性能首先随嵌Li量的增加而增加,当所有的间隙位置被Li填满,发生Sn的替换反应时,富Li态合金相的导电性反而下降.     

Intercalation of graphite and hexagonal boron nitride by lithium

Although graphite and hexagonal form of BN (h-BN) are isoelectronic and have very similar lattice structures, it has been very difficult to intercalate h-BN while there are hundreds of intercalation compounds of graphite. We have done a comparative first principles investigation of lithium intercalation of graphite and hexagonal boron nitride to provide clues for the difficulty of h-BN intercalation. In particular lattice structure, cohesive energy, formation enthalpy, charge transfer and electronic structure of both intercalation compounds are calculated in the density functional theory framework with local density approximation to the exchange-correlation energy. The calculated formation enthalpy of the considered forms of Li intercalated h-BN is found to be positive which rules out h-BN intercalation without externally supplied energy. Also, the Li(BN)₃ form of Li-intercalated h-BN is found to have a large electronic density of states at the Fermi level and an interlayer state that crosses Fermi level at the zone center; these properties make it an interesting material to investigate the role of interlayer states in the superconductivity of alkali intercalated layered structures. The most pronounced change in the charge distribution of the intercalated compounds is found to be charge transfer from the planar σ states to the π states.     

Electron-stimulated desorption of lithium atoms from oxidized molybdenum surface

The yield and energy distributions of lithium atoms upon electron-stimulated desorption from lithium layers adsorbed on the molybdenum surface coated with an oxygen monolayer have been measured as functions of the impact electron energy and lithium coverage. The measurements are performed using the time-of-flight technique and a surface ionization detector. The threshold of the electron-stimulated desorption of lithium atoms is equal to 25 eV, which is close to the ionization energy of the O 2s level. Above a threshold of 25 eV, the yield of lithium atoms linearly increases with an increase in the lithium coverage. In the coverage range from 0 to 0.45, an additional threshold is observed at an energy of 55 eV. This threshold can be associated with the ionization energy of the Li 1s level. At the electron energies above a threshold of 55 eV, as the coverage increases, the yield of lithium atoms passes through a maximum at a coverage of about 0.1. Additional thresholds for the electron-stimulated desorption of the lithium atoms are observed at electron energies of 40 and 70 eV for the coverages larger than 0.6 and 0.75, respectively. These thresholds correlate with the ionization energies of the Mo 4s and Mo 4p levels. Relatively broad peaks in the range of these thresholds indicate the resonance excitation of the bond and can be explained by the excitation of electrons toward the band of free states above the Fermi level. The mean kinetic energy of the lithium atoms is equal to several tenths of an electronvolt. At electron energies less than 55 eV, the energy distributions of lithium atoms involve one peak with a maximum at about 0.18 eV. For the lithium coverages less than 0.45 and electron energies higher than 55 eV, the second peak with a maximum at 0.25 eV appears in the energy distributions of the lithium atoms. The results obtained can be interpreted in the framework of the Auger-stimulated desorption model, in which the adsorbed lithium ions are neutralized after filling holes inside inner shells of the substrate and lithium atoms.     

碳纳米管材料的储锂性能

碳纳米管较低的碳原子密度、管径和管间的空隙可以为锂离子提供大量的嵌入空间,从而拥有更高的储锂能力。本文结合实验与理论研究的最新成果,综述了这一领域的主要进展和前景。实验上,对单壁碳纳米管进行适当处理,可以将锂存储量提高到常规石墨材料的2~3倍。根据密度泛函理论计算,锂在不同碳纳米管束中的最高理论嵌入量可以达到Li0.5C。嵌入后锂和碳纳米管之间发生了完全的电荷转移,碳纳米管的Fermi能级上移到导带中,所有碳纳米管都转变为金属。纳米管自身的电子结构对锂的吸附是至关重要的,缺电子体系更有利于锂的吸附。锂在B掺杂的复合管如BC3纳米管中有很大的吸附能。锂穿透纳米管壁从管壁外进入纳米管内的能垒,随着纳米管壁拓扑缺陷结构的尺寸变大而显著降低,B在纳米管壁的存在会进一步降低锂穿越纳米管壁的能垒。同时B的掺杂会降低相同拓扑缺陷的生成能,导致在BC3纳米管中出现更多的拓扑缺陷,从而有利于锂离子的扩散。实验与理论计算的结合可望加深对锂离子在纳米管材料中嵌入过程的理解,指导设计具有更高储锂性能的新材料。     

碳纳米管材料的储锂性能

碳纳米管较低的碳原子密度、管径和管间的空隙可以为锂离子提供大量的嵌入空间,从而拥有更高的储锂能力。本文结合实验与理论研究的最新成果,综述了这一领域的主要进展和前景。实验上,对单壁碳纳米管进行适当处理,可以将锂存储量提高到常规石墨材料的2~3倍。根据密度泛函理论计算,锂在不同碳纳米管束中的最高理论嵌入量可以达到Li0.5C。嵌入后锂和碳纳米管之间发生了完全的电荷转移,碳纳米管的Fermi能级上移到导带中,所有碳纳米管都转变为金属。纳米管自身的电子结构对锂的吸附是至关重要的,缺电子体系更有利于锂的吸附。锂在B掺杂的复合管如BC3纳米管中有很大的吸附能。锂穿透纳米管壁从管壁外进入纳米管内的能垒,随着纳米管壁拓扑缺陷结构的尺寸变大而显著降低,B在纳米管壁的存在会进一步降低锂穿越纳米管壁的能垒。同时B的掺杂会降低相同拓扑缺陷的生成能,导致在BC3纳米管中出现更多的拓扑缺陷,从而有利于锂离子的扩散。实验与理论计算的结合可望加深对锂离子在纳米管材料中嵌入过程的理解,指导设计具有更高储锂性能的新材料。