典型作物残茬磷分子形态表征

作物残茬还田对农业绿色发展和地力提升意义重大。我国作物残茬产量大，种类多，研究典型作物残茬中磷的赋存形态是预测其还田后作物有效性的前提。目前，液相磷-31核磁共振（31P-NMR）是可在分子水平上表征磷素形态的主流分析技术。而利用该技术表征作物残茬磷素形态的已有研究有限，且主要采用不同磷化合物的化学位移进行图谱解析。由于某些有机磷的峰位置相邻，其化学位移受样品pH等化学条件影响较大，导致单纯依靠文献报道进行图谱解析存在较大不确定性，并且识别出的有机磷种类偏少。该研究进行加标实验，选取典型作物残茬（玉米、小麦、水稻、大豆、花生、棉花），利用液相31P-NMR技术表征了不同部位（茎叶、谷壳和种子）磷的分子形态及其含量。研究发现，所有供试作物残茬中总磷含量均为种子＞谷壳＞茎叶。NaOH-EDTA前处理对供试作物残茬总磷有较高的提取率（73%~139%），平均105%。根据加标试验的31P-NMR图谱，供试样品中检测出的无机磷形态包括正磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、三聚磷酸盐，有机磷包括植酸、α/β-甘油磷酸盐、单核苷酸，首次在作物残茬的正磷酸二酯组分中检测到脱氧核糖核酸；供试茎叶和谷壳中磷均以正磷酸盐为主，大约占NaOH-EDTA可提取磷的49.3%~71.6%，种子以植酸为主，占比达48.5%~82.9%；将正磷酸单酯和正磷酸二酯含量针对正磷酸二酯的降解产物进行矫正，发现作物茎叶中正磷酸二酯（17.1%~33.5%）高于正磷酸单酯（9%~13.5%），谷壳中正磷酸单酯和正磷酸二酯的百分含量分别为8.8%~23.2%及8.8%~24.6%，种子中则以正磷酸单酯为主（57.6%~82.9%）。研究结果表明，供试作物残茬尤其茎叶秸秆还田后可能释放正磷酸盐和正磷酸二酯，作为有效磷源供给后茬作物吸收。该研究为作物残茬还田及农田磷肥管理提供重要科学依据。     

人工湿地沉积物中磷的赋存形态研究

为更好了解湿地沉积物磷循环过程,采用分级提取方法和31P-NMR技术,开展黑土洼人工湿地沉积物中磷的种类组成和赋存形态研究。结果表明,沿湿地工艺流程,磷在湿地沉积物中存在一个逐渐累积的过程,沉积物中总磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机质含量均呈现上升趋势。沉积物中的磷主要以正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、DNA、焦磷酸盐等四种形态存在,且以正磷酸盐与磷酸单酯占主导地位,但DNA-P和焦磷酸盐在湿地磷循环中的作用不容忽视,有机磷在湿地磷循环及沉积物磷“源-汇”转化中占有重要意义。相对而言,31P-NMR技术具有样品前处理相对简单、组分分析完全等优点,该技术的推广应用,将有助于弥补以往湿地磷生物地球化学循环研究中知识缺位。     

我国几种地带性土壤中磷素形态的研究

探明土壤磷素的存在形态,有助于揭示其在环境中的累积、迁移和转化过程及生物有效性。目前,在大尺度样带上开展土壤磷素形态空间变异规律的研究较少。本研究中,沿纬度方向采集了我国东部不同气候带分布的7种地带性林地土壤（包括寒温带的棕色针叶林土、中温带的暗棕壤、暖温带的棕壤、北亚热带的黄棕壤、中亚热带的黄壤、南亚热带的赤红壤和热带的砖红壤）,将化学浸提法与溶液磷-31核磁共振（31P NMR）波谱法相结合,分析了土壤中磷素形态以及与其他土壤性质之间的关系,以期为阐明土壤磷素形态的空间变异性及其驱动因素提供基础资料。结果表明：供试土壤中,全磷、有效磷、无机磷和有机磷的含量范围分别为179.8～825.2,2.41～15.3,92.6～351.2和14.7～474.4 mg·kg-1,其中活性、中等活性、中等稳定性和高稳定性有机磷组分的含量范围分别为1.38～30.9,8.63～213.7,3.01～32.2和1.73～199.2 mg·kg-1。根据溶液31P NMR波谱,鉴定出供试土壤中含有无机形态的磷素即正磷酸盐和焦磷酸盐,同时也鉴定出了磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和膦酸盐等有机形态磷素的存在,其中磷酸单酯中又鉴定出了新-肌醇六磷酸、D-手性-肌醇六磷酸、RNA单核苷酸、α-磷酸甘油、肌-肌醇六磷酸、β-磷酸甘油和鲨-肌醇六磷酸,磷酸二酯中又鉴定出了DNA的存在;所有土壤中均未检测出多聚磷酸盐的存在,除棕色针叶林土和暗棕壤外的其他土壤中未检测出膦酸盐的存在,而赤红壤中未检测出DNA的存在;无机形态的磷素以正磷酸盐为主,而有机形态的磷素则以磷酸单酯为主。总体来看,无论化学浸提法还是溶液31P NMR波谱法,从寒温带的棕色针叶林土到热带的砖红壤,全磷、有效磷、无机磷、有机磷及其组分的含量均呈现下降趋势。溶液31P NMR波谱与化学浸提法鉴定的磷素形态之间存在相关关系,其中正磷酸盐与活性有机磷的关系最为密切,磷酸单酯和膦酸盐与中等活性有机磷的关系最为密切,而焦磷酸盐和磷酸二酯与中等稳定性有机磷的关系最为密切。与化学浸提法相比,溶液31P NMR波谱法能从详细的分子水平上揭示土壤磷素形态的空间变异规律。     

钼锑抗分光光度法对黄河表层沉积物中磷的形态分布及其吸附-解吸特征研究

采用标准测试程序(SMT)和钼锑抗分光光度法对黄河流域甘宁蒙段表层沉积物进行磷形态的提取和含量测定,同时模拟沉积物对磷吸附-解吸特性进行了探索。结果表明：对照不同的评价标准,12个采样点中总磷(TP)含量均处于不同程度的污染水平,特别是S12采样点磷具有较高的释放风险。TP、无机磷(IP)和钙结合态磷(HCl-P)之间及有机磷(OP)和铁/铝结合态磷(NaOH-P)之间分别呈现出较好的正相关性。沉积物的组成和理化性质对磷的赋存形态产生影响,OP和NaOH-P可能与As,Ni,Co和Pb有相同的污染源。表层沉积物对磷的吸附-解吸过程均符合伪二级动力学方程,主要受化学作用的控制,而磷的等温吸附符合Langmuir方程,且升高温度有利于磷的吸附。水相中离子浓度(KCl)小于0.02 mol·L-1时,吸附作用占优势,反之,解吸作用占优势。水土比的增大会提高沉积物对磷的吸附量。另外,磷的解吸量会随着温度的升高和扰动强度的增加而增大。揭示了黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物中磷的形态分布及其吸附–解吸特征,为黄河甘宁蒙段水环境治理和磷负荷调控提供依据。     

在硅酸盐矿物,玻璃和熔体中Si和Al的配位与局部结构:K-边X射线吸收光谱研究

本文采用同步辐射的Si K-边X-射线吸收近边结构(XANES)谱研究了Si在SiO2-P2O5和Na2O-SiO2-P2O5的低压磷硅酸盐玻璃中结构与配位,以及Si的配位几何随玻璃中P2O5含量而变化:同步辐射的Al K-边XANES谱研究了Al在铝硅酸盐成分为NaAlSi2O6-NaAlSi3O8的玻璃和熔体中的配位和局部结构,并提供了直接的实验证据来证明该成分的玻璃体系中由于压力的变化所诱导Al配位的变化.     

MnxSi1-x磁性薄膜的结构研究

利用X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)方法研究了在Si(100)衬底上及600℃温度条件下用分子束外延(MBE)共蒸发方法生长的MnxSi1-x磁性薄膜的结构.由XRD结果表明,只有在高Mn含量(8%和17%)样品中存在着Mn4Si7化合物物相.而XANES结果则显示,对于Mn浓度在0.7%到17%之间的MnxSi1-x样品,其Mn原子的XANES谱表现出了一致的谱线特征.基于多重散射的XANES理论计算进一步表明,只有根据Mn4Si7模型计算出的理论XANES谱才能够很好的重构出MnxSi1-x样品的实验XANES谱.这些研究结果说明在MnxSi1-x样品中,Mn原子主要是以镶嵌式的Mn4Si7化合物纳米晶颗粒存在于Si薄膜介质中,几乎不存在间隙位和替代位的Mn原子.     

光度法研究太湖表层沉积物中磷形态分布及动力学特征

表层沉积物是水体污染物的源和汇。研究表明,太湖地区特别是梅梁湾和东太湖表层沉积物中磷等营养元素污染严重。采用SMT法(standards measurements and testing)和钼锑抗分光光度法对太湖18个采样点表层沉积物样品进行前处理和磷形态分析,结合我国、加拿大和美国标准对总磷进行污染评价。通过拟合建立了吸附-解吸动力学特征方程,并在不同pH、水土比的环境条件下获得磷的吸附特性。同时也在不同温度和pH下对磷进行解吸特征研究。结果表明： S₉采样点总磷、无机磷、有机磷和酸磷含量均最高,S₁₁采样点碱磷含量最高。对于所有采样点,各形态磷平均值大小排序为(μg·g-1)： 无机磷(401.43)>酸磷(377.81)>有机磷(175.37)>碱磷(25.53)。污染评价结果表明： 除S₁₂,S₁₄~S₁₆及S₁₈采样点外,其余采样点均有不同程度的污染。表层沉积物对磷的吸附-解吸过程均符合伪二级动力学方程。吸附过程最佳水土比为25∶1,且pH值对吸附和解吸有不同程度的影响。研究结果为掌握太湖梅梁湾和东太湖区域磷的污染现状提供理论依据,同时为研究磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移规律提供可信的实验数据。     

原子荧光光谱法测定环境水及土壤样品中的汞形态含量

采用氢化发生-冷原子荧光光谱法,测定了厦门市集美周边地区的几种水和土壤样品中汞的不同形态含量。在仪器优化条件下直接进样测定水中微量无机汞的含量,再用溴酸钾-溴化钾消解水样并测定其总汞含量,由总汞与无机汞含量之差计算出有机汞含量;采用微波消解体系测定土壤样品中的总汞含量,同时用连续化学浸提法提取测定包括可交换态汞、盐酸溶汞、元素汞、腐殖酸结合态汞、有机质结合态汞和硫化汞的不同汞形态含量,并最终测定残态汞含量。实验结果表明,实验室排放水中汞含量高于Ⅰ类污水综合排放标准(GB 8978—1996),说明实验室排放水是严重的汞环境污染源之一。而公路边土壤、近海沉积物和菜园土壤的汞形态含量均低于相应的国家标准,但由于人为污染造成菜园土壤汞的不断积累应引起高度重视。实验同时对水和土壤样品的测量检出限及方法回收率进行试验,结果表明在优化的实验条件下水和土壤汞的检出限分别为0.000 8 μg·L-1和0.072 3 μg·kg-1,3个水平的加标平均回收率分别为93.7%和93.8%,方法准确、可靠。     

白虎汤中钙元素的化学形态分析

应用螫合树脂、阳离子交换树脂以及有机溶剂萃取等分离方法对白虎汤水煎液中Ca的不同形态进行富集分离,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对不同形态的Ca含量进行测定,钙元素的检出限为0.038μg·mL-1.,RSD为1.5%,离子态和无机态的回收率分别为95.4%和91.8%.白虎汤水煎液中可溶性Ca的离子态比例为83.25%,有机结合态比例为23.79%,其中含有少量的稳定结合态.白虎汤水煎液中溶出的Ca是以离子态为主,多种形态共同存在的复杂水溶平衡体系.     

原子荧光光谱法测定成都市公共绿地土壤层中的镉

采用Tessier连续提取法对成都市公共绿地土壤层22个土壤样品中的Cd赋存化学形态进行了提取分离,并用原子荧光光谱法进行了测试。在仪器最佳工作条件下,通过条件实验确定在2%的盐酸介质中,在 30 g·L-1硼氢化钾的还原作用下,1 mg·L-1钴离子和10 g·L-1硫脲联合作用可提高Cd挥发性化合物的发生效率。加入一定浓度的焦磷酸钠、硫酸钾和氯化钡能降低土壤中共存元素对测定Cd的影响。该方法线性范围0～10 μg·L-1,相关系数r=0.999 1,检出限0.016 μg·L-1,相对标准偏差1.93%,回收率为97.80%～100.2%。土壤样品中Cd的五种赋存形态平均百分含量大小分布为：残留态(62.1%)＞离子交换态(11.7%)＞铁锰氧化物结合态(9.71%)＞碳酸盐结合态(4.17%)＞有机结合态(3.47%);尽管残留态是Cd的主要赋存形态,但土壤样品中Cd的离子交换态含量较高,具有强的生物活性,应引起重视;成都市一环路、二环路和三环路绿化带土壤层存在不同程度的Cd污染,污染程度大小为：二环路＞一环路＞三环路。     

Reference spectra of important adsorbed organic and inorganic phosphate binding forms for soil P speciation using synchrotron‐based K‐edge XANES spectroscopy

Direct speciation of soil phosphorus (P) by linear combination fitting (LCF) of P K‐edge XANES spectra requires a standard set of spectra representing all major P species supposed to be present in the investigated soil. Here, available spectra of free‐ and cation‐bound inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP), representing organic P, and of Fe, Al and Ca phosphate minerals are supplemented with spectra of adsorbed P binding forms. First, various soil constituents assumed to be potentially relevant for P sorption were compared with respect to their retention efficiency for orthophosphate and IHP at P levels typical for soils. Then, P K‐edge XANES spectra for orthophosphate and IHP retained by the most relevant constituents were acquired. The spectra were compared with each other as well as with spectra of Ca, Al or Fe orthophosphate and IHP precipitates. Orthophosphate and IHP were retained particularly efficiently by ferrihydrite, boehmite, Al‐saturated montmorillonite and Al‐saturated soil organic matter (SOM), but far less efficiently by hematite, Ca‐saturated montmorillonite and Ca‐saturated SOM. P retention by dolomite was negligible. Calcite retained a large portion of the applied IHP, but no orthophosphate. The respective P K‐edge XANES spectra of orthophosphate and IHP adsorbed to ferrihydrite, boehmite, Al‐saturated montmorillonite and Al‐saturated SOM differ from each other. They also are different from the spectra of amorphous FePO₄, amorphous or crystalline AlPO₄, Ca phosphates and free IHP. Inclusion of reference spectra of orthophosphate as well as IHP adsorbed to P‐retaining soil minerals in addition to spectra of free or cation‐bound IHP, AlPO₄, FePO₄ and Ca phosphate minerals in linear combination fitting exercises results in improved fit quality and a more realistic soil P speciation. A standard set of P K‐edge XANES spectra of the most relevant adsorbed P binding forms in soils is presented.     

Phosphorus L2,3‐edge XANES: overview of reference compounds

Synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is becoming an increasingly used tool for the element speciation in complex samples. For phosphorus (P) almost all XANES measurements have been carried out at the K‐edge. The small number of distinctive features at the P K‐edge makes in some cases the identification of different P forms difficult or impossible. As indicated by a few previous studies, the P L_2,3‐edge spectra were richer in spectral features than those of the P K‐edge. However, experimentally consistent spectra of a wide range of reference compounds have not been published so far. In this study a library of spectral features is presented for a number of mineral P, organic P and P‐bearing minerals for fingerprinting identification. Furthermore, the effect of radiation damage is shown for three compounds and measures are proposed to reduce it. The spectra library provided lays a basis for the identification of individual P forms in samples of unknown composition for a variety of scientific areas.     

Determination of Complexed and Ionic Metal in Aqueous Solution. Determination of Stability Constants at Low Concentrations and Kinetic Studies of Complex Formation Using Accelerated Electrodeposition

Metal speciation has become one of the most important areas of concern for today's analysts. Metal complexes can be more readily assimilated by living systems than inorganic forms of the same metals. Conventional atomic absorption spectroscopy is the most widely used technique for the determination of trace metals. By using atomic absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with accelerated electroplating it is possible to distinguish between ionic metal and organically bound or complexed metals in solution.     

应用ICP-MS和AFS测定含磷肥料中重金属含量

肥料的投入是土壤重金属累积的重要污染来源之一,研究肥料中重金属的含量对于农产品的安全生产意义重大。为了调查我国市售含磷肥料中重金属含量状况,在部分省份农资销售点采集了159个含磷肥料样品,包括国产和进口的。应用ICP-MS和AFS分析测定了含磷肥料中Cd,Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb,Ni,As和Hg八种重金属元素的含量。结果表明,采集的含磷肥料中含有一定量的重金属元素,Cd,Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb,Ni,As和Hg的均值分别为0.77,35.6,102.7,24.1,16.6,15.4,19.4和0.08 mg·kg-1肥料。以P₂O₅为基础计算,Cd,Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb,Ni,As和Hg的均值分别为4.48,258.4,767.4,190.0,151.3,134.5,155.8和8.79 mg·kg-1 P₂O₅。所有检测样品中,只有一个磷酸一铵样品中As超标,一个进口的磷酸二铵样品中Cd超标,其余样品中重金属含量都符合肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞生态指标要求(GB/T 23349-2009)。分析了13个进口肥料样品中重金属含量,重金属Cd的含量范围为0.02～27.2 mg·kg-1肥料,均值和中位值分别为3.20和0.41 mg·kg-1肥料。进口肥料中Cu,Cr和Hg高于国产肥料,均值分别为39.4,26.6和0.47 mg·kg-1肥料。     

铅锌矿区浮萍中铅的XANES形态分析

南京栖霞山铅锌矿是华东地区最大的铅锌矿床之一,已开采50多年,由此引发的环境问题日益突出。当地环境中铅含量较高,但铅的迁移和毒性机理不明。为此在该地区开展了铅锌矿生物地球化学研究,借助ICP-MS铅含量分析和Pb-LⅢ边XANES形态分析技术,在该污染区发现了耐受并富集重金属的浮萍样品,浮萍中铅的含量为39.4 mg·kg-1。XANES分析和形态拟合结果显示其含硬脂酸铅65%和硫化铅36.9%,从而揭示浮萍样品中铅以含硫的有机酸铅形式存在。     

Fertilizer nitrogen isotope signatures

There has been considerable recent interest in the potential application of nitrogen isotope analysis in discriminating between organically and conventionally grown crops. A prerequisite of this approach is that there is a difference in the nitrogen isotope compositions of the fertilizers used in organic and conventional agriculture. We report new measurements of delta15N values for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and present a compilation of the new data with existing literature nitrogen isotope data. Nitrogen isotope values for fertilizers that may be permitted in organic cultivation systems are also reported (manures, composts, bloodmeal, bonemeal, hoof and horn, fishmeal and seaweed based fertilizers). The delta15N values of the synthetic fertilizers in the compiled dataset fall within a narrow range close to 0 per thousand with 80% of samples lying between-2 and 2 per thousand and 98.5% of the data having delta15N values of less than 4 per thousand (mean=0.2 per thousand n=153). The fertilizers that may be permitted in organic systems have a higher mean delta15N value of 8.5 per thousand and exhibit a broader range in delta15N values from 0.6 to 36.7 per thousand (n=83). The possible application of the nitrogen isotope approach in discriminating between organically and conventionally grown crops is discussed in light of the fertilizer data presented here and with regard to other factors that are also important in determining crop nitrogen isotope values.     

Assessment of sulfur and iron speciation in a soil aggregate by combined S and Fe micro‐XANES: microspatial patterns and relationships

To test whether synchrotron‐based spectromicroscopy can be used to identify spatial patterns of sulfur (S) and iron (Fe) speciation as well as relationships between the speciation of S and Fe in soil colloids or aggregates at the micrometre and sub‐micrometre level, an anoxically prepared dissected soil aggregate (size ～1 mm³) was analyzed by µ‐XANES at the K‐edges of S (2472 eV) and Fe (7112 eV). The experiment included (i) elemental mapping at the S K‐edge (S, Si, Al) and the Fe K‐edge (Fe, Si), (ii) acquisition of 300 µm × 300 µm images of the region of interest with X‐ray energies of 2474 eV (addressing reduced organic and inorganic S), 2483 eV (total S), 7121 eV (divalent Fe) and 7200 eV (total Fe), as well as (iii) acquisition of S and Fe µ‐XANES spectra at two different positions, where image analysis suggested the dominance of reduced and oxidized S and Fe, respectively. Image analysis revealed a heterogeneous distribution of total Si, S and Fe as well as of different S and Fe species in the aggregate. Microregions which were either enriched in reduced or in oxidized S and Fe could be identified. A microregion with a large contribution of oxidized S (sulfate, sulfonate) to total S contained exclusively Fe(III) oxyhydroxides (probably ferrihydrite) as S‐bearing phase, whereas another microregion with a large contribution of reduced organic S (thiol, organic disulfide) to total S contained a small amount of Fe(II)‐bearing silicate in addition to the dominating Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. Our results show that combined S and Fe µ‐XANES is a powerful tool for studying microscale spatial patterns of S and Fe speciation as well as microscale relationships between the speciation of S and Fe in soil aggregates.