声速测量实验

介绍了2个有趣的测量声速的实验:在室内,采用驻波法结合电脑来测量声速;在室外,利用不同的传播途径结合电脑来测量声速.2个实验可以让学生直接参与实验操作,激发了学生学习的兴趣.     

水中声速的测量

将空气中声速测量实验拓展至水中声速的测量,将NaCl溶于水中,制成不同浓度的盐水来模拟海水,对不同盐分的"海水"中的声速进行了测量.结果表明,随着海水盐度的增加,声速也增加.     

高温钢声速与声速滞后现象

本文给出了1200℃以下钢的纵波声速随温度变化的关系曲线,讨论了在加热与冷却过程中声速变化的规律性与声速滞后现象产生的原因是由于相变及其弹性系数比晶内小的晶界对质点位移的影响。同时指出这种现象的发现有利于透过声同物质的相互作用来研究奥氏相变,并有可能借助于声速-温度曲线推断出该种钢的奥氏相变温度,特别是A_(r1)和A_(r3)。本文所得结论,在高温钢坯超声检测中对缺陷定位及避开声速随温度发生陡变区域有重要指导意义。     

声光同步声速测量法

本文提出一个方便且较准确的声速测量法即声光同步声速测量法。这种方法的主要优点是直观,除可方便地对气体、液体、固体作声速测量外,并能测量透明固体内部两点间的声速。文中,介绍了这种方法的基本原理、测量设备以及测量结果和初步误差分析。     

深度约束下的声速估算

高精度的声速剖面数据是提高水下定位精度的关键。在无法精确获得声速剖面数据的情况下,该文提出了一种基于深度约束,同时根据浮标与水下目标的空间几何距离进行有效声速估算的方法。通过仿真模拟,将该文提出的方法与加权平均声速法、泰勒级数展开法和等效声速剖面法的定位结果进行对比分析。结果表明,新方法不需要依靠声速剖面数据,通过深度约束可有效地估算出声速值,其定位精度与等效声速结果相当,极大地提高了无声速剖面数据下的水下定位精度。     

多普勒效应测量声速实验的设计

介绍了设计性实验"多普勒效应测量声速."该实验要求学生理解多普勒效应测量声速的原理,利用气垫导轨实验和声速的测定实验仪器,设计出一套多普勒效应测量声速的实验装置,并利用该实验装置测量声速.     

超声多普勒效应测量声速实验设计

利用多普勒效应来测量声速是大学物理中的一个重要的实验。本文介绍了设计性实验"超声多普勒效应测量声速",利用多普勒效应综合实验仪,设计出一套超声多普勒效应测量声速的实验装置,并利用该实验装置测量声速。     

相对声速与多普勒效应

根据驻点声速的现有知识 ,通过数学推导 ,得到了声速与流速的关系计算公式 ,时间相对性公式和多普勒效应公式。     

超声干涉法测量液体声速

研究了声速测量 ,介绍超声干涉测量液体声速的原理和技术。     

智能声速测量仪

针对大学物理实验中声速测量装置存在的缺陷,对仪器进行了改进.运用物理实验中的共振干涉法,利用单片机、步进电机搭建的基本框架,结合AD采样、设计运放电路,形成一套智能控制的声速测量系统,来代替人的手工操作,降低了实验的误差,提高了实验精确度.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.