基于阵形畸变补偿的多线阵左右舷分辨研究

多线阵可解决单线阵在目标探测中的左右舷分辨模糊问题,但阵形畸变不利于准确实现对目标的左右舷分辨。本文针对多线阵在拖曳过程中出现的典型阵形畸变,定量地分析了其对目标左右舷分辨的影响,并提出了一种基于阵形畸变实时测量补偿来进行目标左右舷分辨的方法,海上实验数据分析结果表明,该方法可实现阵形畸变下的目标左右舷分辨,对于提高拖曳多线阵声纳性能具有参考价值。     

双线阵左右舷模糊共轭抵消方法研究

左右舷分辨问题是拖曳线列阵研究的一个重要问题.本文通过研究平行双线阵的归一化波束输出函数,得到了一种通过对双线阵常规波束形成的输出进行幅度和相位加权来提高左右舷模糊抑制能力的方法.该方法通过分析双线阵的归一化波束输出函数,获得补偿权值,并利用双阵波束输出的幅度加权和相位补偿来抵消目标共轭(镜像)方向的输出,以达到左右舷抑制比最大的目的.数值仿真和海试结果表明,本方法简单实用,能较好的提高双线阵的左右舷抑制比,特别在宽带条件下效果更加明显.     

拖线阵的阵形畸变与左右舷分辨

能否利用信号处理方法在单根普通线列阵上实现对目标的左右舷分辨是一个具有实用价值的研究点,文中利用线列阵在拖曳过程中产生的阵形畸变现象来解决单根普通线列阵的左右舷分辨问题。首先建立了拖线阵两种可能的阵形畸变模型:阵列呈圆弧状和阵列呈横向随机误差的类直线阵;然后分析了这两种畸变情况对拖线阵波束形成带来的问题;指出了畸变阵从原理上破坏了直线阵列处理中固有的对称性,按照畸变后的阵形进行波束形成,即可完成对目标的左右舷分辨。在合适的水听器位置标准偏差下,镜像源抑制比能达到10 dB以上,并且能显著改善波束形成效果。仿真实验研究充分证明了以上结论。     

失配状态下的双线阵波束形成研究

基于双线阵在阵间距失配状态下左右舷分辨性能会急剧下降的事实,利用延时相加和延时相减两种波束形成方法,分别推导了理想状态下双线阵的波束形成和阵间距失配状态下波束形成的方向指向性函数；分析了理想状态下和阵间距失配状态下延时相加和延时相减两种波束形成方法的左右舷分辨性能。理论分析表明延时相减波束形成具有较好的左右舷分辨性能。最后用海试数据验证了理论分析结果的正确性。     

本舰机动左右舷分辨方法研究

针对传统单根线列阵的左右舷分辩问题，经过深入分析，给出了本舰机动左右舷分辨方法中的一些影响因素，并对机动角度和滞后时间得出了定量结论。文中研究的内容对传统拖曳线列阵声纳的左右舷分辨和战术使用具有参考价值。     

阵形畸变对双线阵左右舷分辨的影响及其纠正

双线阵左右舷分辨是利用两个单线阵的波束输出信号进行时延估计,根据时延值的符号判断目标所处的左右舷。当双线阵发生畸变时,特定情况下左右舷结果发生变化。本文对该现象进行了分析,并同时给出了一种修正补偿方法。最后通过对试验数据的处理证明了方法的有效性。     

时延估计与双线阵左右舷分辨

针对双线列阵的左右舷分辨问题，特别是双线阵间距较大时的左右舷分辨问题，文中提出了一种以时延估计为理论基础的左右舷分辨方法，将双线阵的左右舷分辨问题转变成对轴向对称的两路波束信号进行时延估计，然后根据时延值的符号判断出目标所处的左右舷。该方法具有算法简单、对阵形畸变不敏感的优点。经过湖试实验数据分析验证，证明是一种简单、有效、可行的左右舷分辨技术。     

阵形畸变对拖曳双线阵左右舷分辨性能的影响

分析了阵形畸变对拖曳双线阵左右舷分辨性能的影响.首先由双线阵指向性函数及左右舷抑制比公式,推导并定义了双线阵声呐实现左右舷分辨的两个关键参量──特征方位和特征频率.然后在引入阵形畸变量的基础上,利用阵形畸变时的左右舷抑制比公式,进一步推导得到特征方位及特征频率关于阵形畸变量的解析关系式.理论分析、仿真结果以及海上试验数据都表明,阵形畸变会改变特征方位和特征频率,造成拖曳双线阵左右舷分辨性能下降甚至再次产生左右舷模糊.     

双线阵目标左右舷分辨概率分析

基于二元假设检验理论,研究了双线列阵对目标方位左右舷分辨的正确和错误概率。根据阵列接收窄带信号的概率密度函数,定义了左右舷判决统计量,当信号快拍数足够大时,左右舷判决统计量接近正态分布,从而可得到窄带信号的左右舷分辨概率。利用子带信号左右舷分辨概率的频率加权或波束加权,得到频率或波束加权的宽带信号左右舷分辨概率。理论和数值分析表明,窄带信号的左右舷分辨概率取决于双阵间距,而宽带信号的左右舷分辨概率对阵间距的宽容性较大。     

基于空时级联滤波的拖船自噪声抵消方法

拖船自噪声属于近场多途强干扰信号,具有显著角度扩展现象,是影响拖曳阵探测性能的重要因素之一。在逆波束形成自噪声抵消方法基础上,结合空域和时域滤波,提出了空时级联滤波的拖船自噪声抵消方法。首先,由方位估计器估计拖船自噪声方位,经过波束形成空域滤波估计得到自噪声信号;然后,利用自噪声空域滤波输出设计最优维纳滤波器,将自噪声抵消在阵元级。基于简正波声场模型的仿真和实际海试数据的处理表明,该方法能够有效抵消拖船自噪声,性能优于逆波束形成方法。     

Acoustic multipath structure in direct zone of deep water and bearing estimation of tow ship noise of towed line array

In the towed line array sonar system, the tow ship noise is the main factor that affects the sonar performance. Conventional noise cancelling methods assume that the noise is towards the endfire direction of the array. An acoustic experiment employing a towed line array is conducted in the western Pacific Ocean, and a strange bearing-splitting phenomenon of the tow ship noise is observed in the array. The tow ship noise is split into multiple noise signals whose bearings are distributed between 10° and 90° deviating from the endfire direction. The multiple interferences increase the difficulty in recognizing the target for the sonar operator and noise cancellation. Therefore, making the mechanism clear and putting forward the tow ship noise splitting bearing estimation method are imperative. In this paper, the acoustic multi-path structure of the tow ship in deep water is analyzed. Then it is pointed out that the bearing-splitting phenomenon is caused by the main lobe of direct rays and bottom-reflected rays, as well as several side lobes of direct rays. Meanwhile, the indistinguishability between the elevation angle and the bearing angle due to the axial symmetry of a strict horizontal line array causes the bearing to deviate from the endfire direction. Based on the theory above, a method of estimating bearing of the tow ship noise in deep water is proposed. The theoretical analysis results accord with the experimental results, which helps to identify the target and provide correct initial bearing guidance for noise cancelation methods.     

矢量水听器拖曳阵的信号模拟器设计

本文中所设计的基于矢量水听器的拖线阵声纳模拟器,仿真了拖线阵的拖船干扰时域信号和空间传播特性,以及矢量水听器偶极子指向性。对于拖船干扰的仿真用Ecs模型来设定宽带功率谱,以AR模型来拟合指定功率谱,利用海底、海面对声场的一次反射作用仿真了拖船干扰的空间多途信道。利用插值滤波器的方法按照设定的时间精度仿真了宽带信号的阵元间精确延时。处理该模拟器所产生阵元时空采样仿真信号而得到的波束形成结果验证了该模拟器的有效性。     

基于经验模式分解的拖曳式声纳拖船噪声抵消研究

拖曳式线列阵声纳的拖船噪声具有多途角扩展等特点，并且是一个非平稳过程，使得对该噪声的消除或抑制是一大难点。经验模式分解是一种用于分析非线性非平稳信号的新方法，该方法自适应地将嵌于数据内部的多个固有模式函数逐一分解开来。本文尝试利用经验模式分解方法分离出水听器接收信号中的拖船干扰噪声，从而达到消除干扰的目的。海上试验数据的处理结果充分验证了这种方法的可行性。     

基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术

大孔径拖曳线列阵受舰艇横向机动、洋流影响和水动力影响时会产生一定的阵形畸变,阵形畸变使得波束形成时阵列流型失配,进而降低了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。在无法进行阵形估计时,基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术将大孔径拖曳线阵分为左右两个子阵分别做波束形成,通过加权广义相关时延估计算法估算对应波束的时延差,再依据估算时延差对左右两个波束进行延时求和得到最终的波束信号。仿真和海试数据证明,相对于全阵直接做波束形成的方法,基于时延估计的分裂阵的时域波束形成技术有效提高了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。     

随机共振法估计二水听器时延差

针对二元阵航船目标方位估计问题,提出了一种基于随机共振滤波的航船辐射噪声双水听器时延差估计方法。设计了一种随机共振滤波器,提取航船螺旋桨旋转噪声在水听器接收信号中出现的本地时间,并通过滤波结果的互相关来估计目标辐射噪声分别到达两个水听器的时延差。在5 dB的输入信噪比下进行200次仿真,提出方法时延估计的归一化均方误差要低于互谱方法一个数量级。对于海试中的非合作航船,提出的方法可以在1 km距离下准确估计出目标辐射噪声到达双水听器的时延差,从而为在二元阵上实现对航船目标的准确测向提供基础。      

Noise suppression using the coherent onion peeler

An innovative noise suppression algorithm, called the coherent onion peeler (COP) (patent detained) is derived by minimizing the error in the coherent subtraction of the data from a single plane wave model. The COP solution "collapses" for all beamforming algorithms to the same solution at the complex hydrophone FFT level. Thus, any beamformer can be applied to the residual FFTs after the COP has been applied. The COP is applied to the strongest interferer first and the residual FFTs represent the acoustic field with this interferer coherently "peeled back" like the outer skin of an onion. This procedure can be repeated any number of times to coherently suppress the noise from all interferers present. A new nonadaptive beamformer is developed that "blends" together the best beam pattern properties of conventional beamforming (CBF) near array design frequency and the generalized fourier integral method (GFIM) at very low frequencies (VLF). In between these frequency extremes, the GFIM-CBF Blend (patent pending) (G-C Blend) is a frequency-dependent weighted average of both individual beamformers. COP and G-C Blend are applied to the broadband noise emitted by the tow ship, which severely degrades the performance of the towed array; COP reduced this broadband noise by over 19 dB in a single pass.     

The interference characteristics of platform and towed body noise in shallow water for active/passive towed array sonar

The interference characteristics of towed platform noise resulted from propeller and towed body for active/passive towed array is analyzed. It is shown that, in shallow water environment, the direct wave and bottom/sea surface reflected wave will seriously affect the performance of sonar system. The formula for calculating the direction of arrival (DOA) of interference in terms of various parameters, such as array depth, length of tow cable, is derived. The effect of interference noise for the detection performance of sonar system is described. The results of system simulation provide the method for reducing the effect of these kind of interferences.     

The time-delay estimation method of resolving left-right target ambiguity for twin-line array and its realization

The directivity function of twin-line array sonar can be used to identify left/right target. But the performance is limited by the distance between two lines and also exists the blind area for target identification. A method, which is based on the time-delay estimation between two line arrays, is proposed to identify left/right target. The method is robust with the variation of distance between two line array, the blind area is considerable decreased. The theoretical analysis results and realization method is described. An algorithm base on interpolation method for precisely estimating tune-delay of two line array are derived, therefore the left-right ambiguity problem is solved.     

结合盲源分离的非直单线阵多目标左右舷分辨

针对单线阵左右舷模糊问题,提出了结合盲源分离的非直单线阵多目标左右舷分辨算法。该算法首先通过离散傅里叶变换将阵列接收信号离散化为若干个窄带频谱分量,之后对每个频点的窄带数据讲行盲源分离,得到每个频点上各个来波信号的导向向量;然后通过常规波束形成对各个导向向量进行方位谱估计,并根据左右舷抑制比进行单目标左右舷分辨,确定各个频点上的来波方向;最后对所有频点上的来波方向进行聚类,得到各个真实目标的方位,从而实现多目标左右舷分辨。仿真实验中,相比常规波束形成方法(CBF)和最小方差无畸变响应算法(MVDR),该算法更准确地估计出了目标数目,且保持了较快的计算速度;海试数据处理中,该算法排除了目标镜像的干扰,准确估计出了船只目标的轨迹。仿真及海试数据处理均表明,该算法可以分辨真实目标与目标镜像,具有比CBF和MVDR算法更好的左右舷分辨能力。