拉曼光谱技术在食品质量安全检测中的应用

拉曼光谱技术具有样品无需前处理、操作简便、时间短、灵敏度高等优点,可获得样品的物理化学及深层结构信息,已广泛应用于石油化工、生物医学、地质考古、刑事司法、宝石鉴定等领域。拉曼光谱对水等极性物质极其不敏感,在食品质量安全检测方面具有良好的应用前景。论文简述了拉曼光谱技术的检测原理、分类以及系统的组成,综述了拉曼光谱技术在食品成分分析和农药残留检测中的最新研究进展,指出了该技术在食品质量安全检测中的关键技术并对今后的研究进行了展望。     

超强边缘磁场梯度场下的磁共振成像:STRAFI 实验

磁共振成像（MRI）是一个能够探测样品内部特性的有效检测手段,已被广泛应用于化学、生物研究,以及医疗诊断领域. 自约40年前发展以来, 成像方法的不断发展使得MRI的成像分辨率、实验效率和成像杂核能力得到了很大的改进. 边缘磁场成像（STRAFI）是一种很具潜力的成像方法之一,它利用了超导磁体本身具有的边缘场的强梯度场. 该综述介绍了STRAFI基础,并概括了成像的基本原理、STRAFI的实验理论和方法及其在实际研究中的应用. 由此将比较STRAFI实验相对于传统MRI方法的所具有的优势和多面可行性.     

糖尿病脑病的磁共振研究

糖尿病是由胰岛素分泌不足（T1DM）或胰岛素抵抗（T2DM）而引发的慢性代谢疾病,严重影响人们的生活质量. 中枢神经系统是糖尿病并发症的易感部位. 临床研究和流行病学调查结果显示,糖尿病会引发脑白质损伤、脑萎缩和认知功能障碍,并会增加脑卒中的风险. 磁共振成像和活体磁共振波谱可提供大脑解剖结构、功能及代谢等多方面的信息. 近年来,随着人们对糖尿病脑病关注度的不断增加和认识的不断加深,磁共振成像和活体波谱开始并越来越多地被应用于该疾病的研究. 该文综述磁共振成像与活体波谱技术在糖尿病脑病研究中的应用及最新进展.     

不均匀场下基于分子间双量子相干核磁共振技术的果肉检测

核磁共振（NMR）谱图可在不破坏生物样品的状态下提供组织成分组成及其含量的信息,已被广泛应用于生物、医学和食品检测等领域.NMR谱图分辨率越高,提供的与组织成分相关的信息越丰富、越准确,也越有利于未知成分的定性和定量分析.传统的高分辨NMR谱图通常要在均匀磁场下采集.但在实际应用中,均匀的磁场较难获得.这就使得我们采集的NMR谱图的分辨率,以及由此获得的生物组织成分组成和含量等信息的准确性受到影响.源于远程偶极相互作用的分子间双量子相干（iDQC）技术对磁场均匀度不敏感,可在不均匀场下获得高分辨率NMR谱图.本文采用基于iDQC技术的IDEAL-Ⅱ序列对甲基丙烯酸丁酯、蕃茄和西瓜三种样品进行了NMR实验,结果证明基于iDQC技术在不均匀场下获得水果的高分辨NMR谱图是可行的,这对食品科学以及食品检测具有积极的意义.     

温敏性磁共振成像造影剂的研究进展

磁共振成像（MRI）技术可实现对温度的非侵入式检测．温敏性MRI造影剂能够对温度变化做出响应,进而导致与其结合的水质子的弛豫速率、信号强度或化学位移等磁共振参数发生显著改变,已作为将温度信号转化为磁共振信号的传感器广泛应用于MRI测温技术中．本文介绍了温敏性MRI造影剂的种类、原理、研究现状及其应用前景．     

微波诱导光学核极化进展

微波诱导光学核极化（Microwave-Induced Optical Nuclear Polarization,MIONP）技术利用光激发三重态样品来极化电子,再用微波将处于非热平衡态的电子极化转移到待检测原子核,将原子核的检测灵敏度提高几个量级甚至更多．这种灵敏度极化增强方法可以用来进行蛋白质结构和动力学检测、光化学和光物理进程的基础研究、量子计算和低场核磁共振（Low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,Low-field NMR）与磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）应用研究．该文简要分析了MIONP的物理原理及其在核极化增强中的优势,结合实验条件综述了一些重要的成果．最后,对微波诱导光学核极化的前景作了展望．     

基于NI PXIe-7966R的磁共振成像接收机设计

提出了一种基于NI PXIe-7966R（National Instruments Corporation,美国）的磁共振成像（MRI）接收机设计方案,进行磁共振信号直接采样、数字下变频（DDC）和数据上传,以及磁共振图像恢复．使用NI LabVIEW FPGA（National Instruments Corporation,美国）开发平台,对NI PXIe-7966R板载现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）内构建的所有功能模块进行了设计仿真和硬件描述语言生成,使其能灵活实现DDC功能．设计的接收机的采样速度为50 Mbps、模数转换位数为16位、带宽设置范围为100 Hz~1 MHz,并具有较好的滤波效果．实验结果表明,该设计方案是一种高性能的磁共振接收机方案．     

基于同时多层激发和并行成像的心脏磁共振电影成像

磁共振成像（MRI）无创无害、对比度多、可以任意剖面成像的特点特别适合用于心脏成像,却因扫描时间长限制了其在临床上的应用.为了解决心脏磁共振电影成像屏气扫描时间过长的问题,该文提出了一种基于同时多层激发的多倍加速心脏磁共振电影成像及其影像重建的方法,该方法将相位调制多层激发（CAIPIRINHA）技术与并行加速（PPA）技术相结合,运用到分段采集心脏电影成像序列中,实现了在相位编码方向和选层方向的四倍加速,并使用改进的SENSE/GRAPPA算法对图像进行重建.分别在水模以及人体上进行了实验,将加速序列图像与不加速序列图像进行对比,结果验证了重建算法的有效性,表明该方法可以在保障图像质量以及准确测量心脏功能的前提下成倍节省扫描时间.     

组织凝固性坏死对基于纵向弛豫时间的磁共振测温的影响

高强度聚焦超声（High Intensity Focused Ultrasound,HIFU）治疗肿瘤时,为了保证治疗的安全性和有效性,需要对组织温度分布进行实时监测.磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）具有对温度敏感的成像参数,可以无创检测组织温度.本文结合组织相变对测温的影响,探讨了磁共振测温（Magnetic Resonance Thermometry,MRT）技术能否用于实时监控HIFU治疗.利用两态快速交换模型,提出在组织凝固性坏死的相变前后,MRI的纵向弛豫时间（T₁）参数与组织温度之间具有不同关系.并通过实验验证了上述假设.相对于传统的磁共振测温方法模型,本文考虑了HIFU治疗过程中组织相变对检测温度的影响,对利用磁共振测温引导HIFU治疗具有重要的参考价值.     

煤镜质组热解的电子顺磁共振研究

基于煤燃烧和自燃研究在煤矿生产安全以及煤炭资源的高效利用等实际生产和生活中的重要性,探讨了煤岩显微组分镜质组在有氧条件下热解的自由基反应. 采用电子顺磁共振技术对煤镜质组在有氧条件下300 ℃~450 ℃的加热分解产物及未加热处理常温下的镜质组样品做电子顺磁共振研究,得到300 ℃、350 ℃、400 ℃、450 ℃时其产物在常温下（25 ℃）时的电子顺磁共振信号,并对随加热温度不同,信号的产生和变化原因做了分析,研究结果表明煤镜质组在加热过程中有顺磁中心的浓度和顺磁中心成分的改变,该文中把它归因于镜质组的不同有机成分在不同温度下分解产生的自由基.     

NMR指纹图谱与模式识别方法

NMR指纹图谱与模式识别方法相结合在食物的研究中得到广泛应用,已经成功应用于食品的产地的区分,质量判定和转基因食品的安全考察等领域中. 本文综述了近些年NMR指纹图谱与模式识别方法在这些领域的应用.      

近红外光谱技术在食品产地溯源中的研究进展

食品产地溯源是建立食品质量安全追溯制度的重要组成部分,也是保障食品质量安全的有效手段.近红外光谱(near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)技术因其快速、无污染、操作简单等优点受到人们的青睐,是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术.对比了几种用于食品产地溯源的技术的优缺点,阐述了近红外光谱技术分析的基本原理...     

A Review on the Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Analyzing Feed Protein Materials

Abstract: Due to the strong link between feed and food, the quality and safety of feed protein materials are of public concern. Firstly, this article summarizes the recent advances in near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques applied to the chemical content and traceability analyses of feed protein materials. The results show the potential of NIRS as an efficient first-line screening tool for monitoring the quality and safety of feed protein materials. Finally, future prospects and the need to increase the feasibility of industrial applications and improve the limit of detection of NIRS techniques for feed protein materials are discussed.     

The Detection of Agricultural Products and Food Using Terahertz Spectroscopy: A Review

Abstract: Demand for high levels of quality and safety in agricultural products and food requires appropriate analytical techniques for analysis both during and after production. Desirable techniques should be quick, easy, and safe to use; require minimal or no sample preparation; avoid sample destruction; and be accurate. In this study, the recent technical applications of terahertz spectroscopy to identify and classify, qualitatively and quantitatively analyze, evaluate, and safely control agricultural products and food are reviewed. The challenges and future outlook of terahertz spectroscopy are discussed.     

Fast field-cycling magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fast field-cycling (FFC) NMR are both well-developed methods. The combination of these techniques, namely fast field-cycling magnetic resonance imaging (FFC-MRI) is much less well-known. Nevertheless, FFC-MRI has a number of significant applications and advantages over conventional techniques, and is being pursued in a number of laboratories. This article reviews the progress in FFC-MRI over the last two decades, particularly in the areas of Earth's field and pre-polarised MRI, as well as free radical imaging using field-cycling Overhauser MRI. Different approaches to magnet design for FFC-MRI are also described. The paper then goes on to discuss recent techniques and applications of FFC-MRI, including protein measurement via quadrupolar cross-relaxation, contrast agent studies, localised relaxometry and FFC-MRI with magnetisation-transfer contrast.     

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract

The advent of X-ray computed tomographic (CT) imaging revolutionized the evaluation of a wide range of pathological conditions by producing thin tomographic sections through the body with remarkable anatomical detail. By the early 1980s, X-ray CT was an established imaging modality, and a second computer-based form of imaging was emerging from the research laboratory into the clinic. The second wave of the imaging revolution has been the development of NMR imaging (usually referred to as magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI) and its acceptance as the preferred modality for much neurological and musculoskeletal imaging. MRI's soft-tissue contrast and resolution is superior to that of other imaging techniques, the low NMR signal from bone renders it superior to X-ray CT in many cases for images of the head and spine, it has more varied contrast possibilities than CT, and can image in any plane without repositioning the patient. In spite of the high cost of purchase and installation, MR scanners are proliferating rapidly, and techniques and clinical applications for MR imaging continue to advance at an equally rapid rate.     

Prospects for the rapid detection of mealiness in apples by nondestructive NMR relaxometry

The potential of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry for quantitative evaluation of apple mealiness has been investigated. The degree of “mealiness” was defined by several mechanical techniques, including penetration, compression and shear rupture as well as by the BRIX (soluble solids) and juiciness levels. These data were correlated with both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and NMR water proton transverse relaxation time measurements on a fruit-by-fruit basis. It was found that increasing mealiness caused a systematic increase in the transverse relaxation rate. The potential for rapid, on-line NMR/MRI detection of apple mealiness is discussed.     

PROGRESS IN NMR APPLICATIONS TO WELL LOGGING AND FORMATION EVALUATION

Since its discovery in 1946, NMR has become a valuable tool in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. With the invention of NMR logging tools that take the medical MRI or laboratory NMR equipment and turn it inside-out, the application of sophisticated laboratory techniques to determine formation properties in situ is now available. The capability has opened a new era in formation evaluation just as the introduction of NMR has revolutionized the other scientific areas.     

Portable, low-cost NMR with laser-lathe lithography produced microcoils

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is unsurpassed in its ability to non-destructively probe chemical identity. Portable, low-cost NMR sensors would enable on-site identification of potentially hazardous substances, as well as the study of samples in a variety of industrial applications. Recent developments in RF microcoil construction (i.e. coils much smaller than the standard 5mm NMR RF coils), have dramatically increased NMR sensitivity and decreased the limits-of-detection (LOD). We are using advances in laser pantographic microfabrication techniques, unique to LLNL, to produce RF microcoils for field deployable, high sensitivity NMR-based detectors. This same fabrication technique can be used to produce imaging coils for MRI as well as for standard hardware shimming or "ex-situ" shimming of field inhomogeneities typically associated with inexpensive magnets. This paper describes a portable NMR system based on the use of a 2 kg hand-held permanent magnet, laser-fabricated microcoils, and a compact spectrometer. The main limitations for such a system are the low resolution and sensitivity associated with the low field values and quality of small permanent magnets, as well as the lack of large amounts of sample of interest in most cases. The focus of the paper is on the setting up of this system, initial results, sensitivity measurements, discussion of the limitations and future plans. The results, even though preliminary, are promising and provide the foundation for developing a portable, inexpensive NMR system for chemical analysis. Such a system will be ideal for chemical identification of trace substances on site.     

Low-power MRI by Frank-sequence excitation

Recently, a new NMR method employing an rf excitation scheme with strongly reduced power has been introduced, which is based on modulating rf pulses according to Frank sequences. For many applications, a reduction of rf power is essential, e.g. to eliminate bulky rf pre-amplifiers or in medical high-field MRI to preserve patient safety. Another benefit of the new scheme are very short dead times allowing for measurements of samples with short relaxation times. In this work, Frank-sequence excitation is used for low-power imaging for the first time. Results of one-, two-, and three-dimensional imaging experiments are presented and compared to conventional images.