自由活塞型斯特林制冷机热力学参数的无量纲分析

自由活塞斯特林制冷机由于其结构紧凑、制冷效率高、可靠性好而不断受到重视。自由活塞斯特林制冷机的热力学参数对整机制冷性能具有决定性影响。基于等温模型,对自由活塞斯特林制冷机进行了无量纲分析,通过引入无量纲制冷量,详细研究了死容积比、扫气容积比、温度比、位移相位角对整机热力性能的影响。其研究结果为不同温区的自由活塞斯特林制冷机热力参数设计提供了参考意见。     

室温温区自由活塞斯特林制冷机设计

自由活塞斯特林制冷机作为一种新型制冷技术,具有效率高、可靠性好、结构紧凑、环境友好等特点.目前,室温温区自由活塞斯特林制冷机存在回热器声功利用量少、出口声功大等问题,导致排出器反馈声功大、尺寸大,给加工工艺和实际应用带来困难.本文基于SAGE软件,对室温温区自由活塞斯特林制冷机的核心单元结构进行了设计.通过多级制冷流程,提高制冷的声功利用,同时探究排出器对制冷性能的影响,寻找减小排出器直径的有效方法.在以制冷系数为优化计算目标、限制排出器行程的前提下,得到了不同核心单元直径的三级自由活塞斯特林制冷机可实现的最小排出器尺寸.计算结果显示,总核心单元等效面积相近时,三级自由活塞斯特林制冷机的排出器面积可减小至单级的49％.即多级制冷机有效减小了排出器尺寸,推动自由活塞斯特林制冷机在室温温区的应用.     

小型脉管式斯特林低温冰箱研制

利用成熟的真空绝热板与发泡材料复合的绝热技术制作冰箱保温箱体,采用脉管式斯特林制冷机作为冷源,研制出有效容积25L,工作温度可达-86℃以下的低温冰箱。脉管式斯特林制冷机与低温冰箱金属内胆直接相连进行换热。考察了低温冰箱的工作特性,为斯特林制冷机在商用制冷低温冰箱上的应用提供了借鉴。     

气体轴承斯特林制冷机研究进展

气体轴承斯特林制冷机是相同制冷量下体积最小、重量最轻、效率最高和可靠性最高的制冷机。为了满足高温超导器件等电子器件对斯特林制冷机需求,开展了10W@77K气体轴承斯特林制冷机的性能和环境适应性研究。在此基础上,设计制作了-100~-20℃温区、5W@77K和15W@77K气体轴承斯特林制冷机样机并进行了测试。10W@77K制冷机在输入功率为166.1W时达到10.55W@77K(热端温度30℃),制冷系数达到6.35%,通过了高低温贮存、高低温冲击、高低温工作以及机械振动、机械冲击等环境适应性实验。-100~-20℃温区制冷机在150W输入功率下获得38W@-80℃的制冷量,制冷系数为25.3%。15W@77K制冷机在输入功率为260W时获得了15.6W@77K的制冷量(热端温度35℃),制冷系数为6%。5W@77K制冷机在输入功率为90W时获得了5.1W@77K的制冷量(热端温度35℃),制冷系数为5.67%。该系列气体轴承斯特林制冷机的良好性能和环境适应性使得其可广泛应用于超导接收前端、斯特林低温冰箱和小型液氮系统等场合。     

量子简并性对气体斯特林制冷循环性能的影响

基于理想量子气体的状态方程，分析了量子气体斯特林制冷循环中的回热特征，推导出循环的制冷系数一般表达式.获得了在强简并和弱简并条件下循环的制冷系数，对全面理解气体斯特林制冷机的性能有所帮助. 关键词： 量子简并性 斯特林制冷循环     

4K温区高频回热器级联温度研究

4K温区斯特林型脉管制冷机各级回热器的级联温度不仅决定最末级回热器的效率和性能,同时影响前几级回热器为最末级回热器提供的预冷量。本文基于一台采用两级G-M型脉管制冷机预冷的单级斯特林型脉管制冷机,开展了4 K温区斯特林型脉管制冷机回热器各级温位布置方式对4 K斯特林型脉管制冷机制冷性能以及第一级和第二级预冷量影响的理论及实验研究,为液氦温区完全斯特林型脉管制冷机的设计提供了重要的参考依据.     

污染对斯特林制冷机性能影响的实验研究

向斯特林制冷机内在线、连续地添加污染杂质进行污染加速试验,得到了不同污染对制冷机性能影响的量化规律.结果表明,随着污染量的增加,制冷能力首先稍微增强,然后出现衰减.水蒸气、酒精、丙酮分别在74 mg、31 mg、114 mg使制冷性能产生约40%的衰减.此外,加入污染后降温速率变慢.从换热、流阻角度对结果进行了分析.实验结论有助于斯特林制冷机的可靠性考核和寿命预测.     

斯特林制冷机可靠性研究概述

斯特林制冷机具有制冷温度低、结构紧凑的特点 ,在军事应用中占有重要地位。文中简要介绍了斯特林制冷机的工作原理、分类方法和特征参数 ,着重介绍国内外制冷机可靠性研究情况的对比     

高温超导滤波器用斯特林制冷机温度控制算法设计

在深空通信领域,利用高温超导滤波技术,可大幅提高接收机的灵敏度、信噪比和抗干扰能力。由于高温超导滤波器工作温度较低,需要斯特林制冷机进行制冷。斯特林制冷机温度的稳定性将直接影响高温超导滤波器的性能,文章对高温超导滤波器用斯特林制冷机温度控制算法进行了分析和设计,并给出了基于高温超导滤波器试验装置的温度控制曲线。     

空间双级斯特林制冷机的研究进展综述

双级斯特林制冷机可用于长波红外探测领域及多目标冷却中。文中概述了国内外双级斯特林制冷技术的研究及应用进展,总结了双级斯特林制冷机的关键技术特点,可为研制空间双级斯特林制冷机提供有益的参考。     

Brownian refrigerator

Onsager symmetry implies that a Brownian motor, driven by a temperature gradient, will also perform a refrigerator function upon loading. We analytically calculate the corresponding heat flow for an exactly solvable microscopic model and compare it with molecular dynamics simulations.     

Quantum absorption refrigerator

A quantum absorption refrigerator driven by noise is studied with the purpose of determining the limitations of cooling to absolute zero. The model consists of a working medium coupled simultaneously to hot, cold, and noise baths. Explicit expressions for the cooling power are obtained for Gaussian and Poisson white noise. The quantum model is consistent with the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The third law is quantified; the cooling power J(c) vanishes as J(c) ∝ T(c)(α), when T(c)→0, where α=d+1 for dissipation by emission and absorption of quanta described by a linear coupling to a thermal bosonic field, where d is the dimension of the bath.     

Radio-frequency single-electron refrigerator

We propose a cyclic refrigeration principle based on mesoscopic electron transport. Synchronous sequential tunneling of electrons in a Coulomb-blockaded device, a normal metal-superconductor single-electron box, results in a cooling power of approximately k(B)T x f at temperature T over a wide range of cycle frequencies f. Electrostatic work, done by the gate voltage source, removes heat from the Coulomb island with an efficiency of approximately k(B)T/Delta, where Delta is the superconducting gap parameter. The performance is not affected significantly by nonidealities, for instance by offset charges. We propose ways of characterizing the system and of its practical implementation.     

摇摆型棘齿热电子隧穿制冷

本文利用传输矩阵法数值模拟了电子在加入周期性正负偏压的双势垒("摇摆"棘齿)异质结中的传输特性,获得了两电子库间的净电流以及所伴随的净热流的表达式.进一步分析了净电流、净热流和制冷系数等性能参数的特征,获得的结果对介观热电子器件的研制有一定的理论指导意义. 关键词： 热电子制冷机 摇摆棘齿 性能参数 传输矩阵法     

扬声器驱动热声制冷机的研究进展

热声制冷技术是一项新型的制冷技术,它具有运动部件少、运行可靠、振动小、寿命长、对环境无污染等优点,在航天、超导、低温电子、低温生物等众多领域有着十分广阔的应用前景。本文阐述热声制冷效应的基本原理和热声制冷循环之后,系统介绍了热声制冷机中共振管、板毪、换热器、动力源(扬声器)等部件和制冷工质的研究情况。同时,指出了扬声器驱动热声制冷存在的问题,并对热声制冷的发展进行了展望。     

制冷机低温泵控制器设计

制冷机低温泵产品配置专用控制器,其目的是实现自动完全再生、获取运行状态信息、提供远程监控接口与操作,提高低温泵产品的自动化水平。在充分研究主流制冷机低温泵产品的基础上,针对12英寸以下口径低温泵,设计了专用控制器,介绍了器件选型、人机界面、软、硬件结构等内容。经过24个月不间断运行测试,验证了低温泵控制器设计的正确性与可靠性。     

A dilution refrigerator with superfluid injection

In a conventional dilution refrigerator an additional ⁴He loop is incorporated. As a result the cooling power has been increased by at least one order of magnitude.     

Condensation in a steady-flow thermoacoustic refrigerator

Condensation may occur in an open-flow thermoacoustic cooler with stack temperatures below the saturation temperature of the flowing gas. In the experimental device described here the flowing gas, which is also the acoustic medium, is humid air, so the device acts as a flow-through dehumidifier. The humid air stream flows through an acoustic resonator. Sound energy generated by electrodynamic drivers produces a high-amplitude standing wave inside of the resonator, which causes cooling on a thermoacoustic stack. Condensation of water occurs as the humid air passes through the stack and is cooled below its dew point, with the condensate appearing on the walls of the stack. The dry, cool air passes out of the resonator, while the condensate is wicked away from the end of the stack. Thermoacoustic heat pumping is strongly affected by the form of the condensate inside of the stack, whether condensed mostly on the stack plates, or largely in the form of droplets in the gas stream. Two simple models of the effect of the condensate are matched to a measured stack temperature profile; the results suggest that the thermoacoustic effect of droplets inside the stack is small.     

Development of a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator

With thermal fluctuation strongly suppressed, low temperature environment is essential for studies of condensed matter physics and developments of quantum technologies. Ultra-low temperature below 20 mK has demonstrated its importance and significance in physical sciences and information techniques. Dilution refrigeration is by far the best feasible and reliable method to generate and keep lattice temperature in this range. With a potential shortage of helium supply, cryogen-free dilution refrigerator (CFDR), eliminating the necessity of regular helium refill, becomes the main facility for the purpose of creating ultralow temperature environments. Here we describe our successful construction of a CFDR which reached a base temperature of around 10.9 mK for continuous circulation and 8.6 mK for single-shot operation. We describe its operating mechanism and the designs of key components, especially some unique designs including heat switch and alumina thermal link. Possible improvements in the future are also discussed.