铝合金材料腐蚀损伤的声发射评价

为了研究如何利用声发射(AE)技术监测飞机主结构件的腐蚀损伤从而为确定飞机日历寿命提供科学依据。首先介绍了航空铝合金材料在加速腐蚀过程中的AE信号特征,说明如何利用AE技术来监测腐蚀损伤,进而讨论如何对材料的安全性能和剩余寿命进行评估。试验表明, AE能比超声和涡流等常规无损检测方法更早地发现铝合金材料的腐蚀损伤。通过研究加速腐蚀过程中腐蚀损伤程度及腐蚀AE信号随加速腐蚀时间的变化规律,获得了腐蚀损伤与AE参数之间的变化关系。说明AE技术可用于探测早期腐蚀、研究腐蚀发展规律及监测和评估腐蚀损伤方面。     

人耳对复杂信号听测问题的研究

在相同信号形式和噪声背景条件下，通过直接对比人耳的听测性能和两种典型信号检测器的检测性能，在总的趋势上得出：人耳对频率变化规律确知的复杂声信号的听测模型接近于音调相关检测器；对频率变化规律未知的复杂声信号的听测模型接近于能量检测。此外，本文给出了在噪声背景下人耳听测三种频率变化规律的复杂声信号（单跳频、线性跳频、随机跳频）的灵敏度定量差别及人耳听测灵敏度和信号长度之间的定量关系。     

光纤Sagnac传感器对材料频率特性的实验研究

不同的材料由于物理性质不同,在断裂时会产生不尽相同的声发射信号。光纤声发射传感器以其频带宽,抗电磁干扰,灵敏度高,体积小等优点在声发射（AE）信号探测方面有着广泛的应用前景。本文采用光纤Sangac传感器,对不同材料断裂过程的声发射信号进行检测,通过快速傅立叶变换分析其频谱。实验得知同一种材料断裂的声发射信号具有相同的频率特征。为材料结构健康水平的评估与监测提供了一种新的依据。     

一种新的水声无源材料声学性能测量装置

阐述了一种新的水声无源材料声学性能实验室测量装置，测量频率范围10－100kHz，最大静水压至3．0MPa，被测材料样品典型尺寸为300×300mm~2。装置应用多基元平面换能器基阵，大面积声透明PVDF薄膜水听器以及宽带窄脉冲信号和现代信号处理技术，在小型压力罐中建立近似的平面波自由声场，测量材料声学性能随频率、静水压的变化规律。测量参数包括复反射系数（口声降低）、复透射系数（插入损失）、衰减系数、复声阻抗和纵波声速。通过对多种不同性能材料样品的测量分析，验证了本装置的测量能力，装置的稳定性考核表明其反射测量扩展不确定度为1．2dB，透射测量扩展不确定度为0．8dB。     

利用压电光声光谱测量镁掺杂氧化锌薄膜的光吸收特性

采用由射频磁控溅射方法在玻璃衬底制备的镁掺杂氧化锌（ZnO：Mg）薄膜材料,通过压电光声光谱法测量其在可见光波段的光吸收特性,并与透射光谱法测得的吸收率数据进行了比较,得到了一致性较好的结果。同时,从理论上推导分析了玻璃衬底上ZnO：Mg压电光声信号与光吸收率的关系及变化规律,并由实验证实：光声信号为玻璃基底与ZnO：Mg薄膜的共同贡献,光声信号的幅值与吸收率呈反相关,这一结论与理论分析得到的结果一致。     

长江口与杭州湾海区水底浮泥地声模型及其声反射特性研究

通过在现场和实验室分别对长江口与杭州湾海区水底浮泥重度ρ随深度变化规律以及声速C与声衰减常数β等浮泥声学参数随ρ及声波频率f的变化规律的测量和分析，得出了这个海区水底浮泥层的地声模型。其主要特点是：重度ρ（kN／m3）在10．1到15．0的范围内，随着深度线性增加，但在12．5左右处线性增加的梯度（斜率）有一个突变（拐点），ρ大于15．0以后，ρ随深度的递增加快，即浮泥层很快过渡到硬性泥层或沙层；声速c（m／s）随ρ增大的变化不明显（在±1．5％以内），但在ρ为14．0附近存在一个最小值；声衰减常数ρ（dB/m）则分别随ρ和f（kHz）线性增加。根据实测的地声模型，通过理论计算，对长江口和杭州湾海区水底浮泥层的声反射信号进行了正演模拟研究，得到了在拐点处出现的声反射特性预射波的幅度和极性）与梯度变化的关系，为解决浮泥层重度的回声探测问题提供了依据。     

基于OPO脉冲激光激发光声光谱的真假血液分类鉴别

为了实现快速准确并可回收再利用地鉴别真血和假血，采用光声光谱技术构建了一套血液光声检测系统并获取血样的光声信号。选取三种动物真血（马血、牛血和兔血）和两种假血（道具假血和红墨汁）共125组血样作为实验样本。获取了700～1 064 nm波段内所有样本的光声信号和光声峰峰值谱。实验表明，真血和假血的光声信号幅度、轮廓、峰值时间点和光声峰峰值均存在差异。为了实现高准确度的真假血液分类识别，采用了遗传优化的小波神经网络（WNN-GA）算法，对全波段100组样本进行训练，并构建了类Morlet小波基函数，然后对25组测试血样进行分类识别。利用遗传算法对WNN网络的权值、阈值和小波基函数平移、伸缩因子进行了优化，同时通过调节两个学习率因子，将真假血液的分类识别率提高了24%。采用主成分分析（PCA）对全波段血样光声峰峰值进行特征提取，再利用WNN-GA算法进行训练和分类识别。结果表明，在主成分个数为6时，PCA-WNN-GA融合算法可以使真假血液的分类识别率提高到100%。与另外6种分类识别算法相对比，该融合算法的识别准确率明显占优。光声光谱技术联合PCA-WNN-GA算法，可以准确地实现真假血液的分类鉴别。     

基于AR模型的人体脉象信号模糊聚类研究

根据一种新的模糊聚类方法－F－PFSR（Fuzzy Pseudo F-Statistic Ratio)聚类法，对人体脉搏声信号（脉象信号）进行了聚类识别研究。首先对脉搏声信号作8阶AR模型拟合，模型系数构成信号的特征集，其次采用K－L变换对特征集进行了压缩，最后对临床实测脉象信号进行了聚类分析。实验结果表明，本文的聚类方法是可行和有效的。     

表面波电磁声换能器的设计

简要介绍了产生表面波的电磁声换能器（EMAT）的工作原理，设计，制作了收发分开的两种EMAT，并建立了实验测试系统、测量了信号和发射EMAT提离距离的关系曲线，研究了激励脉冲个数、接收线圈的匝数对换能器信号的影响等。     

木塑复合材料缺陷及损伤的声发射信号特征分析及神经网络模式识别

针对木塑复合材料五种典型的缺陷及损伤机制，选择合适的木塑试样，应用三点弯曲的加载方法采集声发射信号。对主损伤区附近的声发射事件，应用小波变换提取特征参数，确定五类主要损伤机制所对应的声发射信号特征。采用B—P型反向传播神经网络构成的智能化模式分类器，对此五类声发射信号进行识别，获得了满意的效果。     

基于光纤耦合器的声发射传感器

为检测变压器内局部放电产生的声发射信号，介绍了一种基于特殊光纤熔融拉锥耦合器型声发射传感器。它是利用声波引起的扰动改变耦合器两臂光功率输出的特点来检测声发射信号。实验结果表明：此种传感器在10kHz～250kHz范围内对声发射信号有良好响应，在155kHz灵敏度为5.6×10^-6V/Pa，噪声为1.8Pa声压，有望在复合材料与结构、电力无损检测方面得到应用。     

Detection of cracking and damage mechanisms in brittle granites by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission signals

An acoustic emission (AE) testing of rock cracking was performed under uniaxial loading conditions by precut varisized circular holes in selected brittle granites. Based on AE-source location technique and AE-theory for moment tensor analysis, rules of the temporal–spatial evolution of micro-cracks in different failure mechanisms were explored and types of micro-cracks were analyzed as well. The results revealed that the micro-cracks are uniquely easy to generate in the positions where stress are concentrated. Tensile fractures are easy to form on the roof and floor of a circular hole, while shear fractures are easy to be found on both sides. The locations of initial cracks generated around the holes in the loading process are the direction or vertical direction of maximum principle stress. Macroscopic crack orientation agrees with the direction of maximum principle stress approximately. As the size of circular opening increases and the relative size of pillar decreases, shear cracks are dominant with the percentage more than 45%, tension cracks are fewer, accounted for less than 40% of the total events, and mixed-mode cracks represent a minimum proportion, despite the decrease of percentage of shear cracks. The findings of this work can serve for supporting design of tunnel or roadway to avoid collapse.     

用埋入式光纤传感器探测建筑结构中的声发射

声发射技术已经应用于金属和混凝土结构中，作为探测内部裂缝的一种无损检测方法。目前用的技术都是由压电换能器来采集声发射信号。讨论了基于用光纤技术的声发射传感器的开发和测量方法。它是用埋入式光纤传感器来监测类似桥梁、高速公路、隧道和房屋建筑等混凝土结构中的开裂信号。     

Acoustic emission during the development of a Lüders band in a low-carbon steel

The acoustic emission (AE) during the plastic deformation of a low-carbon steel is experimentally studied. The data obtained on the time localization of AE signals in a sample allow the motion of a Lüders band to be traced. The main informative AE parameters at various stages of plastic flow are analyzed. The results are compared with speckle video filming data and are supported by them. The possibilities of determining plastic deformation stages and Lüders band characteristics using acoustic emission are discussed.     

Analysis of acoustic emission signals originating from bainite and martensite formation

In this paper the characteristics of acoustic signals generated during bainite and martensite formation are studied. The results are discussed in a semi-quantitative manner, since a thorough quantitative analysis of the signals is not feasible because of the limited frequency bandwidth of the system and the effect of internal sample reflections on the signal. The frequency spectra of acoustic emission signals are interpreted using a dislocation source model adopted from acoustic emission studies of plastic deformation. It is assumed that the predominant source of acoustic emission (AE) during displacive transformations is the movement of dislocations, i.e. the slip taking place during growth in order to relieve internal stresses. The results show that the mean frequency of AE signals generated during bainite formation is significantly larger than that of martensitic AE signals. This difference in the spectral density of the AE signals can be attributed to the difference in interface motion of the two transformations, and the consequent different behaviour of the dislocations involved.     

钢筋混凝土动态粘结滑移声发射特性试验

为研究不同加载速率下钢筋混凝土粘结-滑移损伤破坏过程中的损伤特征,对钢筋混凝土粘结试件进行了0.01 mm/s～10 mm/s四种不同速度的拔出试验。采用实时动态的声发射监测技术对整个试验过程进行监测,对试验过程中的声发射信号进行声发射振幅-振铃计数特性及功率谱峰值频率特性分析。结果表明,随着滑移速率的增加,声发射振幅-振铃计数拟合曲线变缓,在0～50 k Hz和100～150 k Hz频率范围内的声发射事件比重分别减小和增加。损伤过程的声发射特性对钢筋混凝土粘结滑移损伤演化规律的研究具有重要的价值。     

Phase transition at a nanometer scale detected by acoustic emission within the cubic phase Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 relaxor ferroelectrics

Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-xPbTiO(3) (x=4.5%-12%) relaxor ferroelectric crystals have been studied by means of acoustic emission (AE) in the 400-540 K temperature range. An anomalous AE activity independent of the ground state relaxor/morphotropic/ferroelectric crossover has been revealed at around 500 K, and it is associated with the "waterfall" feature related to the existence of polar nanoregions (PNRs). The 500 K AE anomaly is attributed to local martensitelike cubic-to-tetragonal ferroelectric transitions within the PNRs imbedded in a nonpolar (cubic) matrix.     

超高速撞击声发射信号在载人航天器加筋结构的传播特性实验研究

为研究超高速撞击声发射信号经过载人航天器加筋结构后的传播规律,分别在平板结构和加筋结构上模拟高速撞击实验,利用传感器阵列采集高速撞击产生的声发射信号。结合小波和傅里叶分析方法从板波模态、频域以及时域三方面分析加筋结构对声发射信号传播特性的影响,并研究成坑和穿孔损伤模式下声发射信号的传播规律。结果表明:加筋板中的信号高频部分比平板中高频部分能量少,筋体对信号高频部分有滤波效果。加筋结构受高速撞击产生穿孔损伤时,S0模态声波的能量增多。研究成果可为载人航天器结构的高速撞击感知与定位技术提供有利参考。      

Study of acoustic emission in glass upon exposure to infrared laser pulses

The previously published hypothesis of the acoustic emission (AE) occurrence due to recombination of defects transferred to the surface by an elastic wave is analyzed. The dynamics of the rate of the defect appearance on the surface, controlling the AE level, is determined. The effect of such factors as the character of the dependence of the number of transferred defects on the wave intensity, their fraction in the total number of dislocations, and the wave damping rate in the sample is studied. The results are compared with experimental data.