上海光源500MHz超导腔水平测试

上海光源是能量为3.5 GeV的第三代先进中能同步辐射光源,其储存环上安装了三台超导高频腔补偿电子因同步辐射等原因丢失的能量。为保障上海光源的长期稳定高效运行,中国科学院上海应用物理研究所和上海市低温超导高频腔技术重点实验室共同研制了具备低高次模损失参数和可承受更高入射功率的新型500 MHz超导腔,作为上海光源在线运行超导高频腔的备用腔。超导铌腔经低温垂直测试达到所需加速性能后,需要与高功率输入耦合器、高次模吸收器、低温恒温器等集成并完成水平测试,获得超导腔模组的加速性能、低温性能和真空性能。介绍了超导腔备用腔的研制、集成和测试过程,采用文丘里(Venturi)校准法获得模组的静态功耗反应模组的低温性能,并通过高功率测试获得了超导腔备用腔模组的加速性能。测试结果表明:自主研制的500 MHz超导腔备用腔满足上海光源的工作需求,在超导腔的加速腔压为2.0 MV时,无载品质因数为1.2×109 @4.2 K,且低温模组的静态热损耗为36.1 W。     

低温恒温器设计

文中所述低温恒温器(cryomodule)主要用于近物所ADS注入器Ⅱ超导直线段,可以将粒子能量加速到10MeV。该低温恒温器包含β=0.09的162.5MHz HWR型超导高频腔、超导螺线管及cold BPM等冷质量部件,工作温度为4.2K,工作压力为1.2bar,冷却介质为液氦/氦气。超导腔及螺线管采用同一冷却回路,低温恒温器的设计满足超导腔的使用要求。     

北京大学铌腔射频超导实验通过鉴定

在陈佳洱教授主持下,北京大学重离子物理实验室“超导腔”课题组所承担的国家高技术项目射频(RF)超导腔实验研究,在完成大量设计、计算、设备建造与实验准备工作的基础上成功地进行了低温RF超导腔实验研究,完成了七五期间规定的任务。1991年12月14日国家教委组织召开了鉴定会,认为1.5GHz铌腔射频超导实验研究达到了国际先进水平。 国家教委科技司,国防科工委科技委,国家科委基础研究与高技术司,核工业总公司,国家自然科学基金委,国家高技术激光技术领域主题及专家组,中国原子能研究院,中国工程物理研究院,中科院高能物理所,清华大学,北京大学等单位的领导和专家共50余人出席了鉴定会。     

超导低温垂测2K系统设计

为了检验加速器驱动次临界系统直线加速器中的超导腔性能,需要在超导腔装入低温恒温器之前进行低温超导测试(2K、4K)。为满足25MeV超导直线加速器调试运行,需要建造一套超导低温测试系统与实验平台,用来对超导腔的性能进行垂直测试,检验腔体是否达到设计目标,使其满足工程使用需求。     

射频超导技术与ERL技术新进展

射频超导谐振腔可以工作在连续波或长宏脉冲模式.射频超导技术已发展为加速各种带电粒子束的重要手段.射频超导技术发展的前期受材料性能、腔的处理以及加工安装水平等的限制.经过几十年的不断改进,射频超导技术获得了重大突破.射频超导腔应用到超导加速器上并成功运行,积累了腔的质量控制工艺和工业化制备的大量经验.近期国际上面对未来大科学装置项目,在射频超导技术方面进行了大量的研发工作,主要包括提高超导腔加速梯度的新腔型研究和采用新型材料(大晶粒铌材)超导腔的研究.能量回收直线加速器(ERL)技术是近年来获得发展的重要加速器技术.ERL具有高效、节能、稳定性好、低辐射水平等优势,被越来越多地应用到先进光源和自由电子激光装置中.     

射频超导技术与ERL技术新进展

射频超导谐振腔可以工作在连续波或长宏脉冲模式. 射频超导技术已发展为加速各种带电粒子束的重要手段. 射频超导技术发展的前期受材料性能、腔的处理以及加工安装水平等的限制. 经过几十年的不断改进, 射频超导技术获得了重大突破. 射频超导腔应用到超导加速器上并成功运行, 积累了腔的质量控制工艺和工业化制备的大量经验. 近期国际上面对未来大科学装置项目, 在射频超导技术方面进行了大量的研发工作, 主要包括提高超导腔加速梯度的新腔型研究和采用新型材料(大晶粒铌材)超导腔的研究. 能量回收直线加速器(ERL)技术是近年来获得发展的重要加速器技术. ERL具有高效、节能、稳定性好、低辐射水平等优势, 被越来越多地应用到先进光源和自由电子激光装置中.     

二极管激光腔衰荡光谱技术测量大气NO_2

介绍了在409 nm处采用二极管激光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术探测大气中NO2的浓度(体积分数,下同)。通过调制二极管激光器参数,优化其输出光谱,获得NO2的有效吸收截面。探讨水蒸气、臭氧及其他痕量气体可能引起的测量干扰。时间分辨率为1 s时,系统探测限为6.6×10-11。考虑到NO2气体吸收截面和系统RL(衰荡腔长与腔内气体单次吸收光程长的比值)的不确定性,该系统的测量误差为±4.5%(1σ)。在实验室条件下,该系统和非相干宽带腔增强(IBBCEAS)系统同时测量NO2样气,将二者测量结果进行了对比,测量结果具有很好的一致性,线性拟合斜率为0.988±0.005,相关性为0.99。同时该系统被应用于实际环境大气中NO2浓度的测量,测得NO2浓度在1×10-8~5×10-8范围内,平均浓度为3.5×10-8。为了证实CRDS系统的测量结果,将其与长光程差分吸收光谱(LP-DOAS)系统测量NO2浓度的结果进行对比,二者获得了较好的一致性。实验结果表明,CRDS技术可实现大气中NO2高灵敏度、高时间分辨率的在线探测。     

1.3 GHz超导腔磁通排出效应研究

设计并搭建了一套高精度的磁场测量和补偿系统,并结合中国科学院高能物理研究所(IHEP)的2K超导腔垂直测试平台对1.3 GHz单加速间隙超导腔的磁通排出效应开展了实验研究:利用研制的磁场测量和补偿系统能够精密地测量超导腔赤道位置磁场,并能够将磁场补偿至小于5.0×10-8 T;并对超导腔不同表面温度梯度下的磁通排出效应进行了测量分析;对钉扎了磁场的超导腔进行了射频性能测试,研究了超导腔电阻对磁通钉扎的敏感度,以及在不同电场梯度下超导腔的表面电阻变化情况。结果表明,研制的高精度磁场测量和补偿系统能够满足超导腔磁通排出研究的需求;高的超导腔表面温度梯度有利于磁通的排出;磁通钉扎电阻的敏感度随着加速电场梯度的增加而增大,导致超导腔的性能下降。此实验研究也为后续超导腔的研制奠定了一定基础。     

YBa2Cu3O7-δ/LaAlO3和Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8/LaAlO3高温超导薄膜内的应变对其微波表面电阻影响的研究

YBa2Cu3O7-δ/LaAlO3 (YBCO/LAO) 超导薄膜是通过热蒸发沉积方法制备的,实验中使用的Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8/LaAlO3 (TBCCO/LAO) 超导薄膜是通过直流磁控溅射方法制备的.通过分析两片超导薄膜的XRD谱计算出了两片超导薄膜内的应变,ΔCY=4.8483×10-3;ΔCT=8.5272×10-5,结果显示YBCO超导薄膜内的应变要大于TBCCO超导薄膜内的应变.另外,采用共面谐振技术研究这两片超导薄膜内的微波表面电阻随温度的变化,结果表明YBCO超导薄膜具有更大的微波表面电阻.分析和讨论了应变对超导薄膜微波表面电阻的影响.     

HWR腔水平测试恒温器热辐射屏设计与测试

低温恒温器是超导直线加速器的重要部件之一,其为超导腔及超导磁铁提供稳定的低温环境。文中介绍了HWR单腔水平测试恒温器(TCM1)中热辐射屏的设计、模拟计算、安装与测试。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.