Fokker—Planck方程在快波加热中的应用

快波加热算法，一般都是假定托卡马克中粒子为麦克斯韦分布．其实由于准线性扩散效应，共振粒子的平行温度与垂直温度不相等，这样必然产生一定的计算误差．针对这种情况，本文引入ＦｏｋｋｅｒＰｌａｎｃｋ方程，采用叠代算法较好地解决了这一问题     

随机摄动强跟踪粒子滤波算法

如何解决粒子的退化问题和提高算法对突变状态的跟踪能力,是粒子滤波算法研究和应用中需要考虑的两个主要因素.传统的再采样算法虽然可以解决退化问题,但是容易导致粒子耗尽;扩展粒子滤波算法虽然可在一定程度上解决粒子耗尽问题,但其对突变状态的跟踪能力却不近人意;强跟踪粒子滤波算法可以提高对突变状态的跟踪能力,但却未能较好地改善粒子退化问题.针对上述问题,本文将随机摄动再采样方法引入强跟踪粒子滤波算法,提出了一种随机摄动强跟踪粒子滤波算法.当粒子退化问题严重时,对权值最大的粒子迭加随机摄动,用摄动粒子替换退化粒子以解决粒子退化问题,同时由于摄动粒子的加入增加了粒子集的多样性,可在一定程度上缓解粒子耗尽问题,提高算法对突变状态的跟踪能力.利用标准验证模型和分时恒定系统对所提出的算法进行了仿真验证,仿真结果证明了该算法的可行性和有效性.     

基于优化辅助粒子算法的红外目标跟踪研究

针对粒子算法存在的问题,提出了辅助粒子算法.该算法在重采样算法基础上,引进辅助变量,对粒子的权2次计算,可使粒子权值比重采样的粒子权值变化更稳定,最后给出了红外目标模型和均方根误差函数.仿真结果表明该算法对运动目标跟踪的均值和方差上均优于标准粒子滤波、重采样粒子滤波,且提高了计算效率.     

基于改进粒子群优化算法的混沌系统参数估计方法

估计混沌系统的未知参数是混沌控制与同步中必须解决的关键问题.利用群集智能的新进展粒子群优化算法(PSO)的全局搜索能力，从初始粒子群的产生、目标函数的处理的角度改进PSO，将改进的PSO引入混沌系统参数估计和在线估计.仿真试验表明，改进算法具有良好的适应性、较高的收敛可靠性及精度，对信号叠加噪声的情形也具有较高的鲁棒性，是混沌系统参数估计的一种成功算法. 关键词： 混沌系统 参数估计 在线估计 粒子群优化算法     

α粒子的慢化过程对D-T等离子体聚变燃烧的影响

在双温聚变燃烧点模型框架下，对比D-T等离子体聚变燃烧过程中α粒子能量逐步沉积与瞬时沉积两种描述的等离子体温度、离子数密度随时间的变化，在不同的密度条件下作了计算，考察了α粒子的慢化过程对D-T聚变点火的影响.发现考虑α粒子的慢化过程后，D-T等离子体峰值温度的出现将会推迟若干皮秒甚至几十皮秒，在较低的初始温度密度条件下，时间推迟得更多些.等离子体的峰值温度比α粒子能量瞬时沉积描述也会下降13keV左右. 关键词： α粒子 聚变燃烧 能量沉积 慢化过程     

基于二进制粒子群算法的认知无线电决策引擎

提出了基于粒子群算法的认知无线电决策引擎,并提出了一种种群自适应粒子群算法,利用粒子群算法调整优化无线电参数,运用多载波系统对算法性能进行了仿真分析.实验结果表明基于二进制粒子群算法的认知决策引擎在收敛速度、收敛精度和算法稳定性上都要明显优于经典遗传算法,基于种群自适应粒子群算法的决策引擎则能进一步提高算法初期性能,满足认知无线电实时性要求. 关键词： 认知无线电 粒子群算法 遗传算法 认知决策引擎     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Li合金时效过程微结构演化的小角x射线散射研究

应用小角x射线散射技术分析了Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Li合金在130，150和160℃温度时效24 h析出粒子的微结构参数的变化情况. 粒子的半径随着时效温度的增高而增加，它的比内表面积和体积百分数随着时效温度的增高而减小. 对Porod曲线q³J(q)-q²的分析表明,析出粒子与基体之间有明显的界面. 关键词： 小角x射线散射 Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Li合金 时效 析出粒子     

量子势阱粒子群优化算法的改进研究

为提高量子势阱粒子群优化算法的优化能力, 通过分析目前量子势阱粒子群优化算法的设计过程, 提出了改进的量子势阱粒子群优化算法. 首先, 分别基于Delta势阱、谐振子和方势阱 提出了改进的量子势阱粒子群优化算法, 并提出了基于统计量均值的控制参数设计方法. 然后, 在势阱中心的设计方面, 为强调全局最优粒子的指导作用, 提出了基于自身最优粒子加权平均和动态随机变量的两种设计策略. 实验结果表明, 三种势阱粒子群优化算法性能比较接近, 都优于原算法, 且Delta势阱模型略优于其他两种.     

基于蝙蝠算法的粒子滤波法研究

标准粒子滤波容易出现粒子贫化问题,滤波精度不稳定,并且需要大量粒子才能对非线性系统进行准确估计,降低了算法的综合性能.针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于蝙蝠算法的新型粒子滤波算法.该算法用粒子表征蝙蝠个体,模拟蝙蝠群体搜索猎物的过程,粒子群体通过调整频率、响度、脉冲发射率,追随当前最优粒子在解空间中进行搜索,并可以动态控制全局搜索及局部搜索的相互转换,进而提髙粒子整体的质量和分布的合理性;此外,改进算法引入Levy飞行策略,从而避免局部极值的不良吸引.实验表明新型粒子滤波方法提高了粒子多样性和滤波预测精度,同时大大降低了对非线性系统进行状态预测所需的粒子数量.     

粒子群算法在非线性系统应用中的早熟现象及其改进

通过分析粒子群算法早熟现象的机理,研究早熟收敛的本质,并提出一种克服粒子群算法早熟现象的局部"飞跃"策略.应用仿真及系统工程实例表明,该方法能有效地改善粒子群算法在非线性全局优化上的早熟问题,提高了粒子群算法的全局搜索能力.     

Distribution of micrometer-size particles in magnetic fluids in the presence of steady uniform magnetic field

In this paper, distribution of suspended micrometer-size particles in magnetic fluids is investigated. Microstructure formation of particles in magnetic fluids is simulated by using the discrete particle method based on the simplified Stokes dynamics. Not only magnetic particles but also nonmagnetic particles are rearranged in the field direction and form chain-like clusters due to the apparent magnetization in magnetic fluids in the presence of magnetic field. When the diameter of nonmagnetic particles is smaller than that of magnetic particles, nonmagnetic particles move into the empty space of microstructure of magnetic particles, and they are rearranged in the field direction. Uniformity of distribution of particles on the plane perpendicular to the field direction is maintained even after microstructure formation.     

Aspects of nucleation and drift processes in a one-dimensional model

We introduce a one-dimensional model involving the nucleation and the drift of many particles. The model originates from interacting kink systems and simulates time evolution in modulated systems. In this model the nucleation rate of a particle depends nonlocally on the density of preexisting particles and the drift of particles is due to a weak and repulsive interaction among them. We first study the statistics of this model in the case that the drift of particles is negligible, and then consider the effects of the drift of particles.     

非球形椭球粒子参数变化对光偏振特性的影响

针对自然界中多数沙尘、烟煤粒子的非球形问题, 在球形粒子偏振特性的基础上, 进一步研究非球形椭球粒子的折射率、有效半径、粒子形状等参数变化对光偏振特性的影响, 采用基于T矩阵的非球形粒子仿真方法, 模拟非偏振光经椭球粒子传输后光的偏振特性及其与球形粒子间的差异, 并以实际沙尘、海洋、烟煤三种气溶胶粒子为例说明结果的正确性. 结果表明: 当折射率实部越小, 虚部越大时, 球形粒子与非球形粒子的偏振差异越不明显; 当粒子有效半径增加时, 球形粒子偏振度的变化比非球形粒子更为明显, 且最大值分别出现在散射角为150°和120°的位置; 当粒子形状不同时, 不同形状椭球及球形粒子的差异在散射角小于60° 时并不明显, 且当椭球粒子纵横比互为倒数时, 两种粒子的偏振特性近似相同. 通过以上分析可知, 在光传输过程中, 椭球粒子多数情况下无法被近似为球形粒子进行计算.     

Studies of laser-induced removal mechanisms for tokamak-like particles

The removal of metallic and carbon particles is a great issue in the framework of the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) project. Indeed, the presence of these particles in the vessel of a tokamak leads to safety risks.The laser process seems to be a very promising solution for this cleaning. However, the process optimization requires a good knowledge of the removal mechanisms. For this purpose, we investigated the influence of beam parameters, such as laser pulse duration and wavelength, on the cleaning efficiency. In this paper, two kinds of particles are chosen to be studied, carbon aggregates and tungsten droplets, because they are typical of dust collected in tokamak.The results show an influence of beam parameters on the tungsten particles removal efficiency (PRE), whereas this influence is not significant for carbon particles.To help the understanding of the removal mechanisms, substrates and particles were inspected by scanning electron microscopy, before and after the irradiation.We will see on this paper that even if carbon and tungsten particles strongly absorb the different laser wavelength used, the removal mechanisms of these particles are very different.     

Modeling of concentrated suspensions

The constitutive equation of a concentrated suspension of spherical particles in a Newtonian medium is derived. To this end the method of local volume averaging is employed. To calculate the contribution of the particles to the stress tensor it is assumed that the stress generated in the interstitial holes between the particles is negligible compared to the stress generated in !he narrow gaps separating the particles. The use of the resulting expression is demonstrated with two examples on a cubical arrangement of particles: pure shear and simple shear. Furthermore, the validity of the lubrication approximation employed in this work is checked against the results derived by Nunan and Keller for periodic suspensions.     

Charges in gauge theories

In this article we investigate charged particles in gauge theories. After reviewing the physical and theoretical problems, a method to construct charged particles is presented. Explicit solutions are found in the abelian theory and a physical interpretation is given. These solutions and our interpretation of these variables as the true degrees of freedom for charged particles, are then tested in the perturbative domain and are demonstrated to yield infra-red finite, on-shell Green’s functions at all orders of perturbation theory. The extension to collinear divergences is studied and it is shown that this method applies to the case of massless charged particles. The application of these constructions to the charged sectors of the standard model is reviewed and we conclude with a discussion of the successes achieved so far in this programme and a list of open questions. An erratum to this article is available at .     

A Mathematical Formulation of the Brittle/Ductile Transition of Impact Modified Polymers

The subject of this paper is the impact modification of polymers with elastomers via melt blending. A mathematical model was developed to account for the shape of the Izod S-curves (Izod values versus impact modifier content). Wu introduced the critical ligament thickness concept to explain the Brittle/Ductile Transition of polymers modified with elastomers: only when the ligament thickness (surface to surface distance of two rubber particles) is smaller than a critical value can the rubber particles promote toughness. In an ideal model with rubber particles distributed in an ordered lattice this transition would be a 90-degree step, whereas in practice this transition curve is more or less rounded. The smoothness of this transition is attributed in the present paper to the random distribution of rubber particles inside the polymer matrix: from this concept, an equation for the B/D Transition part of the S-curve was developed. This equation introduces the concept of the critical number of rubber particles, that is the number of particles within the ligament thickness distance necessary to trigger the toughness. The polymers investigated were polypropylene (PP) of different viscosity, polyamide (PA), polystyrene (PS), and polycarbonate (PC).     

Bending properties of two- and three-dimensional-shaped nanoparticles fabricated via substrate conformal imprint lithography

Nanoimprinting enables the implementation of nanoparticle shapes with complex 2D shapes involving different materials. In addition to these objects, this article presents 3D-shaped nanoparticles fabricated by substrate conformal imprint technique. The imprint polymer AMONIL is used either in pure form or in combination with fluorescent dyes for the preparation of particles. The substrate conformal imprint lithography process, including etching and particle release, is conducted for both materials in a similar fashion. In this work, cuboidal particles with a high aspect ratio (1:120) are compared to particles with a T-shaped cross section with respect to their abilities to enhance or reduce their stiffness. Additionally, particles with a high aspect ratio are compared to particles with a lower aspect ratio (1:20). The local stiffness is found to depend strongly on the particle thickness and the geometry of their cross section. Thicker and 3D T-shaped particles present higher local stiffness than thinner and 2D cuboidal-shaped particles. The local bending angle was determined to be 77° for 2D-shaped particles and 83° for 3D-shaped particles, of the same total height of 176 nm. Very thin particles (<50 nm) of high aspect ratio prefer to curl finally forming loops.     

On the interaction of two beating electrostatic waves with plasma electrons

This paper is devoted to the study of the interaction of particles with two beating plasma waves. We follow the instructional article by Ott and Dum. According to them, the sum of wave actions during the interaction is constant, supposing the effect of trapped particles on the beat can be neglected. In the present paper, this problem is solved more generally, just for the case of trapped and also untrapped particles in the wave. Our study shows that the sum of wave actions is constant also in the case when the influence of the trapped particles on the amplitudes of two waves was considered. On the contrary this conclusion is not valid if it is supposed that two original waves are amplitude modulated e.g. by the influence of the interaction of the beat with particles. The author is deeply indebted to Dr. Ladislav Krlín for guidance and encouragement throughout the course of this work.     

Simulation of random mixed packing of different density particles

This paper presents the effects of density difference on the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of random mixed packing. The random mixed packing dynamics of particles of two different densities are simulated. The initial state is homogeneous, but the final packing state is inhomogeneous. The segregation phenomenon (inhomogeneous distribution) is also observed. In the final state, the top layers are composed of mostly light particles. The several layers beneath the top contain more heavy particles than light particles. At the bottom, they also contain more heavy particles than light particles. Furthermore, at both the top and the bottom, particle clustering is observed. The current study also analyses the cause of this inhomogeneity in detail. The main cause of this phenomenon is the velocity difference after collision of these two types of particles induced by the density difference. The present study reveals that even if particles were perfectly mixed, the packing process would lead to the final inhomogeneous mixture. It suggests that special treatment may be required to get the true homogeneous packing.