磁性液体薄膜的折射率在外加磁场作用下的变化特性研究

用两块玻璃夹持一层几个μm厚的磁性液体薄膜.将这一磁性液体薄膜垂直放置于由亥姆霍兹线圈建立的均匀磁场中.在迈克尔孙干涉仪上用对比测量法测量在不同外加磁场强度作用下磁性液体薄膜的折射率.实验发现, 磁性液体薄膜的折射率随外加磁场强度的变化而变化.结合实验研究, 提出了外加磁场改变了磁性液体颗粒链的大小, 改变了磁性颗粒链的大小和入射光波波长的比值, 从而改变了磁性液体的折射率的设想.初步建立起了磁性液体薄膜的折射率和外加磁场强度之间的关联式.为磁场测量、光学阀门等新型磁光器件的开发提供了新的技术.     

通过磁光效应研究磁性液体在外场下的颗粒成链现象

在对磁性液体的磁光效应的理论分析与实验测量的基础上讨论了其在磁场下的各向异性现象.首先,通过电磁理论对成链的各向异性介质模型的介电张量形式进行了一般性的分析,然后,基于磁性液体的微观理论模型讨论了磁性液体在外加磁场下出现凝聚成链的行为.基于上面的结果,我们将实验可观测量——两种传输模式的折射率差和不同颗粒数的链(长度不同的链)的比例以及磁场强度建立联系.最后,在实验上探测了磁性液体薄膜的透射光偏振状态变化随外磁场的变化,并对测得的数据进行计算机拟合分析,验证了不同长度的链的数目之间的比例关系.     

FeCoBSiO2磁性纳米颗粒膜的微波电磁特性

采用交替沉积磁控溅射工艺制备了超薄多层的FeCoBSiO2磁性纳米颗粒膜.利用x射线衍射仪、扫描探针显微镜、透射电子显微镜分析了薄膜的微结构和形貌特征.采用振动样品磁强计、四探针法、微波矢量分析仪及谐振腔法测量薄膜试样的磁电性能和微波复磁导率.重点对SiO2介质相含量、薄膜微结构对电磁性能产生重要影响的机理做了分析和探讨.结果 表明：这类FeCoBSiO2磁性纳米颗粒膜具有良好的软磁性能和高频电磁性能，2GHz时的 磁导率μ′高于70，可以应用于高频微磁器件或微波吸收材料的设计. 关键词： 磁性纳米颗粒膜 高频特性 复磁导率 磁控溅射     

斜向静磁场中光导波模式转换与衍射理论

应用经典场论和耦合模理论计算了斜向静磁场作用下，磁性薄膜波导中静磁波与导波光的相互作用.计算结果表明，与垂直静磁场情形相比，斜向静磁场时的相匹配条件有所变化，由于磁性薄膜波导中法拉第磁光效应增强等因素，导波光的Bragg衍射效率得以显著增加.这有利于应用YIG等低损耗磁性薄膜做成高衍射效率的磁光波导器件，亦有利于降低Bi∶YIG等高比法拉第旋转的磁光薄膜波导器件的体积和损耗.此外，理论指出的在斜向静磁场条件下所具有的一些磁光特性与实验结果亦符合得很好. 关键词：     

磁性液体磁悬浮原理演示实验研究

基于磁性液体的Bernoulli方程推导了磁性液体中非磁性物体所受的磁悬浮力,通过演示实验研究了2种磁性液体对不同密度非磁性物体的磁悬浮情况．磁性液体中非磁性物体所受的磁悬浮力受磁性液体的磁化率、磁场强度、磁场梯度的影响．相同条件下,随磁场强度和磁场梯度增强,M FP-1磁性液体分别在不同电流时将6种非磁性双锥体浮起,当电流达到3．00 A时,还出现了Rosensweig尖峰;MFP-2磁性液体的磁化率小于MFP-1磁性液体,仅浮起了聚氟乙烯、玻璃、铝双锥体．随着电流增大,中心磁场梯度较强,边缘磁场梯度较弱,出现非磁性双锥体向侧壁移动现象．     

水平圆管内磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热特性的数值模拟

建立磁场作用下水平圆管内磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热的数学物理模型,分析磁场强度、磁性相变微胶囊体积分数、流体质量流量等因素对流体对流换热的影响.磁场对磁性潜热型功能流体的对流换热具有显著的强化作用,磁场强度愈大强化作用愈明显,强化原因是磁性相变微胶囊受到磁力作用产生扰动.     

古埃磁天平法研究ε-Fe_3N磁性液体的磁化率和饱和磁化强度

本文将古埃磁天平法测量ε-Fe_3N磁性液体的磁化率和饱和磁化强度增设为物理实验中的设计性、研究性实验项目,通过实验过程中直接感知梯度磁场中ε-Fe_3N磁性液体磁增重的变化,学生能深刻理解磁化率和饱和磁化强度的物理内涵,引领学生进行自主学习。低磁场强度83H_0332kA/m范围内,磁性液体以恒定的磁化率磁化;近饱和磁场强度H_0332kA/m范围内,磁性液体磁化达到饱和,饱和磁化强度Ms为常数。随载液质量增加,3种磁性液体的磁化率和饱和磁化强度逐渐减小。与振动样品磁强计相比,古埃磁天平测试的饱和磁化强度稍偏低,相对误差小于2%,说明古埃磁天平法测量精度较高,适用于测试磁性材料的磁化率和饱和磁化强度。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照对电弧离子镀TiNbN硬质薄膜摩擦磨损性能的影响

 利用分离靶电弧离子镀工艺在高速钢基体上制备TiNbN多元硬质薄膜,利用TEMP-6型强流脉冲离子束（HIPIB）设备,采用含C/H离子、加速电压300 kV、脉冲宽度70 ns、束流密度60 A/cm2的强流脉冲离子束对所制备的薄膜进行辐照处理,研究辐照前后膜层的摩擦磨损性能的变化。实验结果表明：HIPIB辐照以后,薄膜的表面熔化,摩擦系数降低,晶粒细化,膜层的硬度由HK3444提高到HK3820,膜基结合力由59 N提高到65 N。在测试载荷300 N和600 N条件下,薄膜的摩擦磨损性能均有较大改善。     

掺硅类金刚石薄膜摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟

掺硅类金刚石(Si-DLC) 薄膜表现出优异的摩擦学性能, 在潮湿空气和高温中显示出极低的摩擦系数和很好的耐磨性, 但是许多实验表明Si-DLC膜的摩擦性能受其硅含量的影响很大. 因此, 本文采用分子动力学模拟的方法分别研究干摩擦和油润滑两种情况下不同硅含量的Si-DLC膜的摩擦过程. 滑移结果表明干摩擦时DLC膜和掺硅DLC膜之间生成了一层转移膜, 而油润滑时则为边界膜. 因此干摩擦时的摩擦力明显大于油润滑时的摩擦力. 少量添加硅确实能降低DLC膜的摩擦力, 但是硅含量大于20%后对DLC膜的摩擦行为几乎无影响. 干摩擦时硅含量对转移膜内键的数量影响很大, 转移膜内CC键和CSi键都先增加后减少, 滑移结束时几乎不含CSi键.     

高温超导磁浮系统中磁场波动对悬浮力的影响

本文通过人工改变永磁轨道表面磁场强度,研究高温超导块材在相对永磁轨道不同运动速度情况下,磁轨表面磁场强度变化对悬浮力动态过程的影响.实验表明,在较低的相对运动速度下,悬浮力的大小随磁场强度的变化而同步变化;然而随相对运动速度的增加,磁场波动速率dΦ/dt对悬浮力瞬间变化幅值起到主导性的作用.这说明dΦ/dt是衡量动态磁浮性能的重要参数.     

Nanotribology of Mo–Se–C films

Transition metal dichalcogenides with a layered structure are well known for their self-lubricating properties, particularly in a vacuum or dry atmosphere. The macrotribological properties of these films have been studied extensively. However, the tribological behaviour of these films in the nanonewton load range has hardly been reported. Study of tribological properties with load in the nanonewton range is required for applications related to microelectromechanical systems or nanoelectromechanical systems. In view of the above, the hardness, surface force, friction force, etc. of Mo–Se–C films were investigated at an applied load in the nanonewton range using a nanoindenter and atomic force microscopy. The effect of carbon content, applied load and scanning speed on the friction coefficient was determined. Data pertaining to topography, lateral force and pull-off force of various surfaces are illustrated. The observed nanotribological behaviour of these films is analysed in the light of their nanohardness. The results indicate that the friction force of all the films is very low and in general dependent on surface force. However, a film having the highest carbon content exhibits the maximum friction force. With increasing carbon content of the films tested, the hardness increases and wear decreases. The above results pertain to investigations under ambient conditions.     

Influence of sulfidation treatment on the structure and tribological properties of nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon films

The nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on high speed steel (HSS) substrates in the direct current unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. Sulphurized layer was formed on the surface of DLC films by means of liquid sulfidation in the intermixture of urea and thiourea solution in order to improve the tribological properties of DLC films. The influence of sulfidation treatment on the structure and tribological properties of DLC films was investigated in this work. The structure and wear surface morphology of DLC films were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, XPS and SEM, respectively. It reveals that the treated films are smooth and uniform; and sulfur atoms are bonded chemically. The treated films have broader distribution of Raman spectra in the range of 1000-1800 cm⁻¹ and higher I_D/I_G ratio than the untreated films as a result of the appearance of the crystalline graphite structure after the sulfidation treatment. It is showed that the sp² relative content increase in the treated films from the XPS measurement. The Raman results are consistent with the XPS results. The tribological properties of DLC films were investigated using a ball-on-disk rotating friction and wear tester under dry friction conditions. It is found that the sulfidation concentration plays an important part in the tribological properties of the treated DLC films. The results showed the treated films with low sulfidation concentration have a lower friction coefficient (0.1) than the treated films with high sulfidation concentration (0.26) and the untreated films (0.27) under the same friction testing conditions, which can be attributed to both the presence of sulfur-containing materials and the forming of the mechanical alloyed layer on the wear surface. Adding the dry nitrogen to the sliding surface in the testing system helps the friction coefficient of the treated films with low sulfidation concentration to decrease to 0.04 further in this work. On the basis of the experimental results, it is indicated that the liquid sulfidation technique, which is low-cost, non-polluting and convenience, would be an appropriate method for the surface treatment of DLC films.     

Study on tribological behavior and cutting performance of CVD diamond and DLC films on Co-cemented tungsten carbide substrates

The tribological behaviors of diamond and diamond-like carbon (DLC) films play a major role on their machining and mechanical applications. In this study, diamond and diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are deposited on the cobalt cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) substrate respectively adopting the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique and the vacuum arc discharge with a graphite cathode, and their friction properties are evaluated on a reciprocating ball-on-plate tribometer with counterfaces of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) ceramic, cemented tungsten carbide (WC) and ball-bearing steel materials, under the ambient air without lubricating condition. Moreover, to evaluate their cutting performance, comparative turning tests are conducted using the uncoated WC-Co and as-fabricated CVD diamond and DLC coated inserts, with glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) composite materials as the workpiece. The as-deposited HFCVD diamond and DLC films are characterized with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and 3D surface topography based on white-light interferometry. Furthermore, Rocwell C indentation tests are conducted to evaluate the adhesion of HFCVD diamond and DLC films grown onto WC-Co substrates. SEM and 3D surface topography based on white-light interferometry are also used to investigate the worn region on the surfaces of diamond and DLC films. The friction tests suggest that the obtained friction coefficient curves that of various contacts exhibit similar evolution tendency. For a given counterface, DLC films present lower stable friction coefficients than HFCVD diamond films under the same sliding conditions. The cutting tests results indicate that flank wear of the HFCVD diamond coated insert is lower than that of DLC coated insert before diamond films peeling off.     

Switching curves of magnetically coupled ferro-ferromagnetic double layer films

The switching curves are studied of a double layer film consisting of two uniaxial ferromagnetic thin films. In this coupled film system the magnetization state is investigated assuming the model of uniform rotation. The coupling between the films is described by a magnetic interface cosine coupling. Numerical results are given for the case of ferromagnetic films with different magnetic parameters coupled together by a ferromagnetic interface cosine coupling.The author wishes to thank Dr. H. Gengnagel and Dr. E. Steinbeiss for their valuable discussions.     

An updated overview of diamond-like carbon coating in tribology

During the last two decades, the industry (including scientists) has focused on diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating because of its wide range of application in various fields. This material has numerous applications in mechanical, electrical, tribological, biomedical, and optical fields. Severe friction and wear in some machine parts consumes high amount of energy, which makes the process energy inefficient. Thus, DLC coating can be an effective means to lower the friction and wear rate. Some important process variables that affect the tribological characteristics of DLC coating are adhesion promoter intermediate layer, substrate surface roughness, hydrogen incorporation or hydrogen non involvement, and coating deposition parameters (e.g., bias voltage, etching, current, precursor gas, time, and substrate temperature). Working condition of DLC-coated parts also affects the tribological characteristics, such as temperature, sliding speed and load, relative humidity, counter surface, and lubrication media (DLC additive interaction). Different types of lubricated oils and additives are used in engine parts to minimize friction and wear. DLC can be coated to the respective engine parts; however, DLC does not behave accordingly after coating because of lubricant oil and additive interaction with DLC. Some additive interacts positively and some behave negatively because of the tribochemical reactions between DLC coating and additives. Numerous conflicting views have been presented by several researchers regarding this coating additive interaction, resulting in unclear determination of true mechanism of such interaction. However, lubricant additive has been established to be more inert to DLC coating compared with uncoated metal surface because the additive is fabricated in such a way that it can react with metal surfaces. In this article, the tribological characteristics of different types of DLC coating in dry and lubricated conditions will be presented, and their behavior will be discussed in relation to working condition and processing parameters.     

Tribological behaviors of self-assembled 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane films on silicon

3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) thin films were prepared on the hydroxylated silicon substrate by a self-assembling process from formulated solution. Chemical compositions of the films were detected by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The thickness of the films was determined with an ellipsometer, while the morphologies of the original and worn surfaces of the samples were analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The tribological properties of APTES thin films sliding against GCr15 steel ball were evaluated on a UMT-2MT reciprocating friction and wear tester. It was found that the macroscopic friction coefficients for coating times more than 1 h ranged from 0.177 to 0.3 whereas the value for short coating time was as high as 0.8. It was also found that the tribological behaviors of APTES films were sensitive to normal load and sliding velocity. SEM observation of the morphologies of worn surfaces indicates that the wear of silicon is characteristic of brittle fracture and severe abrasion. Differently, abrasion and micro-crack dominate the wear of APTES–SAM. The superior friction reduction and wear resistance of APTES films compared to the silicon substrate are attributed to good adhesion of the films to the substrate.     

Tribological behavior of diamond-like carbon film with different tribo-pairs: A size effect study

A friction force microscope (FFM) with different probes and a ball-on-disk (BOD) tribo-meter were used to investigate the tribological properties of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. DLC films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method by altering the deposition parameters, and their morphologies and structural information were examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM) and the Raman spectrum. The wear traces of the DLC films after frictional tests were analyzed by an optical microscope. It is found that surface roughness and adhesion play important roles in characterizing the tribological properties of DLC films using FFM. Moreover, the debris accumulation is another significant factor affecting the frictional behavior of DLC films, especially for the sharp tip. The difference in coefficients of friction (COFs) obtained by the BOD method among different DLC films under water lubrication is much smaller than the case without water lubrication. The variation trends in COF for the flat tip and the BOD test are similar in comparison with the result obtained with the sharp tip. The wear traces after frictional tests suggest that DLC films under water lubrication are prone to be damaged more readily.     

Temperature coefficient of resistance of thin metal films on ceramic surfaces

The temperature coefficients (TCR) of vacuum-deposited thin-metal-film resistors were measured in vacuum, air, argon, and silicone oil, and different characteristics were obtained. The resistors were made by evaporating a nickel-chrome alloy (Nichrome 80 to 20) in vacuum onto ceramic substrates to produce a 500-ohms-persquare film. Measurements were made of films which were uncoated and of films which were coated with a protection layer of silicone monoxide in thicknesses from 5000 to 10000 å. When measured under vacuum, the resistors displayed a TCR which was lower than that obtained in air, argon, or silicone oil. In an argon environment, the resistors had lower TCR characteristics than they had in air or silicone oil. Even when the resistor films were protected by a 10000-å-thick layer of silicone monoxide, their TCR behavior differed in different gas environments. Most of the TCR's measured in the temperature range from ?55Ω to +150Ω C were between 5 and 50 parts per million per degree centigrade.     

Ferromagnetic resonance in epitaxial films of uniaxial barium hexaferrites

The magnetic parameters of epitaxial barium hexaferrite films are studied. The hysteresis of the field and frequency dependences of ferromagnetic resonance in the films is investigated in the ranges of the multidomain-monodomain and monodomain-multidomain transitions. The effect of the substrate thickness on film-microwave field interaction is examined.