惯性管对热声驱动脉管制冷机性能的影响

为了考察惯性管对热声驱动脉管制冷性能的影响,利用驻波型热声驱动脉管制冷实验装置,开展了惯性管结构参数对系统性能影响的实验研究.实验中所采用的惯性管由直径分别为2 mm和4 mm的两段铜管串联而成,重点研究2 mm直径管段的长度对压比和制冷温度的影响.通过实验优化,当惯性管结构参数为内径2 mm的铜管长度2.5 m,内径4 mm的铜管3 m长时,在加热功率1.8 kW条件下,脉管制冷机的无负荷制冷温度达到63.0 K.     

VM型脉冲管制冷机数值模拟与实验研究

本文介绍了由VM型热压缩机驱动的脉冲管制冷机基本结构、数值模拟与实验研究。热压缩机借鉴VM制冷机产生压力波动的方式,即依靠室温与冷源之间的温度差产生压力波动,驱动低温级脉冲管制冷机。利用液氮温区制冷机为热压缩机提供所需要的冷量,避免使用低温液体带来的不便。低温级脉冲管制冷机的回热器与脉管采用U型布置,调相机构采用小孔气库加双向进气方式。这种结构不使用有阀压缩机,可以产生低频压力波动,保证回热器在低温区高效工作。在原有结构的基础上,改造热压缩机回热器尺寸与填料,使用Sage软件进行了整机模拟,对调相机构进行优化,考察其在不同的运行频率、平均压力、排出器位移下的制冷性能。对改造后的脉冲管制冷机进行了初步的实验研究,获得14.4K无负荷制冷温度。     

一种新结构U型脉冲管制冷机

在U型脉冲管制冷机结构基础上,研制了一台带有一个蓄冷器和两个相同脉管的新结构U型脉冲管制冷机,并进行了实验研究和分析。制冷机采用惯性管调相,在压缩机输入电功率80 W,运行频率52 Hz下,获得了120 K@6 W的制冷量。重点对两种惯性管调相方法进行研究和分析,得出了对新结构U型脉冲管制冷机调相有益的结论,并对惯性管调相过程中产生的直流现象进行了验证分析。     

脉管制冷与气波制冷耦合的研究

介绍了一种耦合脉管制冷与气波制冷技术的新型制冷机脉管式气波制冷机。分析了脉管式气波制冷机的制冷原理 ,对脉管制冷与气波制冷的耦合性进行了试验研究。同时 ,对振荡管长度、气体分配器的转速等影响脉管式气波制冷机性能的因素进行了试验。通过研究 ,获得了一些有益的结论 ,并给出了各种因素对制冷机等熵效率的影响曲线     

并联双阀双向进气单级脉管制冷机研究

并联双阀双向进气模式是采用了两个并联排列、箭头指示方向相反的阀门来替代单一阀门的双向进气模式,可对脉管制冷中的直流进行有效控制,是使脉管制冷机单级情况下达到低于20 K温区的有效手段。本文介绍了一台自行研制的采用并联双阀双向进气模式的单级脉管制冷机,该制冷机在6 kw压缩机的驱动下可获得19．6 K的无负荷制冷温度, 在39．2 K时有20．1 W的制冷量,同时给出了并联双阀和频率等参数对脉管制冷机性能的影响。     

40K温区的热驱动低温热声制冷机

热声驱动脉管制冷机主要由热声发动机和脉管制冷机组成,是一种完全无运动部件的新型低温制冷机。本文在实验室现有行波热声发动机的基础上,运用线性热声理论对两级脉管制冷机进行了设计,并用声学放大器对热声发动机和脉管制冷机进行耦合,提高脉管制冷机的驱动压比,从而获得了41 K的低温,这是目前热声驱动脉管制冷机所获得的最低制冷温度。正因为本热声驱动脉管制冷机系统的热驱动特性及其主要部件都是按照热声理论进行设计,所以我们将其称为热驱动低温热声制冷机。     

两种锥形脉管制冷机的数值模拟及其实验验证

本文对所提出的新型结构的脉管制冷机进行了数值模拟分析和实验研究。研究表明：锥形脉管制冷机存在一最佳锥度;在最佳锥度下,采用锥形脉管制冷机对改善制冷机的性能,进一步降低制冷温度、提高相同制冷温度下的制冷量是有利的。     

惯性管在300 Hz脉冲管制冷机中的应用

300 Hz脉冲管制冷机与常用60 Hz以下的脉冲管制冷机有着不同的特性.本文采用惯性管作为调相器,对不同管径和长度的惯性管进行理论分析和实验研究,研究表明,惯性管的几何尺寸对300 Hz脉冲管制冷机的性能有很大的影响,惯性管处于最佳调相位置时,脉冲管热端和冷端的压力波与质量流之间的相位差分别在60°和30°左右.惯性管长度的变化对压缩机出口和脉冲管热端的压差也产生很大的影响.     

U型脉管制冷机冷头连接管的实验研究

设计了一台U型脉冲管制冷机,并对直线连接管和U型连接管两种不同的冷头连接管进行了实验研究。对冷头连接管与脉管之间的各种导流结构进行比较,找到了最佳的导流方式,并在此基础之上,研究了连接管管径对制冷机制冷性能的影响。结果表明,存在一个连接管最佳直径使得U型脉管制冷机获得最高的制冷效率;U型连接管相比较直线连接管会引起弯管损失,当输入声功越大时,损失越大;本实验中,最佳的U型脉管制冷机性能相对直线型脉管制冷机情况下降了18%。     

高温惯性管在脉管制冷机中的应用探究

利用热声理论分析了惯性管内气体温度变化时,纯阻抗、感抗和容抗的变化情况。模拟分析了高温和常温条件下,惯性管的调相能力。基于一台50 W@180 K脉冲管制冷机,分别采用高温惯性管和常温惯性管作为调相机构,研究其制冷性能及各部件的损失。对其进行实验验证,结果表明通过选择合适的惯性管长度,采用高温惯性管可以达到和常温惯性管一致的制冷性能。     

Capacitance of a tube

The electrostatic problem of a hollow, conducting tube of finite length held at a fixed potential is solved using two methods. A two-term Galerkin solution is constructed for the surface distribution of induced charge. The sum of a uniform component and a simple edge-condition term provides a variational solution to the dual integral equations that are the equations-of-motion for the mixed boundary value problem. Comparisons are made with the numerical results of an independent boundary element or moment method. The numerical solution uses collocation or point matching and a piecewise constant basis for the charge density.     

Diffusion in a curved tube

The diffusion of particles in confining walls forming a tube is discussed. Such a transport phenomenon is observed in biological cells and porous media. We consider the case in which the tube is winding with curvature and torsion, and the thickness of the tube is sufficiently small compared with its curvature radius. We discuss how geometrical quantities appear in a quasi-one-dimensional diffusion equation.     

Fission of a multiphase membrane tube

A common mechanism for intracellular transport is the use of controlled deformations of the membrane to create spherical or tubular buds. While the basic physical properties of homogeneous membranes are relatively well known, the effects of inhomogeneities within membranes are very much an active field of study. Membrane domains enriched in certain lipids, in particular, are attracting much attention, and in this Letter we investigate the effect of such domains on the shape and fate of membrane tubes. Recent experiments have demonstrated that forced lipid phase separation can trigger tube fission, and we demonstrate how this can be understood purely from the difference in elastic constants between the domains. Moreover, the proposed model predicts time scales for fission that agree well with experimental findings.     

Turbulence measurements in a resonance tube

Experimental investigations of acoustically induced turbulence in a resonance tube have been performed. Frequency (f) and sound pressure level (I_p) effects have been studied. Measurements were made at various spatial locations on loops and nodes. Sampled data were processed to estimate the characteristics of turbulence. It is found that the acoustically induced turbulence appears when I_p exceeds 160 dB under the experimental conditions of f = 680–2740 Hz and I_p = 160–166 dB. The turbulent spectrum (F) and the wave number (κ) are found to satisfy a power law F ∝ K^s with $\text{s ? ?1·6}\text{to}\text{? 2·1}$. The r.m.s. turbulent velocity ($\text{u}\text{?}$) is experimentally found to have an $\text{I}{}_{\mathrm{p}}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ dependence, yet is relatively insensitive to the variation of f. Throughout the whole measuring range of f and I_p, the rate of energy dissipation per unit mass (ε) is estimated to be in the order of 10⁶–10⁷cm²/s³.     

Monte-Carlo simulations of a flux tube model

We present a re-analysis of the decaybs in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with radiatively induced breaking of the gauge groupSU(2)×U(1). We extend this analysis to regions of the supersymmetric parameter space wider than those previously studied. Results are explicitly presented form _t =150 GeV. We discuss the consequences of a measurement of this decay at the Standard Model level for future searches of charged Higgs and charginos. In spite of the strong sensitivity of this decay to the effects of supersymmetry, we find that, at the moment, no lower limit on the mass of these particles can be obtained. The large chargino contribution to the branching ratio forbs obtained at large values of tan is effectively reduced by pushing the lightest eigenvalue of the up-squark mass matrix closer to the electroweak scale, i.e. by increasing the degree of degeneracy among the up-squarks.Supported by the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, 05 5 HH 91P(8), Bonn, Germany     

Chaotic generation in a megawatt backward-wave tube

Experimental and theoretical studies on the self-modulation mode of generation in a high-power BWT with the electrodynamic system representing a slightly corrugated waveguide are presented. The BWT is fed by an electron beam with the energy 150 keV and the current 150 A. The system operates at the E ₀₁ mode with the mean frequency 8.7 GHz. Dynamic chaos is obtained by a three-fold increase in the length of the interaction space in comparison with the prototype exhibiting stationary generation. The stationary generation was changed to periodic sinusoidal self-modulation and then to chaotic self-modulation as the current increases from 6 to 60 A. The generation mode is simplified when the current ranges from 70 to 90 A and becomes complicated again for the current exceeding 100 A. Experimental observations are in good agreement with the results of simulation predicting a certain simplification of the self-modulation mode at the currents 70–90 A owing to the effect of high-frequency space charge. Under the conditions of chaotic generation, the mean power was as high as 2 MW at the relative spectral width of the signal 4% and the total duration of the microwave pulse 10 μs.